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Business Ethics

Chapter 5 THE IMPACT OF CULTURE AND TIME ON BUSINESS ETHICS

PowerPoint Image Slideshow

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Chapter Outline

  • 5.1 The Relationship between Business Ethics and Culture
  • 5.2 Business Ethics Over Time
  • 5.3 The Influence of Geography and Religion
  • 5.4 Are the Values Central to Business Ethics Universal?

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Figure 5.1

Business ethics do not exist in a vacuum. They are a reflection of the underlying values of a society and the way society lives out those values over time. This experience is captured in language, culture, religious traditions, and modes of thinking, all of which have varied throughout history and influence the conduct of business in a range of ways. (credit: modification of “atlas close up dark dirty” by Aaditya Arora/Pexels, CC0)

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Learning Objectives: Section 5.1

  • 5.1 The Relationship between Business Ethics and Culture
    • Describe the processes of acculturation and enculturation
    • Explain the interaction of business and culture from an ethical perspective
    • Analyze how consumerism and the global marketplace might challenge the belief system of an organization

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Figure 5.2

Discussion Point

  • Different cultures, geographies, and social values came together in the Manhattan Purchase.

The 1626 purchase of Manhattan as depicted by Alfred Fredericks in The Popular Science Monthly of 1909. (credit: “The Purchase of Manhattan Island” by “Ineuw”/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)

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Feature Box: Cases from the Real World

Critical Thinking

  • Is there any aspect of the case where you think preventive measures could have been taken either by management or government? How would they have worked?
  • Do you think this case represents an example of a culture with different business ethics than those practiced in the United States? Why or why not? How might corporations with international locations adjust for this type of issue?

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Figure 5.3

Ethical decision-making in a global context requires a broad perspective. Business leaders need to know themselves, their organization’s mission, and the impact of their decisions on local communities. They also must be open to varying degrees of risk. (credit: “accomplishment action adventure atmosphere” by unknown/Pixabay, CC0)

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Feature Box: Cases from the Real World (2)

Critical Thinking

  • What ethical responsibilities do individual consumers have when dealing with companies that rely on overseas labor?
  • Should businesses adopt universal workplace standards about working conditions and employee protections? Why or why not?
  • What would be required for consumers to have the necessary knowledge about a product and how it was made so that they could make an informed and ethical decision? The media? Commercial watchdog groups? Social-issues campaigns? Something else?

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Learning Objectives: Section 5.2

  • 5.2 Business Ethics Over Time
    • Describe the ways ethical standards change over time
    • Identify major shifts in technology and ethical thinking over the last five hundred years
    • Explain the impact of government and self-imposed regulation on ethical standards and practices in the United States

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Figure 5.4

Philanthropist Anne Morgan, wife of banker and industrialist J.P. Morgan, wearing a fur stole circa 1915. (credit: “Anne Morgan, wearing fur stole, ca. 1915” by “Elisa.rolle”/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)

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Feature Box: Ethics Across Time and Cultures

Critical Thinking

  • Are such practices ethical? Why or why not?

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Figure 5.5

Ida Tarbell (a) was a pioneer of investigative journalism and a leading “muckraker” of the Progressive Era. She is perhaps best known for her exposé of the business practices of John D. Rockefeller (b), founder of the Standard Oil Company. (credit a: modification of “TARBELL, IDA M.” by Harris & Ewing/Library of Congress, Public Domain; credit b: modification of “John D. Rockefeller 1885” by “DIREKTOR”/Wikimedia Commons, Public Domain)

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Learning Objectives: Section 5.3

  • 5.3 The Influence of Geography and Religion
    • Describe the impact of geography on global relationships and business ethics
    • Explain how religion informs ethical business practice around the world

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Feature Box: What Would You Do?

Critical Thinking

  • How do you think clothing choices affect the relationships we form at work or in other business situations?
  • What is your opinion about workplace dress codes, and how far should employers go in setting dress and other behavior standards? Why are these standards important (or not) from an ethical perspective?
  • How do you think clothing might affect an international company’s approach to business ethics?

Discussion Question

  • Are dress codes for the workplace necessarily subjective, in that each of us might have different ideas as to what constitutes “appropriate” dress on the job?

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Figure 5.6

Just as concepts of time and space vary from culture to culture, so do the influence of religious tradition and authority on ethics and what is considered appropriate behavior, whether individual or corporate. The Taj Mahal is not the Palace of Versailles. (credit left: modification of “Taj Mahal” by Suraj rajiv/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 4.0; credit right: modification of “Cour de Marbre du Château de Versailles October 5, 2011” by Kimberly Vardeman/Wikimedia Commons, CC BY 2.0)

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Feature Box: What Would You Do? (2)

Critical Thinking

  • What do you think would be the effect of Jillian’s accepting the local custom but continuing her own personal preference at mealtimes?
  • Can two ways of life exist side by side at work? Why or why not?

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Learning Objectives: Section 5.4

  • 5.4 Are the Values Central to Business Ethics Universal?
    • Explain the difference between relative and absolute ethical values
    • Discuss the degree to which compliance is linked with organizational responsibility and personal values
    • Identify the criteria for a system of normative business ethics
    • Evaluate the humanistic business model

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Figure 5.7

The pursuit of happiness is as near a universal human trait as we can find. It is not a coincidence that it appears in the American Declaration of Independence (1776), which was written by Thomas Jefferson and inspired by the British Enlightenment philosopher John Locke. However, the nature of human happiness is subjective. For example, everyone must eat to survive, but not everyone would agree that eating chocolate-raspberry cake brings happiness. (credit: “Happiness Is a Piece of Cake Close Up Photography” by Antonio Quagliata/Pexels, CC0)

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Feature Box: Ethics Across Time and Cultures (2)

Critical Thinking

  • Can Martin Buber’s notion of love play a role in business? What would that look like?
  • What responsibilities do companies have regarding justice and care? Should business ethics be grounded only on more concrete tenets? Why or why not?

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Figure 5.8

If there is anything that transcends time, place, and culture, it is love. The search for a universally applied set of ethics always comes back to it. But what does love look like in a business setting? (credit: “Love Is All You Need Signage” by Jacqueline Smith/Pexels, CC0)

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Copyright

This OpenStax ancillary resource is © Rice University under a CC BY-NC-SA 4.0 International license; it may be reproduced or modified for noncommercial purposes only but must be attributed to OpenStax, Rice University and any changes must be noted. Any adaptation must be shared under the same type of license.