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Chapter 12

Nonrenewable Energy Resources

yvonne gabriel EdPuzzle

ssahabi

5 short videos for kids

Matthew Cope

Mr10 minutes or less

Bozeman Energy Videos

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Ch12: Nonrenewable Energy Resources Learning Targets

12-1 Describe the use of nonrenewable energy in the world and in the US (CB 6.1 Daily Video)

12-2 Explain why different form of energy are best suited for certain purposes (CB 6.2 Global E consumption)

12-3 Understand the primary ways that electricity is generated in the US

12-4 Discuss the uses of coal, petroleum, natural gas, oil sands, liquified coal and their consequences

(CB 6.3 Fuel Types, Crude Oil from Tar Sands)

12-5 Describe the future prospects for fossil fuel use

12-6 Describe how nuclear energy is used to generate electricity

12-7 Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of using nuclear fuels to generate electricity

CB Videos= 6.4 Distribution of Natural Energy Resources

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All Energy Use Has Consequences

Oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara in 1969
11.4 million liters (3 million gallons)
March 1989 ??????????????? spilled 53 million gallons crashed into a reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
April 2010 BP ????????????? oil well suffered a blowout releasing 206 million gallons.

Add to GOogle Earth Books Marks**

Santa Barbara Blowout (1969)

Exxon Valdez oil spill (1989)

BP oil refinery explosion (2005)

BP Deepwater Horizon oil well blowout (2010)

West Virginia coal mining accident (2010)

Need to know

Where & when did event occur?

How did it happen?

What were the environmental implications?

What were the economic implications?

Did any laws or policies change as a result of the event?

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All Energy Use Has Consequences

Oil spill off the coast of Santa Barbara in 1969
11.4 million liters (3 million gallons)
March 1989 Exxon Valdez spilled 53 million gallons crashed into a reef in Prince William Sound, Alaska.
April 2010 BP Deepwater Horizon oil well suffered a blowout releasing 206 million gallons.

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In 2005 15 workers died in an explosion in a BP refinery in Texas.
Combustion process emits pollutants.
April 2010 an explosion in WV killed 29 coal miners.
? gas (“clean” fossil fuel) has lower particulate emissions.
Finding ????? gas is detrimental to the environment (T?????? Trucks).
Use of water contaminates water.
Building pipelines is disruptive to the environment.

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In 2005 15 workers died in an explosion in a BP refinery in Texas.
Combustion process emits pollutants.
April 2010 an explosion in WV killed 29 coal miners.
Natural gas (“clean” fossil fuel) has lower particulate emissions.
Finding natural gas is detrimental to the environment (Thumper Trucks).
Use of water contaminates water.
Building pipelines is disruptive to the environment.

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Nonrenewable Energy Accounts for Most of Our Energy Use

Non-renewable: what is the definition?

??????: derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago.

???????: are derived from radioactive materials that give off energy.

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Nonrenewable Energy Accounts for Most of Our Energy Use

Non-renewable: once used up cannot be replenished.

Fossil Fuels: derived from biological material that became fossilized millions of years ago.

Nuclear Fuels: are derived from radioactive materials that give off energy- it is NOT a fossil fuel (comes from a rock)

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Worldwide Patterns of Energy Use

Determined by resource availability and affordability.

Basic unit of energy is the j?
A gigaj---(GJ) is 1 billion j--- (1x10⁹⁾ about 8 gallons of gasoline.
An exaj--- (EJ) is 1 billion(1x10⁹) gigaj----.
Quadrillion=s 1x10^??BTU

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Worldwide Patterns of Energy Use

Determined by resource availability and affordability.

Basic unit of energy is the joule (J).
A gigajoule(GJ) is 1 billion joules (1x10⁹⁾ about 8 gallons of gasoline.
An exajoule (EJ) is 1 billion(1x10⁹) gigajoules.
Quadrillion=s 1x10¹⁵BTU

2012 FRQ Questions 1 and 2

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What are ??? are the three largest energy sources.

Commercial Energy Sources: those bought and sold (----).

S????? Energy Sources: those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs (developing countries).

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Oil, coal, and natural gas are the three largest energy sources.

Commercial Energy Sources: those bought and sold (coal, oil, and natural gas).

Subsistence Energy Sources: those gathered by individuals for their own immediate needs (developing countries)- straw, sticks, dung, charcoal and wood

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3?

2?

1?

IN US

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The United States

The US produces about ?% of its energy needs.
?% comes from other countries, primarily petroleum imports.
What sector? uses the most followed by transportation.

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The United States

The US produces about 70% of its energy needs.
30% comes from other countries, primarily petroleum imports.
Industry uses the most followed by transportation.

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What label is on the y-axis? What units are being used?

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3?

2?

1?

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Energy Types and Quality

G?? has good energy-mass ratio, can provide energy relatively slow OR fast.
Produces large amount of air p????? per joule of energy released.

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Energy Types and Quality

Gasoline has good energy-mass ratio, can provide energy relatively fast.
Produces large amount of air pollution per joule of energy released.

Circle the largest import? Highlight the largest category for domestic consumption

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Name this concept? (EROEI)

EROEI = Energy Obtained from the Fuel

------------------------------------------

Energy invested to obtain the fuel

The smaller OR larger the EROEI the more efficient (and more desirable : )

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Energy Return on Investment (EROEI)

EROEI = Energy Obtained from the Fuel

------------------------------------------

Energy invested to obtain the fuel

The larger the EROEI the more efficient (and more desirable : )

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What do the red arrows represent?

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Finding the Right Energy Source

Consider efficiency!

Electric Hot Water Heater

?% efficient
Does not take into account the coal used to supply the electricity
Only ?% efficiency of fossil fuel to electricity

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Finding the Right Energy Source

Consider efficiency!

Electric Hot Water Heater

99% efficient
Does not take into account the coal used to supply the electricity
Only 35% efficiency of fossil fuel to electricity

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Gas Hot Water Heater

?% efficiency.
Does not take into account delivering the natural gas.

Even though an electric water has a higher direct efficiency than the natural gas the overall efficiency of the electric water heating system is lower..but not much less.

Need to look at the overall system!!

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Gas Hot Water Heater

80% efficiency.
Does not take into account delivering the natural gas.

Even though an electric water has a higher direct efficiency than the natural gas the overall efficiency of the electric water heating system is lower..but not much less.

Need to look at the overall system!!

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Efficiency and Transportation

30% of our energy usage in the US is used for what???.
Uses gas, diesel and electricity.
Contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

Public ground transportation more efficient than air.

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Efficiency and Transportation

30% of our energy usage in the US is used for transportation.
Uses gas, diesel and electricity.
Contributes to greenhouse gas emissions.

Public ground transportation more efficient than air.

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Personal preference has an effect.
SUVs, minivans, and pick up trucks account for ? of the vehicle sales in the US.
Hybrid electric vehicles account for only ?% of total sales.

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Personal preference has an effect.
SUVs, minivans, and pick up trucks account for ½ of the vehicle sales in the US.
Hybrid electric vehicles account for only 2-3% of total sales.

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Electricity is Convenient!

Primary Sources of Energy: Coal, oil, and natural gas.

Secondary Sources: E???? (obtain it from a conversion of the primary source).

is an energy carrier: can be moved and delivered in a usable form!

40% of energy used in the US generates e.
Of that 40% only 13% is available for end users.

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Electricity is Convenient!

Primary Sources of Energy: Coal, oil, and natural gas.

Secondary Sources: Electricity (obtain it from a conversion of the primary source).

Electricity is an energy carrier: can be moved and delivered in a usable form!

40% of energy used in the US generates electricity.
Of that 40% only 13% is available for end users.

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2?

1?

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Electricity Generation

Comes from primary sources: coal, natural gas, wind, or solar.
“Clean” at the point of use (no pollutants are emitted).
Pollution released at the point of production.
Only ??% efficient (from fuel to electricity).
Looking at the overall system, more efficient to burn wood or oil.
The energy source that entails the fewest conversions from its original form to the end is the most efficient.

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Electricity Generation

Comes from primary sources: coal, natural gas, wind, or solar.
“Clean” at the point of use (no pollutants are emitted).
Pollution released at the point of production.
Only 35% efficient (from fuel to electricity).
Looking at the overall system, more efficient to burn wood or oil.
The energy source that entails the fewest conversions from its original form to the end is the most efficient.

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Efficiency of Electricity Generation

Typical coal burning power plant has an efficiency of ??%.

Combined Cycle: natural gas-fired power plant has two turbines and generations is more efficient.

Natural gas is combusted and the combustion turns a gas turbine.
Waste heat boils water which turns a turbine.
May achieve efficiencies up to ??%.

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Efficiency of Electricity Generation

Typical coal burning power plant has an efficiency of 35%.

Combined Cycle: natural gas-fired power plant has two turbines and generations is more efficient.

Natural gas is combusted and the combustion turns a gas turbine.
Waste heat boils water which turns a turbine.
May achieve efficiencies up to 60%.

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Power plants have capacities- the maximum amount of electrical output.
500 m????? per hour =s 12,000 MWh (500mw x 24 hours).
Home electricity use is measured in kilowatt hours(kWh).
1 m??????? =s 1000 kWh
Most power plants do not operate every day of the year.

C????? Factor: the fraction of time a plant is operating (.9).

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Power plants have capacities- the maximum amount of electrical output.
500 megawatts per hour =s 12,000 MWh (500mw x 24 hours).
Home electricity use is measured in kilowatt hours(kWh).
1 megawatt =s 1000 kWh
Most power plants do not operate every day of the year.

Capacity Factor: the fraction of time a plant is operating (.9).

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1?

2?

3?

Making Electricity - Need to understand Turbines/Generators

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C????(combined heat and power): use of a fuel to generate electricity and produce heat.

Over 17,000 power plants in the US.
In 2009 they generated 3.9 billion MWh.
Coal is the backbone at 45%.
Natural gas is 2^nd at 23%.

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Cogeneration(combined heat and power): use of a fuel to generate electricity and produce heat.

Over 17,000 power plants in the US.
In 2009 they generated 3.9 billion MWh.
Coal is the backbone at 45%.
Natural gas is 2^nd at 23%.

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Module 34 Learning Check

Traveling alone in a car uses 3.6 MJ of energy per kilometer. If 4 people go on a trip of 400 miles, what is the MJ used per person?

200 MJ
320 MJ
580 MJ
860 MJ
1440 MJ

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Module 34 Learning Check

Traveling alone in a car uses 3.6 MJ of energy per kilometer. If 4 people go on a trip of 400 miles, what is the MJ used per person?

200 MJ
320 MJ
580 MJ
860 MJ
1440 MJ

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Module 34 Learning Check

THe major source of energy in the US is

natural gas
coal
oil
nuclear
renewables

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Module 34 Learning Check

THe major source of energy in the US is

natural gas
coal
oil
nuclear
renewables

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Fossil Fuels Provide Most of the World’s Energy

Coal, oil, and natural gas.
Come from o??? matter that was formed 50-350 million years ago.
Decomposers typically break down dead biomass.
In places such as swamps, river deltas, and the ocean floor, a large amount of detritus material builds up in a(n) aerobic OR ??anaerobic environment.

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Fossil Fuels Provide Most of the World’s Energy

Coal, oil, and natural gas.
Come from organic matter that was formed 50-350 million years ago.
Decomposers typically break down dead biomass.
In places such as swamps, river deltas, and the ocean floor, a large amount of detritus material builds up in an anaerobic environment.

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Decomposers cannot break this down.
Heat and pressure turns it into high energy solids, liquids and gases.

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Coal

Largest coal reserves are found in the – name 2 of the 4 countries

P???: precursor to coal. Made up of partly decomposed organic material, including mosses.

Four Types of of Coal:

Need to know all four…???

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Coal

Largest coal reserves are found in the US, Russia, China, and India

Peat: precursor to coal. Made up of partly decomposed organic material, including mosses.

Four Types of of Coal:

Lignite
Subbituminous
Bituminous
Anthracite

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Circle the stage with the least moisture and the most concentrated compact fuel course

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Advantages:

NAME 3

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Advantages:

Energy dense.
Plentiful.
Easy to exploit with surface mining.
Low cost to extract, not much technology needed.
Once extracted, easy to handle, needs little refining.
Easy to transport.

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Disadvantages

Name 3

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Disadvantages

Released far more carbon dioxide into the atmosphere compared to natural gas or oil.
Contains impurities, sulfur, which is released into the atmosphere when burned.
Trace metals such as mercury, lead, and arsenic are also released.
When burned these are released into the air or left behind in the ash.
1,450 coal mines in the US.
3-20% of what is burned is left as ash.
Ash deposits must be maintained.

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Circle the names of the DIFFERENT mining methods depicted on this diagram

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Name this substance

Hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur liquid found in underground deposits.
Being fluid is great!
Remains of ocean-dwelling organisms phytoplankton that died 50m-150mya.
Found in porous less dense sedimentary rocks.
Once formed must be extracted and transported by a pipeline.
also contains natural gas.

Crude Oil: liquid-- that is removed from the ground.

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Petroleum

Hydrocarbons, water, and sulfur liquid found in underground deposits.
Being fluid is great!
Remains of ocean-dwelling organisms phytoplankton that died 50m-150mya.
Found in porous less dense sedimentary rocks.
Once formed must be extracted and transported by a pipeline.
Petroleum also contains natural gas.

Crude Oil: liquid petroleum that is removed from the ground.

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Crude oil can further refined into a variety of compounds including name 2
Oil refineries boil oil and make it into different things.
150 oil refineries in the US.
Oil sales measured in barrels..one barrel equals 160 Liters (42 gallons)

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Crude oil can further refined into a variety of compounds including tar, asphalt, gas, diesel, and kerosene.
Oil refineries boil oil and make it into different things.
150 oil refineries in the US.
Oil sales measured in barrels..one barrel equals 160 Liters (42 gallons)

Videos of Crude Oil Distillation/Fractionation

Career Focus-Distillation

Petroleum Refining

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US uses petroleum more that any other fuel (816 million gallons per day) ?% of worldwide use.
Mostly for ????????.
Petrochemicals: plastics, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning solvents.

Top Petroleum Producing Countries:

Name 3

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US uses petroleum more that any other fuel (816 million gallons per day) 22% of worldwide use.
Mostly for transportation.
Petrochemicals: plastics, lubricants, pharmaceuticals, and cleaning solvents.

Top Petroleum Producing Countries:

Saudi Arabia, Russia, US, Iran, China, Canada, and Mexico.

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Advantages

Name 2

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Advantages

Easy to transport and use.
Energy dense, cleaner than coal.
Produces less carbon dioxide than coal.
Less sulfur than coal(removed during refining).

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Place a flag next to the chemical formula for methane or natural gas

Place a different flag next to where there is “shale” in the diagram

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Disadvantages

Name 1

2010: Santa Barbara Spill

1989: Exxon Valdez tanker spill in Alaska

2005: Blowout of BP Deepwater Horizon oil well off of the coast of Louisiana (206 million gallons)

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Disadvantages

Releases trace metals: mercury, lead, and arsenic.
When extracted or transported there is the potential for oil leak or spill.

2010: Santa Barbara Spill

1989: Exxon Valdez tanker spill in Alaska

2005: Blowout of BP Deepwater Horizon oil well off of the coast of Louisiana (206 million gallons)

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?% of oil entering marine waterways came from runoff from land and rivers, airplanes, small boats and personal watercraft.

A???? Pipeline

800 mile pipeline was constructed to transport oil.
Inconclusive results of how it has effected wildlife.

ANWR: pristine area (25 million gallons). Could harm wildlife. Write in missing information

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85% of oil entering marine waterways came from runoff from land and rivers, airplanes, small boats and personal watercraft.

Alaskan Pipeline

800 mile pipeline was constructed to transport oil.
Inconclusive results of how it has effected wildlife.

ANWR: pristine area (25 million gallons). Could harm wildlife.

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ANWR Documentaries

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Name this fossil fuel

With petroleum and also found separately.
80-95% methane (CH₄).
5-20% ethane, propane, and butane.
Lighter than oil lies above the oil.
Largest use: electricity usage and industry.
Used to produce nitrogen fertilizer, cooking, heating, clothes dryers, and water heaters.
Transported by pipeline, not viable to use for cars.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): less energy dense, used in place of this. Can be transported.

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Natural Gas

With petroleum and also found separately.
80-95% methane (CH₄).
5-20% ethane, propane, and butane.
Lighter than oil lies above the oil.
Largest use: electricity usage and industry.
Used to produce nitrogen fertilizer, cooking, heating, clothes dryers, and water heaters.
Transported by pipeline, not viable to use for cars.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): less energy dense, used in place of natural gas. Can be transported.

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Natural Gas

With petroleum and also found separately.
80-95% methane (???).
5-20% ethane, propane, and butane.
Heavier OR Lighter than oil lies above the oil.
Largest use: which 2???.
Used to produce nitrogen fertilizer, cooking, heating, clothes dryers, and water heaters.
Transported by pipeline, not viable to use for cars.
Liquefied Petroleum Gas (LPG): less energy dense, used in place of natural gas. Can be transported.

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Advantages

Name 2 of 3

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Advantages

Few impurities when burned.
½ homes in the US use natural gas for heating.
Emits only 60% as much carbon dioxide as coal.

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Disadvantages

Name 2 of 3

F????: drilling with water, sand, and chemicals.

Need large quantities of water and it releases chemicals that must be disposed .

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Disadvantages

Emits methane (a greenhouse gas worse than carbon dioxide).
Methane escapes when harvesting natural gas.
When extracted have to drill and open rock: hydraulic fracturing “fracking”.

Fracking: drilling with water, sand, and chemicals.

Need large quantities of water and it releases chemicals that must be disposed .

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???????and Liquefied Coal

Name this term: slow flowing, viscous deposits bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.

B????: tar or pitch not capped with rock.

Mining is energy intensive.
Requires a lot of water.
Lower efficiency, more CO₂ emitted.

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Oil Sands and Liquefied Coal

Oil Sands: slow flowing, viscous deposits bitumen mixed with sand, water, and clay.

Bitumen: tar or pitch not capped with rock.

Mining is energy intensive.
Requires a lot of water.
Lower efficiency, more CO₂ emitted.

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Coal to Liquid (CTL) converting coal to a liquid fuel.

Expensive.
More greenhouse emissions (2x).
Takes a lot of water.
BAD for the environment.

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Fossil Fuels are a Finite Resource

Finite: will run out!! NON RENEWABLE!! NOT sustainable! Circle one
Total energy use continues to decrease OR? increase.
Energy use per person has leveled off.
Energy Intensity: the energy use per unit of GDP, has been decreasing.
We are using energy more efficiently --- our overall energy usage has decreased OR increased.

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Fossil Fuels are a Finite Resource

Finite: will run out!! NON RENEWABLE!! NOT sustainable!
Total energy use continues to increase.
Energy use per person has leveled off.
Energy Intensity: the energy use per unit of GDP, has been decreasing.
We are using energy more efficiently but our overall energy usage has increased.

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H???? Curve

Projected the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum point at which we would run out.
He predicted that oil extraction and use would increase steadily until roughly half the supply had been used up.

Peak Oil: extraction and use begins to decline.

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Hubbert Curve

Projected the point at which world oil production would reach a maximum point at which we would run out.
He predicted that oil extraction and use would increase steadily until roughly half the supply had been used up.

Peak Oil: extraction and use begins to decline.

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When did the peak oil occur in the US?

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Future of Fossil Fuels

If current global use patterns continue, we will run out of conventional oil supplies in less than ?? years.
Natural gas will last slightly longer.
Coal will last for at least ?? years, and maybe longer.
Global warming has shifted the thought process concerning fossil fuel dependency.

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Future of Fossil Fuels

If current global use patterns continue, we will run out of conventional oil supplies in less than 40 years.
Natural gas will last slightly longer.
Coal will last for at least 200 years, and maybe longer.
Global warming has shifted the thought process concerning fossil fuel dependency.

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Module 35 Learning Check

What makes petroleum convenient to use as fuel for transportation?

high energy density II. clean burning

III. its liquid state

I only b. I and III c. II and III only

d. III only e. I, II, III

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Module 35 Learning Check

What makes petroleum convenient to use as fuel for transportation?

high energy density II. clean burning

III. its liquid state

I only b. I and III c. II and III only

d. III only e. I, II, III

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Module 35 Learning Check

Natural gas is primarily

ethane b) propane c) butane

d) methane e) kerosene

Bitumen

a form of liquid coal
a degraded type of petroleum
a by-product of natural gas extraction
a fast-forming fossil fuel
a petroleum product used for plastic production

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Module 35 Learning Check

Natural gas is primarily

ethane b) propane c) butane

d) methane e) kerosene

Bitumen

a form of liquid coal
a degraded type of petroleum
a by-product of natural gas extraction
a fast-forming fossil fuel
a petroleum product used for plastic production

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Name this type of Energy: A Second Look

Alternative energy source!
Usually denied due to concerns about accidents, radioactivity, and possible weapon construction.

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Nuclear Energy: A Second Look

Alternative energy source!
Usually denied due to concerns about nuclear accidents, radioactivity, and possible weapon construction.

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The Use of Fission or Fusion? in Nuclear Reactors

Steam turns a turbine that turns a generator that generated electricity.
Nuclear power uses a radioactive isotope, ? 235 (^235?) as a fuel source.

F?: nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which splits into two or more parts.

This releases addition neutrons and energy in the form of heat and propagates a chain reaction.

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The Use of Fission in Nuclear Reactors

Steam turns a turbine that turns a generator that generated electricity.
Nuclear power uses a radioactive isotope, uranium 235 (²³⁵U) as a fuel source.

Fission: nuclear reaction in which a neutron strikes a relatively large atomic nucleus, which splits into two or more parts.

This releases addition neutrons and energy in the form of heat and propagates a chain reaction.

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Uranium-235 is used.
A neutron colliding with ²³⁵U splits the uranium into smaller atoms, barium and krypton and results into 3 neutrons in motion (kinetic energy).
By-products include radioactive waste that remains hazardous form may half-lives.

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Explain in your own words- the difference between FUSION and FISSION.

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How it Works

F? R?: where the Uranium goes. Found in the core, or the center of the reactor.

Heat produced nuclear fission is used to heat water which circulates in a loop.
This turns a turbine, which turns a generator.
W??? slows down the neutrons so they can trigger the next reaction.
C? R?: absorb excess neutrons, slowing or stopping the fission reaction

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How it Works

Fuel Rods: where the Uranium goes. Found in the core, or the center of the reactor.

Heat produced nuclear fission is used to heat water which circulates in a loop.
This turns a turbine, which turns a generator.
Water slows down the neutrons so they can trigger the next reaction.
Control Rods: absorb excess neutrons, slowing or stopping the fission reaction

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Control rods are inserted routinely to prevent the fuel rods from becoming too hot and “m? d?” which can cause a fire and a nuclear accident.
Uranium needs to be mined.
Mining uses fossil fuels and leaves mine t???.

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Control rods are inserted routinely to prevent the fuel rods from becoming too hot and “melting down” which can cause a fire and a nuclear accident.
Uranium needs to be mined.
Mining uses fossil fuels and leaves mine tailings.

Review math- radioactive decay

Calculate the number of years that would pass in eight half-lives. 2,000 g of a substance with a half-life of 1,000 years decays over time.

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1?

2?

3?

7000 years + 1000 years = 8000

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Add a caption for this diagram

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Advantages

Name 3.

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Advantages

NO air pollution.
20% in the US (104 nuclear power plants)
More in other countries.
Higher energy density.
Ample supply.
Offers independence from imported oil.

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Disadvantages

Accidents:

1979: ???? Island, Pennsylvania. A cooling water valve had been closed the previous day.
Lead to a lack of cooling around the core.
Partial meltdown.
Radioactive components were released.
People were evacuated, lots of anxiety and fear.
No documented increase in adverse health issues.

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Disadvantages

Accidents:

1979: Three Mile Island, Pennsylvania. A cooling water valve had been closed the previous day.
Lead to a lack of cooling around the core.
Partial meltdown.
Radioactive components were released.
People were evacuated, lots of anxiety and fear.
No documented increase in adverse health issues.

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2. ????, Ukraine 1986

Occurred during a test of the plant.
Cooling system and control rods were removed.
Resulted in a fire and explosion that damaged the plant beyond use.
31 died and many more later due to radiation exposure.
Radiation was blown across much of Europe where it contaminated grass hence milk and beef.
Resulted in increased cases of ????(thyroid) and addition deaths.

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2. Chernobyl, Ukraine 1986

Occurred during a test of the plant.
Cooling system and control rods were removed.
Resulted in a fire and explosion that damaged the plant beyond use.
31 died and many more later due to radiation exposure.
Radiation was blown across much of Europe where it contaminated grass hence milk and beef.
Resulted in increased cases of cancer(thyroid) and addition deaths.

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Radioactive Waste

No longer useful material but still emits radioactivity.
Must be stored in special, highly secure locations.

High Level Waste: ?.

Low Level: ?.

Uranium Mine Tailings: residue left over after the uranium is mined and enriched.

All regulated by the government.

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Radioactive Waste

No longer useful material but still emits radioactivity.
Must be stored in special, highly secure locations.

High Level Waste: old fuel rods.

Low Level: rags tools and protective clothing.

Uranium Mine Tailings: residue left over after the uranium is mined and enriched.

All regulated by the government.

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²³⁵U has a half life of ?????? years!

Radiation can be measured with a variety of units.

Becquerel (Bq): The rate at which a sample decays.

1Bq: 1 atom per second.

C????: 37 billion decays per second.

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²³⁵U has a half life of 704 million years!

Radiation can be measured with a variety of units.

Becquerel (Bq): The rate at which a sample decays.

1Bq: 1 atom per second.

Curie: 37 billion decays per second.

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Power plants are currently required to store spent fuel rods at the plant itself.
Spent fuel rods remain a threat to human health form 10 or more half-lives.
A challenge! Cannot be burned, shot into space, dumped or buried.
Has to be far away from humans, and secure from terrorists.
Also cannot leak into the soil or groundwater.
Y???? Mountain in Nevada a possibility?

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Power plants are currently required to store spent fuel rods at the plant itself.
Spent fuel rods remain a threat to human health form 10 or more half-lives.
A challenge! Cannot be burned, shot into space, dumped or buried.
Has to be far away from humans, and secure from terrorists.
Also cannot leak into the soil or groundwater.
YUCCA Mountain in Nevada a possibility?

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Power plants are currently required to store spent fuel rods at the plant itself.
Spent fuel rods remain a threat to human health form 10 or more half-lives.
A challenge! Cannot be burned, shot into space, dumped or buried.
Has to be far away from humans, and secure from terrorists.
Also cannot leak into the soil or groundwater.

Yucca Mountain in Nevada a possibility?

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Fusion Power

Nuclear Fusion: the reaction that powers the what?

Occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei.

Produces a great amount of heat.
Only needs h?????, produces a small amount of radioactivity.
Needs HIGH temps!
So far the amount of energy needed to make this happen outweighs the output.

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Fusion Power

Nuclear Fusion: the reaction that powers the sun and other stars.

Occurs when lighter nuclei are forced together to produce heavier nuclei.
Produces a great amount of heat.
Only needs hydrogen, produces a small amount of radioactivity.
Needs HIGH temps!
So far the amount of energy needed to make this happen outweighs the output.

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do the math Calculating half-lives

Strontium-90 is a radioactive waste product from nuclear reactors. It has a half-life of 29 years. HOw many years will it take for a quantity of strontium-90 to decay to 1/16 of its original mass?

It will take 29 years to decay to ½ its originam mass; another 29 years to ¼; another 29 years to ⅛ and another 29 years to 1/16=

29 + 29+ 29 +29 = 116 years

You have 180 g of a radioactive substance. It has a half-life of 265 years. AFter 1,325 years, what mass remains?

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do the math Calculating half-lives

You have 180 g of a radioactive substance. It has a half-life of 265 years. AFter 1,325 years, what mass remains? 5.625 grams

1325 years X 1 half-life/265 years = 5 half-lives

180 g X ½ = 90 g 1 half-life

90 g X ½ = 45 g 2 half-lives

45 g X ½ = 22.5 g 3 half-lives

22.5 g X ½ = 11.25 g 4 half-lives

11.25 g X ½ = 5.625 g 5 half-lives

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Module 36 Learning Check

One gram of U-235 produces approximately how much more energy than 1 g of coal

3,000 times
19,000 times
80,000 times
400,000 times
2,000,000 times

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Module 36 Learning Check

One gram of U-235 produces approximately how much more energy than 1 g of coal

3,000 times
19,000 times
80,000 times
400,000 times
2,000,000 times

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Module 36 Learning Check

The process of fusion

splits atoms
requires extremely high temperatures
uses plutonium instead of uranium
requires several radioactive elements
does not produce radioactive waste

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Module 36 Learning Check

The process of fusion

splits atoms
requires extremely high temperatures
uses plutonium instead of uranium
requires several radioactive elements
does not produce radioactive waste

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