Vocab terms-
Plant Science
How to use this resource: Control F and search for the word you are looking for.
Agriculture
the science or practice of farming, including cultivation of the soil for the growing of crops and the rearing of animals to provide food, wool, and other products. And all facets that need to happen to get these products to the consumer
Plant science
The science or practice the study of plants, including their classification, structure, physiology, ecology, and economic importance
Hydroponics
Process of growing plants in a media without soil
Aquaponics
a system of aquaculture in which the waste produced by farmed fish or other aquatic animals supplies nutrients for plants grown hydroponically, which in turn purify the water.
Microgreens
Small seedlings of edible veggies and herbs, cut after the first cotyledons are opened
Nutrient Film Techniques
NFT for short, hydroponic system that uses a very shallow stream of water container dissolved nutrients required for plant growth and is continuously recirculated pas that bare roots of a plant in the channel
Intercurricular
Within the curriculum, FFA is intercurricular part of ag class
Horticulture
The broad science for the cultivation of garden, orchard or nursery- flowers, fruits veggies or ornamental plants
Viticulture
Cultivation and study of grape production
Floriculture
Branch of ornamental horticulture concerned with growing and marketing flowers and ornamental plants as well as with flower arrangements
Pomology
Study of fruit cultivation
Olericulture
Branch of horticulture that deals with the production, storage, processing, and marketing of vegetables
Arboriculture
The branch of horticulture dealing with the cultivation and management of trees
Reverse Osmosis
A water purification processes that uses a filtration system to filter out unwanted molecules and large particles like minerals.
All the water going into our hydroponic reservoirs has gone through this process
PPM
Parts per million,
Unit of measurement
TDS
Stands for
Total Dissolved Solids
Is a measure of the dissolved combined content of inorganic and organic substances present in a liquid
Agronomy
The branch of agriculture dealing with field-crop production and soil management
Angiosperm
a plant that has flowers and produces seeds enclosed within a carpel. The angiosperms are a large group and include herbaceous plants, shrubs, grasses, and most trees.
gymnosperm
Gymnosperms are non-flowering plants belonging to the sub-kingdom Embophyta. The seeds are not enclosed in an ovary or fruit. They are exposed on the surface of the leaf-like structures of the gymnosperms.
Compaction
Occurs when soil particles are pressed together, reducing pore space between them
Compacted soil has a reduced rate of water infiltration and drainage
Fertilizer
A natural or synthetic product which contains chemical elements that improve growth and productivity of plants
Nutrient
A substance that provides nourishment essential for growth and maintenance of life
Micronutrient
Elements required in small quantities and are essential in order for a plant to complete their life cycle
Nitrogen Fixation
A process where nitrogen in the atmosphere is converted to nitrogen a plant can use as nutrients
Macronutrient
Elements that a plant consumes in large quantities
Primary
And
Secondary
Minerals
Another name for nutrients- vital elements necessary for the plant
Vermiculture
Cultivation of worms
Stem Elongation
The rapid growth of the length of the internodes in the stem- before the reproductive phase occurs
Photosynthesis
A chemical process that occurs in plants, algae, and some types of bacteria, when they are exposed to sunlight. During photosynthesis, water and carbon dioxide combine to form glucose (carbohydrates) (sugars) and give off oxygen.
Respiration
involves using the sugars produced during photosynthesis plus oxygen to produce energy for plant growth. In many ways, respiration is the opposite of photosynthesis.
imbibition
The intake of water
Anatomy
The branch of science concerned with the bodily structure of organisms - especially revealed by dissection and the separation of parts
Cotyledons
Acts as food storage in the plant until its able to carry out photosynthesis
Once germinated- called “seed leaves”
Monocotyledon
A grouping of flowering plants which follow the following characteristics
Dicotyledon
A grouping of flowering plants which follow the following characteristics
Seed
A flowering plants mode of sexual reproduction
Are the ripened ovules
Seed Coat
One or more protective layers for that encase
Endosperm
Tissue that surrounds and nourishes the embryo- this is the seeds food. Consists of mainly starches
Doesn't need it once photosynthesis can occur
Embryo
The young multicellular organism before it emerges from the seed
Hilum
a mark on the seed coat showing where the ovule was attached to the ovary.
micropyle
an opening in the seed coat where the pollen entered the ovule prior to fertilization and through which water first enters the seed.
Radicle
This is the embryonic root which will develop into the primary root of the plant. It is usually the first part of the embryo to push its way out of the seed during germination.
Becomes the primary root
Hypocotyl
the part of the stem of an embryo plant beneath the stalks of the seed leaves or cotyledons and directly above the radicle
epicotyl
portion of the embryonic shoot above the cotyledon(s) that in most plants develops into the plant leaves.
Plumule
Is the first shoot- become the first true leaves
Primary Root
The primary root, or radicle, is the first organ to appear when a seed germinates. It grows downward into the soil, anchoring the seedling. In gymnosperms and dicotyledons (angiosperms with two seed leaves), the radicle becomes a taproot.
Secondary/lateral root
Roots that branch off the primary root
Epidermis
is a protective tissue that covers the entire external surface of the plant.
Apical Meristem
Tissue that actively divides to enable growth in length or height (primary growth).
Root apex and shoot apex
Root cap
Layer to protect the root apical meristem
Root Hairs
Connected to the primary and secondary roots absorbing water and minerals, anchoring and supporting the plant, and storing food.
Node
the points on a stem where the buds, petioles, and branching twigs originate.
Internode
The space between the nodes on the stem
Axillary/lateral bud
grow along the sides of a shoot and give rise to the sideways growth that makes a plant bushy
Vascular bundles
Vascular bundles are a collection of tube-like tissues that flow through plants, transporting critical substances to various parts of the plant. Xylem transports water and nutrients, phloem transports organic molecules, and cambium is involved in plant growth.
Xylem
Xylem is the specialised tissue of vascular plants that transports water and nutrients from the plant–soil interface to stems and leaves
Just goes “up”
Phloem
Through the system of translocation, the phloem moves sucrose sugars and proteins, from the leaves where they are produced by photosynthesis to the rest of the plant.
Apical bud/terminal bud
grows at the tip of a shoot and causes the shoot to grow longer.
Epidermis
Specialized Stems
Tubers
Stolens
Rhizomes
Petiole
Stalk that connects stem to leaf base
Leaf blade
light-collecting structure on a leaf is a large, broad, flat surface
Stomata
Cell structures in the epidermis of leaves that are involved in the exchange of carbon dioxide and water between plants and the atmosphere.
Guard Cells
control influx and efflux of CO2 and water from leaves,
Cuticle
The waxy coating protecting film covering the outermost skin layer (epidermis) of leaves,
Leaf Margin
Edge of the leaf
Primary leaf
First leaf to appear after the cotyledon leaf(s)
Leaf type
Simple vs Compound Leaf
Simple Leaf
One leaf blade per petiole
Vein Type
Direction the veins go in relation to the midrib
Midrib
Vein that runs from leaf base to apex
Leaf apex
The tip of the leaf
(apex means tip)
Leaf base
Where the leaf blade connects to the petiole
Leaflet
Leaf blades on a compound leaf
Compound Leaf
Leaf with multiple leaflets per each petiole
Pinnate Compound
Even Pinnate
Odd Pinnate
Bipinnate
Palmate Compound Leaf
In the shape of a palm
Sepal
The outer parts of the flower (often green and leaf-like) that enclose and protect a developing bud.
Collectively called the calyx
Calyx
the part of the flower that surrounds the growing bud, often found at the base of the bloom
Purpose: protect the growing bud
All of the sepals together are called this
Flower
The main reproductive structure of angiosperms/ flowering plants
the seed-bearing part of a plant, consisting of reproductive organs (stamens and pistil) that are typically surrounded by a brightly colored corolla (petals) and a green calyx (sepals).
Inflorescence
Many flowers throughout the stem- not one single flower at the end of the stem
Racemose/ AKA Indefinite Inflorescence
Arrangement of flowers are lateral- not on the apex
Older flowers near base- newer flowers develop near apex
Cymose/ AKA definite Inflorescence
Arrangement of flowers laterally and on apex
Older flowers at apex, new flowers toward roots
Peduncle
Stalk of a inflorescences
Pedicel
Stalk of a single flower
Petal
The parts of a flower that are often colored- purpose is to attract pollinators to support reproduction
corolla
All of the petals together are referred to as this
Stamen
The male reproductive part of a flowering plant.
Produces pollen that fertilize the ovules to form a seed
Usually with a slender filament supporting the anther.
Flowers often have several stamens, and on flowers that have both male and female structures, the stamens are found surrounding the female portion.
Filament
Supports the anther - stalk of the stamen
Anther
The part of the stamen where pollen is produced.
Pollen
Produced on the anther- hold the male reproductive substance for sexual reproduction
Pistil
The female portion of the flower
ovule producing part of a flower. The ovary often supports a long style, topped by a stigma. The mature ovary is a fruit, and the mature ovule is a seed.
Ovary
The enlarged basal portion of the pistil where ovules are produced by pollen connecting to them to fertilize and create seeds
Ovules
Female reproductive part that develops into a seed when fertilized
Stigma
Collects pollen grains from the anther
Style
Holds the stigma up to catch the pollen
Water Cycle
Condensations
Evaporation
Precipitation
Evaporation
Transpiration
Run off
Infiltration
Groundwater
Percolation
Deposition
Sublimiation
Plant life cycle types
The growing season(s) of plants. The three types of life cycles a plant has are perennial, annual, and biannual
Perennial
Grow year after year
They store up their energy and go dormant during the winter and wake up for the spring
Annual
Complete their entire life cycle in one growing season (spring to fall)
Biennial
Take TWO years to complete their life cycle
Typically-
First year: establishing roots, foliage, and food structions
Second year: flowering, producing fruit and releasing seeds before dying off
Herbaceous
Low growing plants with soft green stems
Top part of the plant dies in the winter and grows back in the spring
Woody
Trees and shrubs with tough brown stems- plants grow larger each year and do not experience seasonal dieback
Carl Linnaeus
Father of modern naming classifications of plants
Created the now used binomial nomenclature
Variety
Species
Cultivar
Native
Is a plant that is specifically adapted to your region, its ancestors were also used to handling the climate, terrain, and weather.
Beneficial Insect
An insect that performs a valued service to sustain a ecosystem
Examples: pollination and pest control
Pesticide
A substance or mixture of substances intended for preventing, destroying, repelling or mitigating and pest.
Insecticide
A pesticide used to destroy/ prevent insects
Herbicide
A pesticide used to prevent/kill plants
Fungicide
A pesticide used to prevent/kill fungi
Miticide
A pesticide used to prevent/kill mites
Sprayer
Tool used to apply pesticide
application
Action of applying pesticide
Vine
A plant whose stems require support - plant whose growth habit of trailing or climbing
Deciduous/ broad leaved
lose their leaves in the fall and regrow them in the spring such as oak or alder. They typically have broad and flat leaves, as opposed to conifers that have needle-like leaves.
Evergreen/Conifer
a tree that bears cones and needle-like or scale-like leaves that are typically evergreen. Conifers are of major importance as the source of softwood, and also supply resins and turpentine.
Tillage
Process of preparation of soil by mechanical agitation like digging, stirring, and overturning
agitation
The action of briskly stirring or disturbing something
No till
An ag technique for growing crops or pasture without disturbing the soil through tillage
Minimum tillage aka conservation tillage/reduced tillage
A soil conservation system with the goal of minimum soil manipulation necessary for successful crop production.
cultivation
Act of preparing and growing
Organic growing practice
Genetic Modified Organism
Plant Growth Stages
Sprout
Seeds contain all the nutrient they need to germinate and grow their first leaf (monocot) or leaves (dicots).
Seedling
Vegitative
Budding
Flowering
Ripening
Sapling
A young tree
germination
Complex process that occurs when a viable seed with proper internal conditions is exposed to favorable environmental conditions
Environmental factors that effect seed germination:
Plug
Seedlings which have been germinated and grown in trays of small cells, then transplanted- started from a cutting or seed
transplant
A plant moved from one location to another
Germination rate
The percent of seeds that sprout
Rate depends on
Direct seeding
Planting a seed to the location where it will be grown until it is a saleable size (will not be transplanted)
Emergence
Once the covered seed sprout has broken through the growing media
Sexual Reproduction
Two parent plants reproduce using pollen fertilization of ovules and produce a seed
Asexual Reproduciton
One parent copies itself to form a genetically identical offspring
propagule
Any plant material used for plant propagation. In sexual reproduction, a propagule is a seed.
In asexual reproduction, a propagule may be a woody cutting, a leaf section, or any number of other plant parts. In tissue culture, a type of asexual reproduction, various plant parts may be used.
offspring
The result of sexual or asexual reproduciton
propagation
The process of increasing the number of plants
Mother plant
is a plant grown for the purpose of taking cuttings or offsets in order to grow more quantity of the same plant.
Methods of Asexual Reproduction
Cuttings
Layering
Division/ Separation
Grafting
Budding
Tissue Culture
cuttings
A type of propagation method
Parts of plants removed from a parent plant and rooted to form new plants
Cutting types:
Herbaceous
Softwood
Semi hardwood
Hardwood
OR
The part of the plant removed to form the cutting i.e. leaf cutting
Leaf cutting
include only a leaf blade or the blade (right photo) and a portion of the petiole (left photo)
Stem-tip cutting
the apical meristem and at least one fully expanded leaf is taken from the mother plant
Leaf and bud cutting
dormant buds at the leaf axil, or node, serve as the growing point when the cutting roots
Stem cutting
section of the stem without leaves, but with dormant buds, is rooted in a porous growing medium
layering
A propagation method
consists of rooting a new plant while the stem is still attached to the parent plant.
Simple, compound, and air layering methods
Simple layering
A propagation method
Bury the branch several inches deep in the soil, making sure the shoot tip protrudes from the soil
Compound (serpentine) layering
A propagation method
long vines and requires that the shoot be alternately covered and exposed
Air layering
A propagation method
a popular method of propagating houseplants, involves establishing a root system on the plant’s stem above the ground.
Tip layering
A propagation method
Tip of the plant is underground
Trench layering
A propagation method
Plant is covered with growing media, stem produces roots and shoots.
Mound (stool) layering
A propagation method
Division
A method of propagation
carefully lift plant clumps along with some soil removed from the roots The crown may then be cut into sections with a knife. Individual growing points (shoots) that contain roots may be used to form new plants, or if a larger plant is desired, several shoots may be left together.
grafting
joining two plants (or their parts) together.
The lower part of the graft is known as the rootstock which becomes the root system or part of the trunk.
The upper part of the graft is known as the scion and becomes the top of the plant. Where they meet is the union.
Methods when the scion and rootstock are the same size:
Methods when the scion is smaller than the rootstock:
Wedge Graft
Splice
Whip and Tongue graft
Approach Graft
Cleft graft
side/stub graft
Notch grafting
Bark/veneer graft
budding
Form of grafting-
Where a single bud with a small portion of wood or bark attached is joined with the rootstock to form a new plant
T budding
Budding method where you cut a T in the rootstock and insert a bud into it
Patch budding
Chip budding
Aka micropropagation
Tissue culture techniques allow thousands of new plants to be obtained from a single plant, making the technology attractive to rapidly multiply new cultivars. Its limitations include the need for specialized equipment and facilities along with a great deal of highly skilled labor.
Uses agar gel as a growing media
Steps of tissue culture
Explanting (in tissue culture)
The piece of tissue (cell or cells) taken from a plant to be used in tissue culture propagation is known as the explant. This often is the apical meristem, but it can be other plant tissue. After sterilization, the explant is placed on the surface of the sterilized medium in the culture tube.
Wounding plant tissue induces cellular division.
In tissue culture, the cells of the explant form an undifferentiated mass of cells known as a callus. This callus continues to grow in size during the multiplication stage.
Multiplication (in tissue culture)
With time, the callus cells begin to differentiate into distinct tissues that form organs.
The callus will first develop a root system; a shoot system will form soon after. At this time a miniature plant can be seen growing in the culture tube with its roots in the culture medium
Organogenesis (in tissue culture)
Acclimatization (in tissue culture)
Once the new plantlet becomes large enough to handle, it can be removed from the culture tube and planted in a growing medium.
Newly transplanted plantlets are placed in carefully controlled conditions of light, temperature and humidity for several weeks as they adjust to their new environment. Following this period, they are ready to be grown at a greenhouse until they are ready to be transplanted.
Plant Variety Protection Act
U.S. Plant Patent Law
Dormancy
Seeds of some species of plants contain abscisic acid, a chemical that inhibits germination. For these species, germination occurs after certain changes take place within the seed in response to environmental conditions. In nature, this period of adjustment, called after-ripening, prevents fall-produced seeds from germinating until the following spring when conditions (especially temperature) are more conducive to the survival of newly emerged seedlings.
inoculant
scarification
the process of scratching the seed coat to allow moisture to enter the seed itself.
Many members of the pea family (legumes) benefit from scarification.
stratification
Stratification is a process of pre-treating seeds in order to simulate natural conditions that seeds would experience in the soil over-winter.
Pre-treating seeds helps the seed "break dormancy" and initiate the germination process.
Moist and dry stratification processes
Pollination
the transfer of pollen grains from the male anther to a female stigma, ovule, flower, or plant to allow fertilization.
ethylene
Self Pollination
he pollination of a flower by pollen from the same flower or from another flower on the same plant.
Cross Pollination
pollination of a flower or plant with pollen from another flower or plant.
Norman Borlaug
developed successive generations of wheat varieties with broad and stable disease resistance, broad adaptation to growing conditions across many degrees of latitude, and with exceedingly high yield potential.
Hybrid
plants or animals produced by the cross-breeding of two genetically different varieties or species.
Genetics
DNA
Punnett square
Biotechnology
Cross breeding
classification
pH
a figure expressing the acidity or alkalinity of a solution on a logarithmic scale on which 7 is neutral, lower values are more acid and higher values more alkaline.
alkaline
Regarding pH Another term for basic
basic
Between 7-14 on the pH scale
Acidic
Between 0-7 on the pH scale
Neutral pH
7 on the pH scale
Deficient
Lacking nutrients (not enough)
Sufficient
The correct amount of nutrients
Excessive
Too much nutrients- plants can be hurt by this
Burn
In relation to excessive nutrients
Plant is damaged or “burned” when too much fertilizer to applied
Chemical Analysis
Maturity
Fruit
By-product
something which is produced during the manufacture or processing of another product.
Commodity
a raw material or primary agricultural product that can be bought and sold, such as copper or coffee.
Taxonomy
Cover crops
a plant crop that is planted not as the main crop for that area. Example: farmer grows corn April- October then plants winter rye after harvest.
used primarily to
respiration
Nutrient Management Plan
Transpiration
Integrated Pest Management IPM
Stands
Shoot
Stand count
Vegetation/ Vegetative
Vegetative parts of the plant include roots, stems, shoots, buds, and leaves
Foliage
population
the NUMBER of plants per unit area of land. Example: 40 000 plants per hectare (e.g. cabbage) or. 100 plants per square metre (e.g. carrot)
Plant spacing
Plant spacing, on the other hand, refers to the ARRANGEMENT of plants on the area planted.
Plant Depth
How deep the seed is planted in the growing media
Examples: 1.5 inches
¼ inch
Hardening off
Process of replicating the environment to make it more like the outside
Irrigation
the supply of water to land or crops to help growth,
rockwool
Growing Media
The material through which roots grow and extract water and nutrients
Can be “artificial soil” or soil from the earth
Sphagnum peat moss
Vermiculite
Perlite
Coconut coir
Potting Soil
Organic Matter
Material that was once living
Examples: roots, above ground plants, animals, insects
Soil Amendment
In relation to growing media- a material added/ changed to the growing mix
soil (or soilless mix) for the purpose of improving its physical and/or biological characteristics,
Like water retention,
water permeability,
air movement,
root penetration,
drainage,
aggregation,
increasing organic content,
improving microbial viability- etc
using these aids in providing a better environment to support plant life and development.
Soil triangle
used to classify the texture class of a soil.
Soil horizons
a layer parallel to the soil surface whose
physical,
chemical
and
biological characteristics
differ from the layers above and beneath.
Horizons are defined in many cases by obvious physical features, mainly colour and texture.
Organic vs inorganic
Organic
derived from living organisms
Inorganic
being or composed of matter other than plant or animal
Conventional
Botany
Germinate
Plant
rootstock
Scion
Union
shrubs
Trees
Bush
Water plant
Chlorophyll
Sand
silt
clay
Growing degree unit
Biomass
Microbiology
Nutrient Cycle
Variegated
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