Grade – 10 – Social Science- History – Chapter - 1

KIIT INTERNATIONAL SCHOOL

The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

Prepared By: BIJAY KU. MEHER

Contents

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The Rise of Nationalism in Europe

The French Revolution

and the Idea of Nation

The making of Nationalism in Europe

Visualizing the Nation

The Age of Revolutions:

1830- 1848

The Making of Germany

and Italy

Introduction

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• Nationalism is an idea and movement that promotes the interests of a

particular nation especially with the aim of gaining and maintaining the nation's sovereignty over its homeland.

Frédéric Sorrieu vision of World

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• Frédéric Sorrieu, a French artist, in 1848 prepared a series of four prints visualising his dream of a world made up of democratic and Social Republics.

The dream of worldwide Democratic and Social Republics – The Pact Between Nations a print prepared by Frederic Sorrieu 1848.

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Nation State

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• In a nation-state a centralized power exercised sovereign control over a clearly defined territory.
• The commonness of the nation-state was forged through struggles and through the actions of leaders and the common people.

Nation - State

Common shared history with a feeling of oneness.

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Acceptance by world community

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Defined Territory

Centralized administrative system and sovereign government state.

Ernest Renan

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The French philosopher who delivered a lecture at the University of Sorbonne.

Lecture- “What is Nation”

Acc him: “ A nation is the culmination of a long past of endeavours, sacrifice and devotion .

A nation is therefore, an entity formed by large- scale solidarity.

Ernest Renan

1. The French Revolution and the Idea of the Nation

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• The first clear expression of nationalism came with the French Revolution in 1789.
• Monarchy transferred its sovereignty to its citizens
• Proclaimed that people would shape their own

destiny.

• Idea spread across Europe

The cover of German almanac designed by the journalist Andreas Rebmann in 1798.

Formation of Collective Identity

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Adoption of the Idea of ‘la patrie’ (the fatherland) and ‘le citoyen’ (the citizen)

Designing of the French Flag replacing the former royal standard.

Estates General elected by citizens.

Renamed the National Assembly.

Composition of new hymns.

Martyrs commemorated.

Stress on Language

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French Language was encouraged.

Existence of a uniform law for all citizens.

Abolition of internal customs and duties.

Adopted to a common system of weight and measures.

The Word Spreads

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• Nationalism spread in Europe.
• Jacobin Clubs set up by the students and the educated middle class.
• French army could move to Holland, Belgium, Switzerland and Italy.

The Rule of Napoleon

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Napoleon became monarch of France.

Occupied large territories in Europe.

Brought administrative changes which were rational and efficient.

He demolished the feudal and manorial system bring rational changes in the life of common man.

The Code of Napoleon

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• Did away with all privileges based on birth.
• Established equality before the law.
• Secured the right to property.
• Napoleon code exported to French controlled regions like Dutch Republic, Switzerland, Germany and Italy.

Abolished privileges based on birth

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Code of

Napoleon

Removed Guild and restrictions

Removed manorial dues

Simplifying Administrative divisions

Transport and Communications were improved

Standardized weights and measures

Secured the right to property

Equality

before the law

Reaction Towards Napoleon

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• French armies were welcomed in other regions.
• Later this turned into hostility.
• Increased taxation, censorship and forced conscription into

the army was the cause to hostility.

The Planting of Tree of Liberty

Fall of Napoleon

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• Napoleon had to retreat due to cold bitter winter in Moscow.
• Alliance Against France formed by Britain, Russia, Austria and Prussia.

Retreat of Napoleon from Moscow 1813

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• Napoleon was exiled to Elba in 1814. Bourbon dynasty was restored.

In this picture Napoleon represented as postman on his way back to France after he lost the battle of Leipzig in 1813. Each letter dropping out of his bag bears the names of territories he lost.

Second Try of Napoleon

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• Napoleon escaped from Elba and ruled for 100 days.
• People welcomed the Hero but not the Dictator.
• Formed a constitution.
• Fought few more battles.
• Lost at the battle of Waterloo in 18 June 1815. Bourbon rule was restored.

• He was imprisoned and sent to St. Helena Island.
• He died there in 1821.

Napoleon at St. Helena

2. The Making of Nationalism in Europe

During the 19^th century especially from1830 to 1848 as nationalism spread all over the Europe.

Germany, Italy and Switzerland were divided into kingdoms, duchies and cantons whose rulers had their autonomous territories.

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The Aristocracy and the New Middle Class

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• The Aristocracy was the dominant class on the continent politically and socially. The majority of the population was made up of the peasantry.
• Industrialisation began in England in the second half of the eighteenth century.
• New social groups came into being: a working-class population and middle classes made up of industrialists, businessmen, professionals.

Liberal Nationalism

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• The term

‘liberalism’ derives from the Latin root liber, meaning free.

• Liberalism emphasized on individual freedom and equality before law.

Social Liberalism

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• End of autocracy
• End of clerical

privileges.

• Formation of Constitution
• Inviolability of private property.

Liberty

Equality Fraternity

Political Liberalism

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• All classes Equal before law
• Right to vote granted to men who owns property.
• Women not allowed to vote.

Economic Liberalism

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• Freedom of market from restriction.
• Removal of state imposed restrictions on movement of goods and capital.
• Custom Unions were formed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by 39 German states.
• Railway started for free movement of people and goods.

The Zollverein

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Creation of a unified economic territory allowing the unhindered movements of goods, people and capital.

In 1834, a customs union or Zollverein was farmed at the initiative of Prussia and joined by the most of the German states.

The union abolished tariff barriers and reduced the number of currencies from over thirty to two.

A New Conservatism after 1815

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• Conservatism dominant after decline of Napoleon.
• Established traditional institutions like the monarchy and church to remain strongly in power.

Conti..

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Conservatives realized from the changes initiated by Napoleon, that modernization could in fact strengthen the traditional institution like monarchy.

• A modern army
• Efficient army and strong bureaucracy
• A dynamic economy
• Abolition of feudalism and serfdom could strengthen the autocratic monarchies in Europe.

Vienna Settlement

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European powers signed a treaty in 1815 AD-

• Britain,
• Russia,
• Prussia,
• Austria

These powers collectively defeated Napoleon at Wellington during the battle of Waterloo.

Vienna Congress was hosted by Austrian Chancellor, Duke Metternich

Impact of Vienna Settlement

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• Napoleon’s policies and rules were undone by Vienna Congress.
• The Bourbon Dynasty was restored.
• Reoccupation of territories annexed by Napoleon.

A series of states were set up on the boundaries of France to prevent expansion.

• Netherlands and Belgium given control over the north.
• Genoa added to Piedmont in the South.
• Austria given control of North Italy.
• Russia given part of Poland in East.

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Europe after Vienna Congress 1815

The Revolutionaries

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• In that time a revolutionary

means commitment to oppose monarchical forms.

• Mazzini was the member of

secret society of Carbonari.

• Founded ‘Young Italy’ at Marseilles.
• Founded ‘Young Europe’ at Berne.
• Members were like minded young men from all parts of Europe.

An Italian Revolutionary Giuseppe Mazzini Born in Genoa in 1807

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3. The Age of Revolutions: 1830-1848

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by liberal revolutionaries.

• Installation of constitutional monarchy.
• Louis Philippe was head of this.
• Led to an uprising in Brussels with Belgium breaking away from Netherlands.

Metternich – ‘When France sneezes’‘the rest of Europe catches cold’

The Revolutions were led by the liberal- nationalists belonging to the educated middle class elite.

July Revolution

• Bourbon Dynasty overthrown

Greek Revolution

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• Greek war of Independence started

in 1821.

• Struggle against Ottoman Empire.
• Romanticism had a great role behind the Greek revolution as Greece was considered the cradle of civilisation.
• English poet, Lord Byron orgainsed

funds.

• Lord Byron fought for the Greeks.

He died of fever in 1824.

• Finally the Treaty of Constantinople of 1832 recognized Greece as an independent nation.

Lord Byron

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The Romantic Imagination

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• Culture played powerful role in nationalism.
• Focused on emotions, intuitions and mystical feelings.
• German philosopher Johann Gottfried Herder claimed that true German culture was to be

discovered among the common people- Das Volk.

Johann Gottfried Herder

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opera.

role.

• Collective Identity was developed by music, dance and

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• Polish dance: Polonaise and the Mazurka played an important
• Stress on Polish or vernacular

dialects in Schools.

romanticism.

• Paintings had helped to develop
• Folk tales and stories written by the Grimm brothers in Germany emphasized on the feeling of collective identity.

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Hunger, Hardships and Popular Revolts

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The 1830s were years of great economic hardship in Europe.

Due to sudden increase in population.

Large scale migration from rural to urban areas for employment.

Bad harvests led to food shortages.

Small scale producers in towns faced competition from English machine made goods.

Revolt of 1848 in Paris

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There is a revolt took place in Paris 1848 due to food shortage and widespread unemployment.

People came to roads of Paris.

Louis Philippe 1 was forced to flee.

National Assembly proclaimed a republic.

Suffrage granted to all males above twenty one years of

age.

Louis Philippe 1

Revolt of the Weavers

In Silesia, revolt was led by weavers against contractors.

Reason for revolt: Low payments to workers.

Workers demanded higher wages. Many weavers were shot dead.

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The Revolution of the Liberals

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The revolution was led by the educated middle classes who combined their demands for constitutionalism with national unification.

Frankfurt Parliament : A large number of political associations came together in Frankfurt to vote for an all-German National Assembly. On 18 May 1848, 831 elected representatives marched to take their places in the Frankfurt parliament convened in the Church of St Paul.

Wilhelm IV, King of Prussia, rejected it and joined

other monarchs to oppose the elected assembly.

It forced autocratic monarchs to introduce some changes – serfdom and bonded laboures were abolished.

4. Making of Germany and Italy

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Unification of Germany:

• 1848 Prussia under its Chief Minister Otto von Bismarck unified all German confederation states.
• Bismarck who belonged to a land owning family of Prussia called Junke.
• Fought 3 wars for unification.

Otto von Bismarck

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• Otto von Bismarck fought 3 Wars for Unification of Germany
• War of Schleswig and Holstein 1863
• He also defeated Austria in Austro Prussian War 1866
• He defeated France in Franco Prussian War 1870

Final Efforts of Unification of Germany

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Prussian King William 1 proclaimed as the Emperor of the Germany.

Proclamation at the hall of mirrors at Versailles on 18^th January 1871.

State strongly emphasized on modernizing banking, legal and judicial systems.

William 1

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Unification of Italy

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Italy was divided into 7 states before unification

• Sardinia – Piedmont
• Tuscany
• Kingdom of Two Sicilies
• The Papal States
• Lombardy- Venetia
• Parma
• Modena

Italy before Unification

Initial Efforts of Unification

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• During 1830s, Giuseppe Mazzini wanted to create a unified Italian republic.
• Formed secret society named Young Italy in 1830 to achieve his goals.
• The revolutionary uprising of 1831 and 1848 was failed.

Giuseppe Mazzini

King Victor Emmanuel II

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Mantle of Italian unification now fell upon Sardinia- Piedmont under King Victor Emmanuel II.

For this elites of the kingdom, a unified Italy meant possible economic development and political dominance.

Sardinia - Piedmont

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After 1848 the Italian Kingdom of Sardinia – Piedmont under its chief minister Count Cavour unified Italy.

He was neither a revolutionary nor a democrat.

Sardinia – Piedmont succeeded in defeating the Austrian forces in 1859

and obtained Lombardy.

Count Cavour

Role of Garibaldi

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In 1860, Emmanuel II and Garibaldi marched into South Italy and the Kingdom of the two Sicilies.

Drove out the Spanish rulers with the help of the army of red Shirts.

In 1861, Victor Emmanuel II was proclaimed the king of united Italy.

Giuseppe Garibaldi

Italy after Unification

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The map shows the year in which different regions become a part of unified Italy.

Views of the Italian Public on Unification

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Majority Italian people were illiterate.

Many people unaware of liberal nationalist ideology.

Peasant masses who supported Garibaldi in southern Italy had never heard of Italia.

They believed that ‘La Talia’ was Victor Emmanuel’s wife.

Unification of Britain

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The formation of British nation not due to sudden revolution.

It was the culmination of a long drawn out process.

No British nation till 18^th century.

British Isles comprised four ethnic groups. Consisted of Welsh, Scots, Irish and English.

Had their own individual culture and political traditions.

England steadily grew in wealth, importance and power.

English parliament chief instrument in creation of England centric nation-state.

Act of Union - 1707

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• Act of Union - 1707 resulted in the

formation of the UK.

Scotland.

• England imposed its influence on
• British parliament dominated by English.

Effects on Scotland

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• The Act of Union – 1707 also resulted repression of Scotland’s distinctive culture.
• Catholic Clans of Scottish Highlands suffered repression when they tried to become independent.
• Scottish Highlanders forbidden to speak their Gaelic language or wear their national dress.
• Several of them forcibly driven out of their homeland.

Fate of Ireland

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Ireland was divided between Catholics and Protestants.

English helped Irish Protestants to establish dominance over whole country.

Catholic revolts, including one by Wolfe Tone (1798) suppressed.

Wolfe Tone

Emergence of Britain

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Ireland forcibly incorporated into United Kingdom in 1801.

New British nation forged through propagation of dominant English culture.

After Unification

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• Symbols of Britain

actively promoted.

• The British Flag – Union Jack was adopted as National Flag.
• English National Anthem – God Save our Queen adopted as

National Anthem.

• Older nations remained subordinated partners in union.

Union Jack

• English language was promoted.

5.Visualizing Nation

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Allegory

Allegory

An allegory is a representation of abstract ideas or principles through characters or figures.

It is a term used to define the symbolic representation of human behaviour or values.

French Allegories

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Marianne

In France the female form was chosen as an allegory.

This female form was called Marianne.

This female allegory portray ideas like Liberty and Republic.

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Figure of Marianne

German Allegories

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In Germany also, the female figure was choosen as an allegory.

This allegory was called Germania and represented the nation.

In visual representation Germania wears a crown of oak leaves, as the German oak stands for heroism.

Figure of Germania

British Symbol

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A map celebrating British Empire – At the top angles are shown carrying banners of freedom.

In the foreground, Britannia the symbol of British nation – is triumphantly sitting over the globe.

The colonies are represented through the images of tigers elephants forests and primitive people.

A map celebrating British Empire

Nationalism and Imperialism

European powers manipulated the nationalist sentiments of its people.

They fueled nationalist feeling to fulfill their own imperialist aims.

Existence of intense rivalry among the major powers made them intolerant towards each other.

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Definition of Imperialism

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Imperialism is a policy or ideology of extending the rule or authority of a country over other countries and peoples, often by military force or by gaining political and economic control.

The Balkan Crisis

The most serious source of nationalist tension in Europe after 1871 was the area called the Balkans.

The Balkans was a region of geographical and ethnic variation comprising modern- day Romania, Bulgaria, Albania, Greece, Macedonia, Croatia, Bosnia- Herzegovina, Slovenia, Serbia and Montenegro whose inhabitants were broadly known as the Slavs.

A large part of the Balkans was under the control of the Ottoman Empire.

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They let loose a policy of Turkification and troubled the Balkan Christians.

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One by one, Ottoman Empire’s

European subjects broke away from its control and declared independence.

Balkan states fought for their independence and freedom from the Ottoman Empire.

Territories occupied by the Balkan nations in the Ottoman Empire.

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Albania

Montenegro

Serbia Bulgaria Turkey

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Greece

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