APES UNIT 1: SUSTAINABILITY & THE LIVING WORLD��FIRST NOTES!�BIG IDEA 4: SUSTAINABILITY��DEFINE SUSTAINABILITY IN YOUR OWN WORDS

Human survival depends on developing practices that will achieve sustainable systems. A suitable combination of conservation and development is required.

The management of resources is essential. Understanding the role of culture, social, and economic factors is vital to the development of solutions.

DUBAI (42:51 TIME) VS SERENBE CLIP 2

EXPONENTIAL GROWTH

• Quantity increases by a constant rate per unit of time
• Also called geometric Growth
• Follows geometric pattern of increase
• 2,4,8,16,32, etc.

MAKES A J- CURVE

• Named because of its shape
• To find Doubling Time for any population

Formula is called Rule of 70: Divide the Percent increase into 70

​

• Human population is growing in this manner
• Ex: Use formula above to compare human population growth:
• 1963 2.1% growth
• 2002 1.2% growth.
• How long for each to double?
• Evaluate the Trend?

ARITHMETIC GROWTH

• Increases at constant amount per unit of time
• 1,3,5,7, etc.
• Also called Linear Growth
• Graph is sloping straight line
• *Food Production usually grows this way

�DEFINITIONS TO KNOW:

• Environment - all external conditions and factors affecting living organisms
• Ecology - study of relationships between living organisms and their environment.

​

• Environmental Science - examines effect of humans on earth’s environment
• How earth works
• How people affect its workings
• How to deal with problems

Interdisciplinary science – uses natural and social sciences.

CAPITAL IS RESOURCES

• Wealth – to an economist
• Solar capital – energy from the sun
• Direct sunlight & indirect forms (wind power, hydroelectric, and biomass)

​

• Natural capital – air, water, soil, biodiversity, energy, etc. Also called natural resources.

​

• Life’s existence depends completely on sun and earth.

ENVIRONMENTALLY SUSTAINABLE SOCIETY

• Satisfies BASIC needs of people without DEPLETING or degrading natural resources that would prevent current and future generations from meeting their basic needs.

​

• Sustainable means to live off natural INCOME replenished by soils, plants, air and water - not depleting Natural Capital.

CARRYING CAPACITY

• The maximum number of organisms an environment can support over a specified period of time.

​

Varies with:

• Time - long and short term
• Location and Resources
• Technology available to extract and process resources & to deal with problems caused by overpopulation

​

Practice

​

1. What is the carrying capacity today?
2. What are Malthusian (Thomas Malthus) limits to human population?
3. What factor(s) led to exponential growth of human population beginning in 1800s?

HOW RAPIDLY IS HUMAN POPULATION GROWING?

• 60,000 years to reach 1 billion
• 123 years to reach 2 billion
• 33 years to reach 3 billion
• 14 years to reach 4 billion

• 13 years to reach 5 billion
• 12 years to reach 6 billion
• 12 years to reach 7 billion

​

• 48% of earth’s land area has been modified by man.

​

PRACTICE

How many square meters are in 1 km²? Set up, show units, solve:

​

​

​

If a piece of land is 1000m wide by 750m long, then how many square meters are in this property?

WHAT IS ECONOMIC GROWTH?

• An increase in a country’s capacity to provide goods and services for its population’s use.

​

• Measured by GDP and GNI
• How are these different?
• Usually calculate per capita: Always divided by country’s total population

WHAT IS ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT?

Improvement of living standards by economic growth

DEVELOPED COUNTRIES

• Highly industrialized
• High per capita GNI
• Have 20% of world’s population
• Have 85% of world’s wealth and income
• Use over 80% of its natural resources
• Generate 75% of its pollution & waste

DEVELOPING COUNTRIES

• Low to moderate industrialization
• Low per capita GNI
• Most are in Africa, Asia, and Latin America
• Have 80% of the world’s population
• Have 15% of its wealth and income
• Use only 12% of its natural resources

​

• Talking about a Revolution – Tracy Chapman

DEVELOPMENT

• Change from largely rural society, mainly agricultural, illiterate, and poor with rapidly growing population

​

• Change to mostly urban, industrial, educated, and wealthy with slow-growing population.

RESOURCE - anything obtained from earth to meet human needs� Food, water, shelter, manufactured goods, transportation

Types of Resources

• PERPETUAL - renewed continuously
• SOLAR ENERGY
• WIND, TIDES, FLOWING WATER

​

• RENEWABLE - replenished rapidly
• AIR, WATER, SOIL, BIODIVERSITY

• NONRENEWABLE - exist in fixed quantity
• FOSSIL FUELS
• METALLIC MINERALS
• NONMETALLIC MINERALS

​

SUSTAINABLE YIELD

• Highest rate where a renewable resource can be used indefinitely without reducing its available supply.

​

• Environmental degradation - results when a resource’s natural replacement level is exceeded.

THE TRAGEDY OF THE COMMONS

• 1968 - Garrett Hardin equated English countryside to environmental degradation.

​

• “If I don’t use it, someone else will”
• Overusing that which belongs to all or us like…
• Air, water, ocean
• Called COMMON PROPERTY OR FREE-ACCESS RESOURCES

​

• Clip Tragedy of Commons

​

NONRENEWABLE (EXHAUSTIBLE) RESOURCE

• Exist in FIXED AMOUNTS in earth’s crust - can be completely used up
• Energy resources such as coal, oil natural gas & uranium
• Metallic mineral resources IRON, COPPER.
• Nonmetallic mineral resources - salt, sand, clay

​

Define Mineral - hard, crystalline material formed naturally

​

• Remember Earth is basically a closed system except for what?

ECONOMIC DEPLETION

• When 80% of a mineral is used up and it is more expensive to retrieve it than mineral is worth. Ex. Iron in lower layers of Earth
• Options at this point:
• Reduce or use less
• Reuse
• Recycle existing supply

- does not apply to nonrenewable energy sources- they cannot be recycled or reused (burned gasoline is not usable)

• Start laws discussion -

Conrad Testing River Clip

PRACTICE

There are 640 acres in 1 square mile

There are 5280 ft. in 1 mile

​

How many square feet are in 1 acre? Set up and show work

POLLUTION:

• Any addition to air, water, soil or food that threatens health, survival, or activities of humans or others

​

• Can be natural (volcano) or anthropogenic (human activities)

• POINT SOURCES - come from a single identifiable source - a wastewater treatment plant, a smoke-stack, an individual vehicle.

​

• NONPOINT SOURCES - come from sources difficult to identify or mobile.

​

SOLUTIONS TO POLLUTION

• CLEANUP - usually only temporary

​

• PREVENTION - the best way - slow or eliminate pollutant reaching environment.

KEY ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS�ROOT CAUSES

• Overpopulation
• Waste of resources
• Poverty

• Trying to manage and simplify nature without knowledge of how nature works.

I = PAT CONNECTIONS

• Model developed by Paul Ehrlich and John Holdren - 1970’s
• Population x Affluence x Technology = Environmental Impact

• P = number of people
• A = number of resource units used/person
• T = Envir. Degradation & pollution/resource unit
• I = environmental impact of population

P X A X T = I

RESULTS: YOU FILL IN THE BLANKS

• _________ countries have more people but use less resources / person

​

• __________ countries have less people but use more resources/person

​

• Ends up that both have effects on environment

Discuss Environmental Laws and Treaties

ECOSYSTEMS: COMPONENTS, ENERGY FLOW & MATTER CYCLING

CHAPTER 3 & Partial 5

DEFINE ECOLOGY

• Study of relationships between organisms and their environment.

​

(How organisms interact with their nonliving environment such as sunlight, temperature, moisture, nutrients, etc.)

​

• What is an organism?

ORGANISMS ARE EITHER:

• EUKARYOTIC -
• Cell Membrane

​

• Nucleus

​

• Organelles present

​

• All organisms except bacteria.

• PROKARYOTIC -
• Cell Membrane

​

• No distinct nucleus

​

• No organelles

​

• Bacteria

• What is a SPECIES?

Group of living organisms that can exchange genes or interbreed.

​

​

​

• What is the difference between sexual and asexual reproduction?

​

• Number of species on earth is not known

5 million to 100 million maybe?

​

• Wild species –

found in natural habitat

​

• Domestic species –

out of wild and play smaller role in ecology.

POPULATION

Group of organisms of same species in a given area at a given time.

Varies with:

• Season
• Time of day
• Time of year

​

Density = number of organisms/area

​

What is genetic diversity? Different inherited traits within a species.

WHAT IS HABITAT?

• Where an organism lives

​

​

​

WHAT IS A COMMUNITY?

Populations of all species in a particular place

at a particular time.

​

WHAT IS AN ECOSYSTEM?

• Community of different species interacting with one another and with their NONLIVING environments.
• Abiotic: nonliving materials (rocks, air, water, solar energy)
• Biotic: living organisms (plants, animals, fungi, bacteria, Protista)

​

• Ecosystems can be small or large.

​

• What is the Biosphere?

​

• Ecotone - a region where two ecosystems meet with more species diversity than either adjacent ecosystem.

​

lithosphere

hydrosphere

Atmosphere

Make up of the Biosphere

1^ST AND 2^ND LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS

1^st Law: Energy in the universe is constant. Energy is not created nor destroyed!

​

2^nd Law: Energy is constantly being transformed from high quality to low quality energy.

​

Examples of each:

​

Natural disorder of any system is measured by Entropy

HOW SPECIES INTERACT RELATED TO AVAILABILITY OF RESOURCES

SIX Types of Species Interactions:

• Competition Mutualism
• Predation Commensalism
• Parasitism Amensalism

​

Competition: Two or more organisms striving for the same resources.

Two Types:

• Intraspecific: competition between members of the same species
• Interspecific: competition between members of two different species

COMPETITIVE EXCLUSION PRINCIPLE:

No two species can occupy same niche indefinitely in habitat where not enough of a particular resource to meet the needs of both species.

COMPETITION BETWEEN TWO MEMBERS OF THE SAME SPECIES?

1. Interspecific
2. Intraspecific
3. Exploitation
4. Interference

AVOIDING COMPETITION:

Resource Partitioning: dividing up of scarce resources so that species with similar needs use them at different times, in different ways, or in different places.

​

“Share the wealth” Examples: being nocturnal or diurnal (daytime only)

​

Reduces negative impact of competition on survival!

PREDATOR-PREY INTERACTIONS:

members of one species feed directly on all or part of a living organism or other species. They do not live on or in the other species.

​

However predation can be a good thing for the population of prey species: as predators often “weed out” the sick and dying animal thereby reducing competition amongst the prey species.

PREDATORS

Predators have characteristics that help them catch prey, such as:

• Running fast, ex. jaguar
• Good eyesight, Ex. hawk
• Hunting in packs, ex. coyote
• Camouflage for ambush, ex. frog

PREY

• Characteristics that help escape predators, such as:
• Run fast
• Good sense of smell and eyesight alerts to the presence of predators
• Protective shell
• Spines
• Camouflage
• Chemical warfare like poisonous skin
• Foul smells
• Bad tasting
• Warning coloration
• Mimicking a predator
• Octopus clip

Walking Stick blends in its surrounding

WHICH OF THE FOLLOWING PREDATORS AVOID COMPETITION BY BEING ACTIVE AT DIFFERENT TIMES?

1. Snakes and hawks
2. Lions and tigers
3. Owls and hawks
4. Zebras and antelopes

THE OBVIOUS RELATIONSHIP ILLUSTRATED BY A FOOD CHAIN IS..

1. Predation
2. Parasitism
3. Mutualism
4. Commensalism

PREY ARE LEAST LIKELY TO DEFEND THEMSELVES AGAINST PREDATORS BY..

1. Camouflage
2. Acute senses of smell and hearing
3. Protective shells
4. Pursuit and ambush

PARASITISM: SYMBIOSIS IS A CLOSE AND LONG-TERM INTERACTION BETWEEN TWO SPECIES

• One species feeds on part of another organism by living on or in the host. Worms…

​

​

​

​

​

​

• Ex: Botfly

​

Fig. 8.13, p. 187

Mutualism:

• symbiotic relationship in which both species involved benefit from the relationship. Ways in which this happens are pollination, providing food, and providing shelter. Examples:

Goby and shrimp

V. COMMENSALISM:

a symbiotic relationship in which one species benefits and the other species is neither helped nor harmed.

For example:

epiphytes on tree

barnacles on a whale or lobster

AMENSALISM: ONE ORGANISM IS AFFECTED NEGATIVELY, AND THE OTHER IS NOT AFFECTED.

Examples:

Walnut trees secrete substance near their roots that inhibits growth of other plants.

Elephant trampling grass to get to water

A tree branch falling that damages/kills another smaller tree below

• What problems do you see with this type of interaction?

KEYSTONE SPECIES:

A species that plays a role in a community that is far more important than its numbers would suggest.

Ex: Sea Otter

Ex: Beaver

THE WIN-WIN RELATIONSHIP IN NATURE.

1. Commensalism
2. Parasitism
3. Competition
4. Mutualism

A RELATIONSHIP IN WHICH ONE ORGANISM FEEDS IN OR ON ANOTHER

1. Parasitism
2. Mutualism
3. Commensalism
4. Predator-Prey

​

TERRESTRIAL BIOMES: �CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND

• Different climates lead to different communities of organisms, especially vegetation.
• Biomes – large terrestrial regions characterized by similar climate, soil, plants, and animals.
• Each biome contains many ecosystems whose communities have adapted to differences in climate, soil, and other environmental factors.

Major terrestrial biomes: desert, shrubland, temperate grassland, savanna, tundra, taiga, temperate rainforests, temperate seasonal forests, tropical rainforests

Fig. 5-9, p. 106

Polar ice

Equator

Tropic of

Capricorn

Tropic of

Cancer

High mountains

Polar grassland (arctic tundra)

Temperate grassland

Tropical grassland (savanna)

Chaparral

Coniferous forest

Temperate deciduous forest

Tropical forest

Desert

Biome type is determined by precipitation, temperature and soil type

Polar

Rain forest

Tropical

seasonal

forest

Scrubland

Savanna

Desert

Tropical

Grassland

Chaparral

Deciduous

Forest

Coniferous forest

Desert

Temperate

Subpolar

Tundra

Wet

Cold

Dry

Hot

BIOMES: �CLIMATE AND LIFE ON LAND

Parallel changes occur in vegetation type occur when we travel from the equator to the poles or from lowlands to mountaintops.

Deserts Biomes are areas where evaporation exceeds precipitation.

• Deserts have little precipitation and little vegetation.

​

• Found in tropical, temperate and polar regions.

​

• Desert plants have adaptations that help them stay cool and get enough water.

​

• Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate and cold deserts.

DESERT BIOMES

• The flora and fauna in desert ecosystems adapt to their environment through their behavior and physiology.

​

• Succulent leaves

VIDEO: DESERTIFICATION

• Yacouba’s Forest

​

​

GRASSLANDS AND CHAPARRAL BIOMES

• Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue).

​

​

Figure 5-14

Tropical grassland (savanna)

Mean monthly temperature (°C)

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Month

Freezing point

Savannas are tropical grasslands with scattered tree and herds of hoofed animals.

Temperate grassland

Mean monthly temperature (°C)

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Month

Freezing point

The cold winters and hot dry summers have deep and fertile soil that make them ideal for growing crops and grazing cattle.

Grasslands (prairies) occur in areas too moist for desert and too dry for forests.

Polar grassland (arctic tundra)

Mean monthly temperature (°C)

Mean monthly precipitation (mm)

Month

Freezing point

Polar grasslands are covered with ice and snow except during a brief summer.

CHAPARRAL OR SHRUBLAND

• Chaparral has a moderate climate but its dense thickets of spiny shrubs are subject to periodic fires.

​

• Think Southern California

FOREST BIOMES

• Variations in annual temperature (red) and precipitation (blue) in tropical, temperate, and polar forests.

​

• What are the limiting factors for the trees in this biome?

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

• Tropical rain forests have heavy rainfall and a rich diversity of species.
• Found near the equator.
• Have year-round uniformity warm temperatures and high humidity.

TROPICAL RAIN FOREST

• Filling such niches enables species to avoid or minimize competition and coexist

WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEFORESTATION TO THE LOCAL ENVIRONMENT?��WHAT ARE THE IMPLICATIONS OF DEFORESTATION TO THE GLOBAL ENVIRONMENT?��

TEMPERATE DECIDUOUS FOREST

• Most of the trees survive winter by dropping their leaves, which decay and produce a nutrient-rich soil.

​

• Think Middle to Southern USA

EVERGREEN CONIFEROUS FORESTS

• Consist mostly of cone-bearing evergreen trees that keep their needles year-round to help the trees survive long and cold winters.

​

• Think South Alaska or Western Canada

TEMPERATE RAIN FORESTS

Coastal areas support huge cone-bearing evergreen trees such as redwoods and Douglas fir in a cool moist environment.

HOW WOULD ELEVATION AFFECT AN ENVIRONMENT?

Remember that distribution of biomes is dynamic and somewhat fluid!

​

What does this mean?

MOUNTAIN BIOMES

• High-elevation islands of biodiversity

​

• Often have snow-covered peaks that reflect solar radiation and gradually release water to lower-elevation streams and ecosystems.

​

​

​

PRACTICE FROM NOTES

1. Contrast temperate deciduous forest with tropical rainforest. How is each environment different? Specific.

​

2. Define anthropogenic.

​

3. How does elevation affect climate? At least 2 ways.

​

4. Contrast dependent and independent variable.

HUMAN IMPACTS ON TERRESTRIAL BIOMES

• Human activities have damaged or disturbed more than half of the world’s terrestrial ecosystems.

​

• Humans have had a number of specific harmful effects on the world’s deserts, grasslands, forests, and mountains.

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Natural Capital Degradation

Desert

Large desert cities

Soil destruction by off-road

vehicles

Soil salinization from irrigation

Depletion of groundwater

Land disturbance and

pollution from mineral

extraction

Oil production and off-road vehicles

Overgrazing by livestock

Release of CO₂ to atmosphere

from grassland burning

Conversion to cropland

Grasslands

Natural Capital Degradation

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Clearing for agriculture, livestock

grazing, timber, and urban

development

Conversion of diverse forests to tree

plantations

Damage from off-road vehicles

Natural Capital Degradation

Forests

Pollution of forest streams

Fig. 5-29, p. 124

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

​

Natural Capital Degradation

Mountains

Agriculture

Timber extraction

Mineral extraction

Hydroelectric dams and

reservoirs

Increasing tourism

Urban air pollution

Increased ultraviolet radiation

from ozone depletion

Soil damage from off-road

vehicles

AQUATIC BIOMES

Freshwater biomes include streams, rivers, ponds, and lakes.

​

Marine biomes include oceans, coral reefs, marshland, and estuaries.

​

Algae in marine biomes supply a large portion of Earth’s oxygen, and also take in carbon dioxide from atmosphere (a sink).

​

Global distribution of non-mineral marine natural resources (fish) varies because of the following:

salinity, depth, turbidity, nutrients available, temperature

​

LIFE ON EARTH IS SUSTAINED BY:

• One -way flow of energy - from sun through plants to animals - then back into space
• Cycling of matter or nutrients CHNOPS
• Gravity - allows planet to hold its atmosphere.
• Earth is a mostly CLOSED SYSTEM - receives energy from sun but loses very little matter into space

Nutrients are recycled

Organisms are open systems - exchange matter and energy between the system and environment.

• Take in matter and energy - use it to stay alive and then put waste back into environment.

PRACTICE

1. Food webs depend on _____ and ______ to decompose organisms and recycle matter.

​

• This biome is dominated by small bushes, frequent wildfires, and semi-arid climate.

​

• First law of thermodynamics states:

​

• If energy moves up a trophic level pyramid and only 10% goes to the next organism, what happens to other 90% of the energy?

CARBON CYCLE

Carbon cycle moves atoms and molecules containing carbon between sources and sinks.

​

Reservoirs hold carbon for a long time. The ocean is the biggest, then sediments at the bottom of oceans.

​

In life, carbon cycles between photosynthesis and cellular respiration.

Plant and animal decomposition have stored carbon over millions of years. Burning fossil fuels quickly moves stored carbon into the air as carbon dioxide!

NITROGEN CYCLE

Nitrogen cycle moves atoms and molecules containing nitrogen between sources and sinks. Processed by bacteria & lightning.

​

Most reservoirs hold nitrogen for a short time.

The biggest reservoir is the atmosphere (78%) is N!

​

Fixation is process where atmospheric nitrogen is converted into mostly ammonia. Many parts of this cycle occur to make N usable to make plant tissue .

Where does guano fit in? Excrement from birds or bats! Great source of Nitrogen (and even phosphorus)

What is a legume? A bean plant that has N-fixing bacteria at root nodules.

PHOSPHORUS CYCLE

Movement of atoms and molecules containing phosphorus between sources and sinks.

​

Major reservoir is rock and sediments and even concentrated in excrement. It moves based on erosion or mining.

​

No Atmospheric component (people don’t burn phosphorus). Rare to find free phosphorus in stable land or aquatic environments. P is the limiting factor for many ecosystems.

HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

Cycle powered by the sun, moves water in its various solid, liquid, and gaseous phases between sources and sinks.

​

Guess what the reservoir is?

​

What are the second and third largest reservoirs for water?

​

Be careful, pollution does not change the water cycle. For example, does mud or sediment, or even oil, dramatically affect a puddle’s rate of evaporation?

HOW DOES THE SUN SUSTAIN LIFE?

• Lights & warms the planet
• Supplies ENERGY for photosynthesis
• Powers cycling of matter
• Drives the CLIMATE AND WEATHER systems

​

• End here August 19, 2026

BASIC VARIABLE REVIEW (YOU SHOULD KNOW THIS!)

An atmosphere scientist is checking the carbon dioxide emissions from cars with different types of engines (diesel, V6, 4-cylinder, hybrid).

​

Identify the following variables:

​

Independent

Dependent

At least THREE constants

​

​

What is the Controlled Setup?

​

FACTS ABOUT THE SUN

• Middle- aged star
• Takes 8 minutes for light to get to the earth
• Most of light to earth is ultraviolet
• About 28% of its light is reflected back into space by clouds, dust, and land
• 72% warms air and land, evaporates water, generates winds
• Only about 0.023% is used by plants for photosynthesis

�RANGE OF TOLERANCE

Ability to survive within variations of a physical or chemical environment. Individuals within a population may have differing ranges of tolerance.

Tolerance limits - beyond which no member of a species is able to survive

WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS?

• The primary producers (plants and algae) also called autotrophs take carbon dioxide, water, and sunlight and produce glucose and oxygen.

​

​

​

​

• Chemosynthesis in the deep ocean uses heat energy from the thermal vents to convert dissolved hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide into organic nutrient molecules.

​

​

Primary Productivity: rate of solar energy becoming organic compounds over time from photosynthesis (gas co2 to plant mass).

NPP = GPP - Respiration

Gross Primary Productivity: TOTAL rate of material produced from photosynthesis.

Net Primary Productivity: material accumulated after loss of respiration.

Can measure it using plant mass and/or dissolved oxygen in water.

​

Data: Plant Mass

Week 1 51g (all plants at beginning of test)

Week 2 76g (plants in light)

Week 2 49 (plants in dark - covered)

Gross productivity _________________

Net productivity _________________

​

LIGHT PENETRATION

Most red light is absorbed in upper 1m of water.

Blue light penetrates deeper than 100m in the clearest water.

​

​

Affects photosynthesis in aquatic ecosystems!

Photosynthesizers have adapted mechanisms to adapt to less visible light.

​

Region where light penetrates is called euphotic zone.

TROPHIC LEVELS: FEEDING LEVELS OF ORGANISMS

Ecosystems depend on continuous inflow of high-quality energy in order to maintain their structure and function of transferring matter between environment and organisms via biogeochemical cycles.

​

These cycles represent conservation of matter. Essential cycles for life!

1^st and 2^nd Laws of Thermodynamics and 10% rule of energy.

​

In terrestrial and near-surface marine communities, energy flows from the sun to producers in LOWEST trophic levels and then upward to higher levels.

• Plants are
• __________________
• They are the
• __________________in an ecosystem.
• They occupy the
• _______________Trophic level.

autotrophs

primary producers

first

• Cows are _____________ which are _______ Consumers. They occupy the ________Trophic level.

primary

second

heterotrophs

• Lions are
• __________. They are

_____________Consumers.

They occupy the

___________trophic level.

heterotrophs

secondary

third

• Pigs are _______

Which means they eat

______ ____ ______;

​

omnivores

Plants and animals

• Sharks are ______

Which means they eat

__________

carniovores

animals only

�WHAT ARE DETRITIVORES?

• What are decomposers?

​

​

• What are detritus feeders?

WHICH CYCLE(S)?

Precipitation

​

Nitrification

​

Percolation

​

Sedimentation

​

Infiltration

​

Erosion

​

Assimilation

​

Weathering

​

Leaching

​

Fixation

Condensation

​

Transpiration

​

Flood

​

Respiration

​

Denitrification

​

Runoff

​

Ammonification

​

Evaporation

​

Combustion

​

Decay