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Teacher / Student Notes:

This class will concentrate on the British in North America (1600s to 1700s). If you are interested in learning about indigenous tribes or other European powers in the New World, please visit the Lessons in Humanities TpT Store: https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/Store/Lessons-In-Humanities/Category/History-PPTs-451222

Brief Review of Europeans in the New World

1400-1500s more and more Spanish exploration in the New World (made Spain rich)
Columbian Exchange would transfer plants, animals, people, diseases, ideas, and more to and from the New World
Disease would decimate the Native American population
Spanish enforced Encomienda System (slave labor system enforced up Native Americans)

System made Spanish look bad in Europe (”Black Legend”)

Other European powers also wanted to start colonizing in the New World
Early 1600s, the Dutch, French, English, and other European powers would start to colonize in the New World
1607 – Jamestown (first permanent English settlement); almost did not survive (tobacco saved the colony)
1620 – Pilgrims start Plymouth Colony
1630 – Puritans start Massachusetts Bay Colony

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Teacher / Student Notes:

Timeline (follows AP US History Timeline #2)

Difficult to remember all the dates and events in American history; makes it easier to ”chunk” history into different periods
Instead of remembering specific dates (except the important ones; e.g. 1492, 1776, etc.), place events or turning points into time periods
This time period starts in 1607 – the founding of Jamestown (the first permanent English settlement)
Time period ends in 1754 – when the French and Indian War (Seven Years War) took place. This war was between the French and British. Britain would ultimately win which would increase British power in the New World and lead to the American Revolution
Between 1607-1754 – more and more Europeans would arrive in British America (13 colonies would develop)
Events and political changes in England would affect the British colonies
At first, England would let the colonies develop independently; but after the English Civil War, the crown would enforce more and more control over the colonies
Riots, rebellions, and wars would influence the direction of British America

Pequot War, King Philip’s War, Bacon’s Rebellion, Pueblo Revolt (New Spain)

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Portugal began African slave trade in 1440s
Spanish and Portuguese first to import slaves to New World
First slaves to arrive in British America was in 1619, Jamestown
Before 1660, not much difference between African Slaves, Native American Slaves, and Indentured Servants

II. Slavery and the Making of Race

Teacher / Student Notes:

Slavery in the New World

For thousands of years, different Native American tribes enslaved prisoners of war from other tribes
Portugal would later start the African slave trade (1440s, before the Columbus voyages); African slave traders in Africa sold slaves to the Portuguese who brought them to Portugal and islands in the Atlantic Ocean (e.g. Canary Islands)
After the Spanish and Portuguese arrived in the New World, they would enslave Native Americans
Spanish and Portuguese would be the first European nations to import African slaves to the New World
The first slaves to arrive in British America was in 1619 (12 years after the founding of Jamestown); this would be the beginning of slavery in British America that would have long lasted effects and still a hotly debated topic today
Since the British colonies had a lot of land and not very many people, they needed laborers. African slaves, Native American slaves, and indentured servants would be brought to the colonies

Native American slaves were not reliable because they often died of disease
Indentured servants had their voyage from England paid for in return for years of work, after which they would be free
In the early 1600s, African slaves were similar to indentured servants; they could earn their freedom too

It wasn’t until the 1660s that laws sanctioned Africans as slaves (before that time, it was not codified who was and wasn’t a slave/indentured servant)

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Middle Passage

Teacher / Student Notes:

Middle Passage

Three legs of Middle Passage� 1) Overland in Africa to coast (could be up to 100 miles)� 2) Atlantic Ocean – from Africa to New World� 3) From docking station to plantation (or place of forced labor)
Olaudah Equiano – slave who travelled over Middle Passage wrote of his experiences / Alexander Falconbridge – slave ship surgeon also wrote of what he witnessed

Crowded, chained, excrement, bones exposed from chains, slaves jumping overboard…

Estimated 12 million sent from Africa to New World / 2 million died on journey

450,000 sent to North America (more women; hence, more babies born into slavery

Africans would bring their culture to the New World / couldn’t legally marry, but did on their own (sometimes with slaves from other plantations)

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Triangular

Trade

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Teacher / Student Notes:

Slavery (continued)

Charles Town (Charleston) was a major port for African slaves to arrive
Slavery more prominent in the south (need laborers to work on large plantations)
New Spain in Florida created a colony for free African Americans (to encourage runaway slaves to escape from the British - their enemy)
When the U.S. began, founding fathers discussed abolishing slavery but afraid it would cause a potential civil war with the south / Thomas Jefferson, a slave holder, even discussed writing about freeing the slaves in the Declaration of Independence but was convinced not to / many founding fathers thought slavery would slowly disappear (then came the Cotton Gin and an increased demand for cotton in the 1800s)

Discussion Topics

1619 Project or Trump’s 1776 Project

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Meanwhile in Europe

English Civil War (1629-1640)
Glorious Revolution (1688)

III. Turmoil in Britain

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1629-1640 – Parliamentarians versus Royalists (King)
Parliament won – King Charles I executed (Oliver Cromwell becomes new leader)
Parliamentary rule exerted more control of English control of colonies in the New World

Navigation Acts passed

Colonies could only ship goods to England (i.e. Mercantilism)

English Civil War

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After Oliver Cromwell dies, the monarchy is restored (Charles II becomes king)
After Charles II, James II became king (he sympathized with Catholics which many English people didn’t like)

So, there was a coup d'état
James II daughter, Mary (Protestant), and her Dutch husband, William, took over England
”Bloodless” revolution (transfer of power)

Glorious

Revolution

* British American colonists learned a king could be removed (and they would do that less than a 100 years later)

Teacher / Student Notes:

Glorious Revolution

After Oliver Cromwell died, England a mess
Then, monarchy restored, Charles II became king after nine years in exile
Then, James II became king, but he sympathized with the French (i.e. Catholics)

James II created Dominion of New England (i.e. consolidated some colonies in the northeast for the purpose of fighting the French); this did not make the colonists happy
Since James II sympathized with Catholics, many English did not like this

So… coup d'état – Glorious Revolution (called “glorious” because it was a peaceful transfer of power)

James II’s daughter, Mary, and her husband, William who were protestants arrived in England from the Netherlands

In history, known as William and Mary
In the colonies, local governors tried to hide the Glorious Revolution (didn’t want colonists to think they could overrun leadership

IMPORTANT POINTS:

Glorious Revolution showed colonists that it was possible to replace (peacefully or not) an all-powerful ruler (less than 100 years later they would do just that)
William and Mary had less power than prior monarchs; created English Bill of Rights (which would influence the American government in the future)

Interesting point: English Bill of Rights allowed the English to bear arms, but today it is illegal in the UK and because of the US Constitution’s Bill of Rights, Americans can bear arms today (Second Amendment)

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New Colonies

After Virginia Colony (which included Jamestown) and Massachusetts (Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay), more colonies would appear throughout the 1600s

IV. New Colonies

Teacher / Student Notes:

New Colonies

Reminder: Jamestown which would become Virginia was founded in 1607; New Netherlands (New York) was founded in 1609; Plymouth was founded in 1620 and the Massachusetts Bay Colony was founded in 1630; Plymouth and Massachusetts Bay Colony and would become Massachusetts Colony
With more Europeans arriving in the New World and early settlers moving away from Virginia and Massachusetts, more colonies would come into existence (see the timeline on Slide #2)
In the 1600s, the land between Virginia and Massachusetts wasn’t seen as valuable; Virginia was valuable because of tobacco, but Caribbean most valuable because of sugar
The following slides will give some background information on some of those colonies that would ultimately become apart of the original 13 colonies
There were more English/British colonies in the 1600s and 1700s, but it is the 13 original colonies that would ultimately become the U.S. in 1776

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Maryland (founded in 1632)

King Charles I (a Catholic sympathizer) gave Maryland to Cecilius Calvert
Toleration Act – in order to make Maryland a safe haven for Catholics, Maryland was more welcoming to different religious denominations (later, this would change after the Glorious Revolution in England)
Tobacco colony

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Connecticut (founded in 1636)

Thomas Hooker brought his congregation from Massachusetts
Yale was originally a religious school

Preserved religion in the colony

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Rhode Island (founded in 1636)

Started by religious radical – �Roger Williams

Thought Puritans were too intolerant

Puritans purchased from Narragansett Native Americans

Have for non-Puritans (e.g. Quakers, Jews, etc.)

Religious and political freedom

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New York (founded in 1636)

Henry Hudson founded New Netherlands for the Dutch
Manhattan would be a very cosmopolitan city
1664 – English took New Netherlands from the Dutch (without a fight); renamed it New York

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New Jersey (founded in 1664)

Like New York, the Dutch were the first to settle in the New Jersey area until the English took it from them
King Charles II gave East and West Jersey to two friends because they remained loyal during the English Civil War

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Pennsylvania (founded in 1663)

Founding by William Penn (Quaker)
Like the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Pennsylvania wanted to a model for the world, but with religious tolerance and harmony (not like forced unity)
Many Quakers

Pacificist
Against slavery

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Carolinas (founded in 1663)

Eventually divided into North �and South Carolina
Charles II granted the Carolinas to eight Lords Proprietors in return for their financial and political assistance in restoring him to the throne in 1660
To lure settlers, offered religious tolerance, political representations, and land grants
Attracted wealthy planters

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Georgia (founded in 1732)

Last of the 13^th colonies
Created as a buffer between the English and Spanish who were in Florida
Originally set up as a penal colony for debtors

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Mercantilism

As the colonies developed, Britain realized how valuable the colonies were
Attempted shift from “salutary neglect”

Navigation and Trade Acts

Caribbean (West Indies) considered the most valuable (because of sugar)

Teacher / Student Notes:

Mercantilism

In the early 1600s, the developing colonies were connected to Britain, but were left alone
As time progressed, Britain decided the purpose of the colonies was to make the motherland rich
Starting in 1651, they passed the Navigation Acts forcing the colonists to only send raw materials to Britain, not other European countries (more Navigations Acts be implemented for the next 50 years; then, in the 1700s and closer to the American Revolution, more economic acts would be forced upon the colonists)
The colonists often disobeyed these laws (e.g. traded directly with the Dutch); smuggling was a profitable career in British America

KEY POINT: from the early 1600s to 1776, Britain would continue to exert control over the colonies; it was a shift from “salutary neglect” where they left the colonies along to mercantilism and more control that would eventually ignite a revolution (i.e. American Revolution) that would create the U.S. (see timeline on slide 2)

INTERESTING POINT: the land on the eastern coast of British America was not considered as valuable as the Caribbean (no gold was discovered, and sugar could not be cultivated); Caribbean seen as the most valuable land well into the 1800s; but, the eastern coast did provide tobacco and raw materials (e.g. lumber)

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Rebellion in the colonies

V. Riot, Rebellion, and Revolt

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Pequot War (1637)

English encroachment on Pequot land
Conflict ensued – English would win pushing out the Pequots or sending captives to the Caribbean to be slaves
During the war – Mystic Massacre

400-700 Pequots burned to death

Teacher / Student Notes:

Pequot War

Like the Dutch and French, some of the early settlers planned to live near Native Americans so they could trade with them
Often, relationships started off good (in some cases, local Native tribes saved the lives of the settlers)
But, as more settlers arrived, settlers moved further inland encroaching on more and more Native American land (not to mention, the livestock of the settlers stomped all over the crops of Native Americans)

CONFLICT NATURALLY WOULD ENSUE

With Puritans encroaching on Pequot land
Fighting would ensure with a Puritan victory – defeated Pequot Native Americans left the area or were sent to the Caribbean as slaves
Mystic Massacre - During the war, the Puritans surrounded the Pequots in a village near Mystic River

Pequot natives were inside their gated village (which only had two exits)
Puritans set the village on fire (with women and children inside) and blocked the two exits
Pequots who tried to jump the fence were shot
Estimated between 400 and 700 massacred

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King Philip’s War (1675)

Murder of a “praying Indian” ignited war
Conflict between English colonists and Wampanoag Native Americans
King Philip (Metacomet) lost to the English

* Pequot War and King Philip’s War moved many of the local Native Americans out of the northeast opening up land for further expansion

Teacher / Student Notes:

King Philip’s War (Metacomet’s War)

John Sassaman was a ”praying Indian” (a Wampanoag Native American who converted to Christianity); he went to Harvard University and adapted to the life of the settlers

He was murdered
The colonists were told Metacomet’s people did and it; that they planned to attack English village
Three of Metacomet’s people were executed by the English because they were suspected of killing John Sassaman
Wampanoags then killed nine English colonists

War would ensure for 14 months
English would ultimately win and just like the Pequot War, local Native Americans were moved out of the area and many sent to the Caribbean to be slaves

* Victory for the English over the Pequots and Wampanoags (and other local tribes) opened the northeast for further English settlement; this would be a continuity in American history (Native Americans being moved out of their land); mistrust among different Native American tribes was also a consequence of these wars (some tribes helped the English fight)

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Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

Conflicts between Virginia colonists and Native Americans
Colonists wanted the local government to wage war against the Native Americans – they didn’t
So, Nathaniel Bacon and his men attacked the local government
Jamestown was burned to the ground
Catalyst for race-based slavery

Teacher / Student Notes:

Bacon’s Rebellion

Conflicts in Virginia (Jamestown) with colonists and local Doeg and Susquehannock Native Americans (conflict started over a debt not paid and stolen pigs)
Attacks on both sides
Colonists wanted support from local governor – William Berkeley

Berkeley did not want to fight a war with Native Americans – wanted to play defense (built a protection wall around Jamestown)
Though this was a pragmatic solution – it was a public relations disaster
Colonists thought Berkeley was protecting the Native Americans – not the colonists

Nathaniel Bacon was a newly arrived Cambridge graduate who gathered a small militia to attack Native Americans

Governor Berkeley thought Bacon was attempting a coup

Bacon and Berkeley almost fought a duel
The House of Burgesses (the local legislative government for Jamestown) made Bacon a general of the army
Plundering and conflict ensued – Jamestown burned to the ground
Bacon would ultimately get sick and die – his supporters surrendered to Berkeley (leaders were executed)
1,000 English soldiers would arrive to restore order
Berkeley was sent back to England in disgrace

* After the chaos, conditions improved for colonists in Virginia

* There were talks of Virginia separating from England (exactly 100 years later, the colonists would do just that)

- Thomas Jefferson admired Nathaniel Bacon

* Many of Bacon’s men were poor indentured servants; after the rebellion, colonists couldn’t trust indentured servants; among other conditions, this would increase the demand for African slaves

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