HAEMOTRANSFUSION

GROUP MEMBERS

• PHILOMENA O. APAAH
• CECILIA Y. SANDOR
• EUNICE BOAMAH
• JARIB ALI

OVERVIEW

• The Blood
• Indication for Transfusion
• Transfusion Procedures (The Process)
• Pre-transfusion
• Intra-transfusion
• Post-transfusion
• Transfusion Alternatives
• Complications
• Reactions
• Legal

BLOOD TRANSFUSION

the introduction of whole blood or a blood component such as blood plasma into a vein to replace blood lost through trauma, surgery or disease.

THE BLOOD

Is a body fluid found in the circulatory system that transports necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to cells, and transports metabolic waste products from the same cells.

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COMPONENTS

• Red blood cells (Erythrocytes) – Responsible for transport of gases. E.g. Oxygen, carbondioxide.
• White blood cells (Leukocytes) – Provides immunity & fights pathogens.
• Platelets (Thrombocytes) – Responsible for blood clotting.
• Plasma – serves as a medium of transport for cells, nutrients, plasma proteins etc.

CLASSIFICATION

BLOOD GROUPING

is the classification of blood based on the presence or absence of genetically determined antigens on the surface of the red blood cell. There are four blood groups based on the ABO system namely; A, B, AB, O.

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• A-type or B-type antigen red cells (or both, AB-type) = 55% of the population while O-type red cells (has no antigen at all)= 45% of the population.

BLOOD GROUPING CONT.

• The quote “Like terms repel while unlike terms attract” be applied in grouping.

Each group has a corresponding antibody. A-type antigen blood group makes Anti-B antibody, B-type antigen blood group makes Anti-A antibody, AB-antigen blood group makes no antibodies, O-type blood group makes both Anti-A and Anti-B antibodies.

• A-type antigen blood group cannot make Anti-A antibody because it will cause reaction, and vice versa.

THE RHESUS SYSTEM

• Rhesus (Rh) factor is a genetically inherited protein found on the surface of red blood cells. If your blood has the protein, you're Rh positive. If your blood lacks the protein, you're Rh negative.
• Name derived from the use of the blood of rhesus monkeys in basic test for determining the presence of the Rh antigen (protein) in human blood
• About 85% of people has it (Rh+), the other 15% does not (Rh-).

THE RHESUS SYSTEM CONT.

• It is important because Rh- red cells can make anti-Rhesus antibodies.
• Primarily, anti-Rhesus antibodies are not present in blood, but production is stimulated in certain circumstances e.g. in pregnancy or as result of incompatible blood transfusion.
• Therefore, Rh- CANNOT receive from Rh+ but vice versa is compatible.

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• Consideration of both ABO and Rh systems are crucial for blood transfusion.

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INDICATION FOR BLOOD TRANSFUSION

• To replace blood loss as a result of surgery or accident.
• To treat anaemia (lack of red blood cells).
• To treat bleeding or clotting disorders.
• Septicaemia.
• Severe burns.
• Babies with severe jaundice.

TRANSFUSION – WHAT TO DO.

• Discussion of the transfusion process will be divided into;
• Pre-transfusion
• Intra-transfusion
• Post-transfusion.

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BEFORE TRANSFUSION

• the best clinical care is fact based, check HB level or do FBC to determine anaemia and severity. Normal HB levels vary between gender and age.
• HB for men = 13 – 18g/dL (deciliter = 100mls)
• HB for women = 11.5 – 16.5g/dL
• HB for children

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1. The attending physician requests blood transfusion, explains the need for the transfusion and seek patient’s consent. The patient or guardian is asked to sign a consent form. The nurse may sign as a witness. Ensure the patient understands that;
• There are potential risks such as allergic reactions, fever, blood incompatibility and rarely, death.
• There is risk of exposure to HIV and Hepatitis even though blood has been tested (due to incubation period).
• There is no guarantee to the outcome of the transfusion.
• There are alternatives, including NOT being transfused, or referral to another facility that can provide better alternatives to blood transfusion. These alternatives are slower acting.

SAMPLE CONSENT FORM

SAMPLE REQUEST�FORM

2. Sample is taken to the lab for blood grouping and cross-matching together with filled request form.

3. Blood is collected from healthy donor after they have been screened.
• Blood must be collected from the blood bank not more than 15 minutes before transfusion.
• Blood should not be kept in the ward refrigerator.

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REFERENCES

• https://myoclinic.org
• https://healthline.com
• Anatomy & Physiology in health and Illness – Ross and Wilson
• Google Image Search