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Kenneycott Copper Mine, Bingham Canyon UT

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RESOURCES

◆ Renewable resources can be replenished over fairly short spans of time, such as months, years, or decades.
◆ Nonrenewable resources take millions of years to form and accumulate.

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RESOURCES

Fossil fuels are hydrocarbons that may be used as fuel, including coal, oil, and natural gas.

Coal
Petroleum
Natural Gas

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FOSSIL FUELS

Coal is the compressed remains of plant remains.

Plants get covered and compressed and turned into Lignite
Eventually, it turns into Bituminous coal.
Metamorphic state is called Anthracite

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FOSSIL FULES

Petroleum (Crude Oil)

Liquid fuel composed of hydrocarbon molecules.
Made when large quantities of dead organisms, mostly zooplankton and algae, are buried underneath sedimentary rock and subjected to both prolonged heat and pressure.

Natural Gas

The gaseous byproduct of the formation of petroleum

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FOSSIL FUELS

Three things needed to form

Source rock

Black shale. Sedimentary rock

Reservoir rock

Porous or cracked rock that hold the fuels

Cap Rock

A non permeable rock to keep it all in place.

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HOW DOES FOSSIL FUELS MAKE ELECTRICITY?

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HOW DOES NUCLEAR FUELS MAKE ELECTRICITY?

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HOW SO RIVERS MAKE ELECTRICITY?

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ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES

◆ Hot water is used directly for heating and to turn turbines that generate electric power.

◆ Geothermal energy is harnessed by tapping natural underground reservoirs of steam and hot water.

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THE GEYSERS IS THE WORLD’S LARGEST ELECTRICAL GEOTHERMAL FACILITY

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ALTERNATE ENERGY SOURCES

◆ Tidal power is harnessed by constructing a dam across the mouth �of a bay or an estuary in coastal areas.

◆ The strong in-and-out flow of tidal water drives turbines and electric generators.

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TIDAL DAMS

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WATER, AIR, AND LAND RESOURCES

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WATER, AIR, AND LAND RESOURCES

One estimate of global water distribution
Water source	Water volume, in cubic miles	Water volume, in cubic kilometers	Percent of�freshwater	Percent of�total water
Oceans, Seas, & Bays	321,000,000	1,338,000,000	--	96.54
Ice caps, Glaciers, & Permanent Snow	5,773,000	24,060,000	68.6	1.74
Groundwater	5,614,000	23,400,000	--	1.69
Fresh	2,526,000	10,530,000	30.1	0.76
Saline	3,088,000	12,870,000	--	0.93
Soil Moisture	3,959	16,500	0.05	0.001
Ground Ice & Permafrost	71,970	300,000	0.86	0.022
Lakes	42,320	176,400	--	0.013
Fresh	21,830	91,000	0.26	0.007
Saline	20,490	85,400	--	0.007
Atmosphere	3,095	12,900	0.04	0.001
Swamp Water	2,752	11,470	0.03	0.0008
Rivers	509	2,120	0.006	0.0002
Biological Water	269	1,120	0.003	0.0001
Source: Igor Shiklomanov's chapter "World fresh water resources" in Peter H. Gleick (editor), 1993, Water in Crisis: A Guide to the World's Fresh Water Resources (Oxford University Press, New York).

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WATER, AIR, AND LAND RESOURCES

Point source pollution comes from a known and specific location, such as factory pipes.

Nonpoint source pollution is pollution that does not have a specific point of origin.

◆ Freshwater Pollution

Runoff is the water that flows over the land rather than seeping into the ground, often carrying nonpoint source pollution.

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MAJOR TYPES OF WATER POLLUTION

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WATER, AIR, AND LAND RESOURCES

The increase of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere has altered the carbon cycle and contributed to climate change—the unnatural warming of the lower atmosphere.

◆ The chemical composition of the atmosphere helps maintain life on Earth.

Through a series of chemical reactions, these pollutants in the air are converted into acids that are a major cause of acid precipitation.

◆ Pollution in the Air

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