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Seeing the Road and its Risks with Your Own Eye: �Opportunities for Training Paramedics Driving Using Organizational Data and Visual Search

Lavallière, M., Range, J., Tutenuit, V., & Delavary, M.

Department of health sciences

Université du Québec à Chicoutimi

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Conflicts of interest

Martin Lavallière declares no conflicts of interest.

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

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Pyramid of risks in �road safety

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

Deadly Collisions

Collisions with injuries

Collisions without injuries

Quasi-collisions and Near-misses

Driving behaviours & at risk situations

(Errors, Omissions, Violations)

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3 W’s that drive our actions

Lost Wage Lost Work Lost Workers

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

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The VEHICLES (ELEPHANT) in the room

  • Driving to the job and from the job, and Driving as a job !

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  • Work-related collisions
    • Number one reason of death in the workplace in various jurisdictions / industries

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  • Human – Vehicule – Environment
    • Scarce knowledge on the interaction of driving and duties.

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

6 « families » of risks associated with collisions

(1) organizational, (2) individual driver characteristics, (3) skills (“qualifications”), (4) driving conditions, (5) driving behaviors, and (6) external factors

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Continuum of paramedics’ duties:

  • 1- Response to Emergency Calls
  • 2- Transport to the Scene
  • 3- Administering Medicines and Patient Care in Transit
  • 4- Driving (Handling Multiple Tasks During Transport)
  • 5- Arrival at the Hospital and Transfer of Care
  • 6- Preparation for the Next Call

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

SOURCE: HTTPS://CHAT.OPENAI.COM/

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

Where we should not be going !

Prévention des collisions et amélioration de la performance du conducteur

Action du conducteur

Système de sécurité active

Réduction des impacts

Détection de l’état du conducteur et gestion de la charge cognitive

Alerte de collision iminente ou de départ de la voie

Freinage automatisé, etc.

Coussins gonflables, etc.

Collision

Figure proposed by Bryan Reimer MIT Agelab

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Problematics

DARTS, JANUARY 10, 2025

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

SOURCE: HTTPS://CHAT.OPENAI.COM/

https://www.mdpi.com/2313-576X/9/2/24

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Factors Involved in Ambulance Collisions

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Collisions Characteristics

Characteristics of Drivers

Weather Characteristics

Work Conditions

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NAVIGATING PARAMEDICS’ SAFETY: UNRAVELING FACTORS IN EMERGENCY SERVICE VEHICLE INCIDENTS

Objectives:

  • Data Update (2010-2019) from Urgences-santé (U-s) using the information of SAAQ based on date, time, and address.
  • Descriptive and statistical examination of paramedics' collision characteristics.
  • Overview of ambulance injury and non-injury Collisions in Montreal.
  • Assessing factors associated with the severity of paramedics' collisions.

​

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

https://internationaljournalofparamedicine.com/index.php/ijop/article/view/2755/2702

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Data Collection – U-s and SAAQ Data

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

Staffs’ characteristics

Weather and road condition

Time and date of collision

Environment and signalization

Collision’s severity

Explanatory Variables

Vehicle’ characteristic

Type of Task

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

Delavary, M., Tremblay, M., & Lavallière, M. (2024). Navigating paramedics’ safety: unraveling factors in emergency service vehicle incidents. International Journal of Paramedicine, 5, 82-102. doi: 10.56068/MHCE4982

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Logit regression results

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

Variables

Levels

Odds Ratio

Standard error

z-value

p-value

95% Confidence Interval

Pseudo R2

Area under ROC curve

Correctly classified

Activity

Non-emergency

0.48

0.16

-2.15

0.03

[0.25, 0.94]

0.25

0.82

77.84%

On-site

0.08

0.09

-2.36

0.02

[0.01, 0.65]

Others

0.47

0.17

-2.03

0.04

[0.23, 0.97]

Region

East

0.98

0.32

-0.07

0.94

[0.52, 1.85]

North

4.58

1.80

3.86

0.00

[2.12, 9.90]

Others

0.21

0.26

-1.29

0.20

[0.02, 2.24]

Surface Condition

Wet

1.47

0.55

1.03

0.30

[0.71, 3.05]

Snowy

0.27

0.18

-1.99

0.05

[0.08, 0 .98]

Icy

1.13

0.83

0.17

0.87

[0.27, 4.78]

Muddy & humid

3.99

4.11

1.34

0.18

[0.53, 30.07]

Others and not answered

0.66

0.46

-0.59

0.56

[0.17, 2.62]

Signalisation

Traffic light

6.97

2.30

5.70

0.00

[3.58, 13.60]

Flashing red light

0.87

0.82

-0.15

0.88

[0.14, 5.56]

Green light with priority

3.08

3.10

1.11

0.27

[0.43, 22.24]

Stop sign

1.20

1.65

0.13

0.90

[0.08, 17.91]

Obstacle(s) sign

2.10

1.17

1.33

0.19

[0.70, 6.27]

Others (e.g. pedestrian lights and flashing yellow light) and not answered

22.33

26.22

2.65

0.01

[2.24, 223.01]

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

Delavary, M., Tremblay, M., & Lavallière, M. (Accepted). Work-Related Collisions Involving Paramedics in Quebec (Canada): An Analysis of Contributing Factors and Policy Implications. International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.

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Collisions, Quasi-collisions

  • Julien, S., Roger, J., Range, J., Faye, C., Castellucci, H. I., Tremblay, M., & Lavallière, M. (2023). Instagram : une nouvelle avenue pour documenter et influencer la Santé et Sécurité au Travail. Organisations et Territoires, 31(3), 129-135. https://revues.uqac.ca/index.php/revueot/article/view/1524

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Advanced driver-assistance systems - ADAS

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Irony of automation

  1. Assignment of tasks
  2. Attentional load
  3. Control
  4. Trust
  5. Loss of expertise (“deskilling”)

​

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32022583/

Range, J., Delavary, M., Ghayeninezhad, Z., Castellucci, H. I., Tremblay, M., & Lavallière, M. (2024, 16-19 juin). Autonomous vehicles and Active Safety Systems; Implications for First Responder Vehicles CARSP 2024 - Safe Mobility: Achieving Vision Zero in Urban and Rural Environments, Ottawa, On.

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Training in driving (and technologies)

  • The usual routes
    • Group education and Awareness campaigns

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  • Good roads
    • Practice on the road
    • Specific feedback

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  • Promising avenues
    • Simulation and Virtual Reality

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

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Paramedics’ visual search while driving in-simulator: effects of driving contexts and type of calls

Tutenuit, V., Range, J., Tremblay, M., & Lavallière, M. (Soumis le 2024-08-05 Submission ID 247507702). International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics.

DARTS, January 10, 2025

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC

CS (LS)

CS (RS)

CS

RS

LS

LM

RM

DO

CT

*

*

*

Figure 2: Percentage of time spent by ROI as a function  of driving situation. Asterisks represent significant differences in a chi-square test. (*,p value < 0,05 to chi square test.).

Values of percentage under 1% do not appear on the figure.

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College training for paramedics �(SPU Soins préhospitaliers d’urgence)

  • 3 years curriculum
  • Visual search strategy embedded in various classes
    • Room entry
    • Driving
  • Actualization of training

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3 R’s of a Multigeneration workforce

Retaining

Workforce

Expertise and institutional know-how

Refreshing

Continuing education

Inter-employee knowledge transfer (bi-directional)

Recruting

Attractiveness of the environment

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Questions

Martin Lavallière, Ph.D.�Martin_Lavalliere@uqac.ca�@Lavalliere_M

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Martin Lavallière Ph.D. UQAC