Test Prep:�World War II�

• a) Briefly explain ONE important way

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• b) Briefly explain ONE important way in which the Second World War transformed United States society.
• c) Briefly explain ANOTHER important way in which the Second World War transformed United States society.

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Terms to Know

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• Japanese Expansion
• China,
• American Reaction to Japanese Invasion
• Embargo
• 1940 Peace and Preparedness
• Pearl Harbor
• Europe First
• Japan Second
• War in the Pacific

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• Harry S. Truman
• Decision to drop bomb, Nagasaki

China Still Weak

• After WWI China remains weak
• “Open Door” Reinforced
• Nationalists (Kuomintang) Sun-Yat Sen and Chiang Kai-shek- Friendly to United States Fighting over control with Communist forces of Mao Tse Tung

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Japan

• Wanted to expand it’s empire similar to France, Britain, and the US.
• Want to control China’s abundant natural resources
• Japan was angry regarding the Washington Naval Conference (1921- Harding Admin, set limit for Japanese Navy, subordinate position to US and Britain, reinforced the “Open Door” policy, all nations can trade with China.
• Japanese nationalists rise in power and asserted that power in Manchuria

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Japan invades Manchuria 1931

• Russo-Japanese War- begins Japanese interest in Manchuria (Rivals of Russians, and economic interests, raw materials)
• Japanese military asserted rights to Manchuria
• Military- incident with Chinese forces is an excuse for full takeover of Manchuria, new name is Manchukuo.
• Later to further weaken China, Japan will bomb Shanghai- over a boycott of Japanese goods

Results of Japanese invasion of Manchuria

• US President was Hoover (1932)
• Hoover responds with the Stimson Doctrine- (Secretary of State under Hoover) refusing to acknowledge results of gains made by aggression-
• US will not recognize territorial changes-
• League of Nations condemns the attack on China
• Japan subsequently withdraws from League of Nations (League is essentially ignored)
• No country wants war and China will suffer greatly when Japan attacks full scale invasion 1936(caution very graphic see Rape of Nanjing)
• 300,000 civilians killed
• Japan proclaims new order in Asia, and essentially closes the “Open Door”

Chinese Fight

• Chiang Kai-shek resists the Japanese and moves capital to Chunking and even unites with the the Communists- Mao Tse Tung for the duration of the war.

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FDR Tries to Aide Chinese

• Flying Tigers
• American “Volunteers”
• Fighting for Chinese
• Read More on the Web

FDR Calls for Preparedness

• May 1940 FDR calls Congress to create an air force of 50,000 planes
• And capacity to produce 50,000 planes per year
• By June 1940 $3 Billion was appropriated for defense
• By October 1940, $17 Billion was appropriated for defense including Navy

Why did the Japanese Bomb Pearl Harbor?

• Japanese wanted to expand their empire into China. China had abundant natural resources that would benefit the Japanese desire to build industry. In early 1930s Japan began aggression in Manchuria (Manchckou) and later in 1937 began a full invasion of the Chinese mainland.
• The United States response was at first mild, Hoover-Stimson Doctrine. As Japan began the invasion of mainland China the US policy began to change to one of more active complaints and pressure on Japan in the form of economic embargo. At first the embargo only addressed limited goods like scrap metals, later oil was being added, all in an effort to dissuade the Japanese from further aggression in China.

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• Japan knew that war was probable so they made a plan to destroy the American Navy at Pearl Harbor and invade the natural resource rich area of South East Asia, including: Malaysia, Indonesia (lots of oil), Philippines, and Indochina (lots of rubber, tin)

Pearl Harbor

• American Reaction to Pearl Harbor �American reaction to Pearl Harbor was swift and violent. 
• Immediate calls for war and revenge were heard throughout the country. 
• Congress declared war and thousands of soldiers volunteered to fight. 
• Americans were mad and they would never forget the treachery of the Japanese.

Key Ideas: America’s Response to Pearl Harbor and War

• US had started to prepare 1940
• Airplane production/design
• Draft/Selective Service-1940
• Build the “Arsenal of Democracy”-Harness the Industrial and Economic power of the US- and focus it toward War.
• Focus on building War material- Specifically Air power, Bombers, B17, B24, B29
• Germany was the biggest threat, Focus of first phase of War
• Then Japan

Japan Offensive

• Hitler and Mussolini both declared war on the United States as a sign of support for the Japanese.
• Japan Attacks Polynesian Asia �Immediately following the attack on Pearl Harbor Japanese forces began a systematic invasion of the Pacific.  Malaysia, Singapore, Burma, French Indochina, and the Philippines were overrun.  American forces in the Philippines were outnumbered and overwhelmed by Japanese forces.
• 12,000 American prisoners were taken in the fall of the last Philippine strong hold called Bataan.
• “Bataan Death March”

Philippines Fall to Japanese link

• April 9, 1942 - U.S. forces on Bata-an surrender unconditionally to the Japanese.�LinkLink another link

How does America respond to Pearl Harbor?

• Reading focus question:
• How does the war impact American society?
• Use specific examples from reading

“Arsenal of Democracy”

• $320 Billion government spending- 1940-1945
• Huge amount was 6 times that of Roosevelt’s first two terms.

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Air Power is a Key Strategy

War in the Pacific

• Strategy of Island Hopping: bypass some islands controlled by Japanese and attack specific islands, to obtain air bases in an effort to bomb Japan more efficiently and to build up forces in an effort to invade Japan.
• Timeline of WWII (everything you wanted to know and more)
• March 11, 1942 - Gen. MacArthur leaves Philippines and is flown to Australia.
• April 9, 1942 US Troops surrender Philippines
• June 4-5, 1942 Major victory at Midway Island US takes out Japanese aircraft carriers Link to Midway ENTERPRISE, HORNET, and YORKTOWN attack

• August 7, 1942 – First US Attack Guadalcanal in the Solomon Islands.
• February 19, 1945 - U.S. Marines invade Iwo Jima.
• July 5, 1945 Americans retake the Philippines
• April 1, 1945 - Okinawa.�
• August 6, 1945 - First Atomic Bomb dropped on Hiroshima from a B-29 flown by Col. Paul Tibbets
• “Little Boy”.

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• August 9, 1945 - Second Atomic Bomb is dropped on Nagasaki
• “Fat Man”
• VJ Day- August 15, 1945
• Japanese Surrender

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Iwo Jima

Okinawa

• April 1 1945
• 77K army plus 20K militia Japanese defenders
• Would not surrender
• Buying time for home island fortification
• Kamikaze attacks- 300 planes at a time
• Killed 4,900 sailors, wounded 4,824,
• Sank 36 ships and damaged 368 more

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• Japanese would not surrender
• Mass suicides with grenades and cyanide
• 50K Americans invade
• Island is pacified in by June 1945
• 7,000 Japanese survive
• 7K Americans killed, 31,800 wounded 35%.

Atomic Bomb Production

• FDR authorized a secret program code named “Manhattan Project”
• 1943, J. Robert Oppenheimer, led the team of physicists to develop and atomic weapon, to split the atom
• Los Alamos, New Mexico
• July 1945, the bomb was ready (Truman had no idea any bomb like this was being worked on, when he took office) Trinity

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Why did Truman Decide to Drop 2 bombs on Japan?

• “Every man in these fortifications will follow his superior officer’s order and fight to the end for the sake of the motherland…Do not suffer the shame of being taken prisoner.”
• Last words of commander at Okinawa
• Japanese had 2 million men under arms and 4 million in reserve in the home islands
• 5000 Kamikaze waiting

• The experience of Okinawa and Iwo Jima
• Revealed the US casualties to invade Japan would number in the hundreds of thousands-
• With an invasion force of 700K

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• When the Atomic bomb was ready it was seen as the only solution to saving American lives. The Japanese would not surrender.

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Atomic Bombing Web Site

• Hiroshima
• August 6, 1945
• The “Enola Gay”
• Captain Paul Tibbetts
• Dropped “Little Boy”

• Nagasaki
• August 9, 1945
• “Fat Man”
• Japanese finally surrender
• VJ Day- August 15, 1945

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