SCIENTIFIC�WRITING WORKSHOP
Marianopolis Research Team
STRUCTURE OVERVIEW
THE ABSTRACT
BACKGROUND OR PROBLEM
What is currently known?
What is the gap in knowledge?
PURPOSE
What is this study’s aim?
How does it fill the gap in knowledge?
METHODOLOGY
How was the study conducted?
Was the data quantitative, qualitative, or both?
RESULTS OBTAINED
What were the outcomes?
What was discovered?
CONCLUSION FROM RESULTS
How are the results interpreted?
How has this study contributed to the field?
EXAMPLE ABSTRACT
THE ABSTRACT
RELEVANCE OR PURPOSE
What is this study’s aim?
How does it fill the gap in knowledge?
METHODOLOGY
How was the study conducted?
Was the data quantitative, qualitative, or both?
RESULTS OBTAINED
What were the outcomes?
What was discovered?
CONCLUSION FROM RESULTS
How are the results interpreted?
How has this study contributed to the field?
Source: Marianopolis Science and Technology Fair
MAIN BODY OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
MAIN BODY OF A SCIENTIFIC PAPER
INTRODUCTION
Background Info
RESULTS
What is obtained
CONCLUSION
Wrapping up
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Protocol
DISCUSSION
Interpretation of Results
INTRODUCTION
Background information on the topic of the research paper (Literature Review)
Research question or hypothesis
Significance of the study
(Overview of the research methods and design)
(Brief summary of the main findings)
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Materials
Description of what was used to obtain your results
Type of chemicals, providers, sample population, their characteristics...
Reason can be in Discussion
Methods
Description of the procedure used to obtain your results
Techniques used, equipment, types of tests conducted...
Reason can be in Discussion
RESULTS
DISCUSSION
Interpretation of the results
Sources of errors (Can link to Materials and Methods)
Implications of the study for the field
Limitations of the study
(Suggestions for future research – Sometimes in Conclusion instead)
CONCLUSION
REFERENCES
Library
Chicago
Modern Language Association (MLA)
American Psychological Association (APA)
More Discipline Specific
Council of Science Editors (CSE)
American Chemical Society (ACS)
American Medical Association (AMA)
Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE)
National Library of Medicine (NLM)
American Political Science Association (APSA)
American Sociological Association (ASA)
Changes according to the institution
Vancouver Style - Medicine
Harvard - Mostly Economics
SOME RESOURCES
OVERLEAF
HOW TO START A RESEARCH PROJECT
TYPES OF SOURCES
PRIMARY
SECONDARY
ACADEMIC
NON-ACADEMIC
OTHER
READING STEPS
SELECT SUBJECT
Specific topic or general area of interest
SELECT PAPERS
Read the title, then the abstract
READ PARTS DEPENDING ON YOUR GOAL
FIND AND SAVE PAPERS
Using software like Zotero or Mendeley
UNDERSTAND THE SUBJECT
Read the introduction
WHAT TO READ IN AN ARTICLE
ASSERT YOUR KNOWLEDGE
Interactive activities on scientific research paper
RESEARCH ARTICLE VS ONLINE SOURCE
1
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) possess a unique array of properties that include size-tunable luminescence wavelength, narrow luminescence spectra (full-width at half maximum < 20 nm), high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, and amenability to solution-processing. These attributes render them highly attractive for the development of high-performance and low-cost QD-based light-emitting devices (LEDs) (QDLEDs), intended for the next generation of flat panel displays
Quantum dots (QDs), also called semiconductor nanocrystals, are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size, having optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles as a result of quantum mechanical effects. When the quantum dots are illuminated by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. In the case of a semiconducting quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conductance band. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy as light. The color of that light depends on the energy difference between the conductance band and the valence band, or the transition between discrete energy states when the band structure is no longer well-defined in QDs.
2
RESEARCH ARTICLE VS ONLINE NEWSLETTER�ANSWER
1: Nature Journal
2: Wikipedia
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum_dot
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41598-023-45907-5
Colloidal quantum dots (QDs) possess a unique array of properties that include size-tunable luminescence wavelength, narrow luminescence spectra (full-width at half maximum < 20 nm), high photoluminescence (PL) quantum yield, and amenability to solution-processing. These attributes render them highly attractive for the development of high-performance and low-cost QD-based light-emitting devices (LEDs) (QDLEDs), intended for the next generation of flat panel displays
Quantum dots (QDs), also called semiconductor nanocrystals, are semiconductor particles a few nanometres in size, having optical and electronic properties that differ from those of larger particles as a result of quantum mechanical effects. When the quantum dots are illuminated by UV light, an electron in the quantum dot can be excited to a state of higher energy. In the case of a semiconducting quantum dot, this process corresponds to the transition of an electron from the valence band to the conductance band. The excited electron can drop back into the valence band releasing its energy as light. The color of that light depends on the energy difference between the conductance band and the valence band, or the transition between discrete energy states when the band structure is no longer well-defined in QDs.
RESEARCH ARTICLE VS ONLINE SOURCE
1
Despite their adverse side effect profile, platinum compounds are still considered potent as the first-line drug of choice as mono- or synergistic therapy for many solid tumours. Besides nuclear DNA adduct formation and subsequent induction of apoptotic signalling, platinum drugs also elicit mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. Contingent on the intrinsic platinum sensitivity of the respective malignancy, platinum drugs initially exhibit robust therapeutic efficiency.
Platinum-based chemotherapy drugs contain the element platinum. They’re used to treat many different types of cancer. Cancers that respond to platinum-based chemotherapy are called platinum sensitive cancers. Researchers are continuing to examine the potential benefits of newer platinum-based chemotherapy medications, such as nedaplatin or lobaplatin. Researchers hope that newer drugs might be able to cut down on the side effects.
2
RESEARCH ARTICLE VS ONLINE NEWSLETTER�ANSWER
1: Nature Journal
Despite their adverse side effect profile, platinum compounds are still considered potent as the first-line drug of choice as mono- or synergistic therapy for many solid tumours. Besides nuclear DNA adduct formation and subsequent induction of apoptotic signalling, platinum drugs also elicit mitochondrial dysfunction through oxidative stress and mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) damage. Contingent on the intrinsic platinum sensitivity of the respective malignancy, platinum drugs initially exhibit robust therapeutic efficiency.
Platinum-based chemotherapy drugs contain the element platinum. They’re used to treat many different types of cancer. Cancers that respond to platinum-based chemotherapy are called platinum sensitive cancers. Researchers are continuing to examine the potential benefits of newer platinum-based chemotherapy medications, such as nedaplatin or lobaplatin. Researchers hope that newer drugs might be able to cut down on the side effects.
2: Healthline Newsletter
https://www.healthline.com/health/cancer/platinum-based-chemotherapy#overview
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41417-023-00659-2
RESEARCH ARTICLE VS ONLINE NEWSLETTER�
1
Cholera, an acute infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and characterized by extreme diarrhea with rapid and severe depletion of body fluids and salts. Cholera has often risen to epidemic proportions in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, particularly in India and Bangladesh. In the past two centuries, seven pandemics (global epidemics) of cholera have carried the disease to countries around the world. Cholera is a disease that can incite populations to panic. Its reputation as a fierce and unrelenting killer is a deserved one.
Cholera, a preventable and treatable disease, is characterised by profuse watery diarrhoea caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa where cholera outbreaks also negatively affect development due to associated high economic burden. In Uganda, cholera outbreaks occurred as both endemic and epidemic disease. Epidemic disease occurred in northern and eastern Uganda districts and are thought to be worsened by contamination of water due to poor sanitation.
2
RESEARCH ARTICLE VS ONLINE NEWSLETTER�ANSWER
1: Britannica
Cholera, an acute infection of the small intestine caused by the bacterium Vibrio cholerae and characterized by extreme diarrhea with rapid and severe depletion of body fluids and salts. Cholera has often risen to epidemic proportions in sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia, particularly in India and Bangladesh. In the past two centuries, seven pandemics (global epidemics) of cholera have carried the disease to countries around the world. Cholera is a disease that can incite populations to panic. Its reputation as a fierce and unrelenting killer is a deserved one.
Cholera, a preventable and treatable disease, is characterised by profuse watery diarrhoea caused by infection of the intestine with the bacterium Vibrio cholerae. Cholera is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in several countries in sub-Saharan Africa where cholera outbreaks also negatively affect development due to associated high economic burden. In Uganda, cholera outbreaks occurred as both endemic and epidemic disease. Epidemic disease occurred in northern and eastern Uganda districts and are thought to be worsened by contamination of water due to poor sanitation.
2: BMJ Journal
https://bmjopen.bmj.com/content/10/12/e038464
https://www.britannica.com/science/cholera
WHAT IS THE TOPIC?�(COME UP WITH A TITLE)
WHAT IS THE TOPIC?�(COME UP WITH A TITLE)�ANSWER
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41434-022-00356-z
WHAT IS THE TOPIC?�(COME UP WITH A TITLE)
WHAT IS THE TOPIC?�(COME UP WITH A TITLE)�ANSWER
https://www.nature.com/articles/s41534-023-00766-w
WHAT IS THE TOPIC?�(COME UP WITH A TITLE)
WHAT IS THE TOPIC?�(COME UP WITH A TITLE)�ANSWER
https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9387593