APUSH Period 4

1800-1848

Jeffersonian Republic

Democratic-Republicans

Election of 1800

“Revolution of 1800”

• Significance
• Jefferson called it a “Revolution”
• A return to the “Spirit of 76” and true republican government
• Revolutionary in that it was a peaceful transition of power from one party to the next
• John Adams is the last Federalist president

12th Amendment (1804)

• In response to Election of 1800
• Electors must vote for one presidential candidate AND one vice president
• Ensures that president and vice president will be from the SAME political party

Strict vs Loose Interpretation

Democratic Republicans?

Or

Federalists?

Reversal of Federalist Policies

• Pardoned editors convicted under Sedition Act
• New naturalization law (1802) - return to 5 year requirement for citizenship
• Repealed Hamilton’s excise taxes
• Reduced the national debt
• Reduced the standing army
• Ended graduated property tax
• Emphasized state’s rights
• Encouraged development of agrarian nation
• Appointed Democratic-Republicans to office

Kept Many Federalist Ideas

• Retained most Federalist employees
• Kept most of Hamilton’s financial plan
• Funding at par
• Assumption of state debts
• Bank of the US
• Protective tariff (raised later)

Judiciary Act 1801

• Last ditch effort by Federalists
• Created 16 new judge positions
• “Midnight Judges”
• Filled by Adams on his last day in office
• Repealed in 1802

John Marshall

• Most important Chief Justice in history

34 years

on

Supreme

Court

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Important Marshall Court Cases

Working with three others, choose a case. Use linked resource on LarsenHistory.com to find

1. Basics of the case
2. Importance of case and/or precedent set
1. Marbury v. Madison 1803
2. McCulloch v. Maryland 1819
3. Gibbons v. Ogden 1824
4. Dartmouth College v. Woodward 1819

Legacy of the Marshall Court

Share your respective cases. Listen for...

• John Marshall's key ideas about how power should be balanced between states and the national government.
• Marshall's ideas about how powerful the Supreme Court ought to be.
• Marshall's view of the power of the Constitution. (Refer to one or more of the cases below as evidence.)

Then, discuss. Fill out the chart.

Marbury v. Madison (1803)

• Most important Supreme Court decision in US History
• The Case:
• “Midnight” judge William Marbury never received his commission.

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• The Decision:
• Ruled that part of the Judiciary Act of 1789 that Marbury was basing his appeal on was unconstitutional by giving the Court the right to enforce appointments.

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Gave power to the Supreme Court to review laws of Congress and determine their constitutionality = JUDICIAL REVIEW.

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Impeachment of Samuel Chase

• The Case:
• Congressional Republicans wanted to remove Federalist judge Samuel Chase.
• In 1804 House of Representatives brought impeachment charges against him
• Senate failed to convict

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• Significance: No further attempts occurred to reshape the court by impeachment = reassured the independence of the judiciary and separation of powers in government!

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Martin v. Hunter’s Lessee 1816

• The Case:
• Virginia sought to disregard Treaty of Paris (1783) and Jay’s Treaty provisions regarding confiscation of Loyalist property
• The Decision:
• Supreme Court rejected state claims that they were equally sovereign with the federal government
• The Significance:
• Upheld the Supremacy Clause of the Constitution and federal judicial supremacy over the states

Louisiana Purchase

Federalist Opposition

• Used “strict construction” - president did not have power to purchase Louisiana.
• Why? It would cost too much and cause the U.S. debt to soar. IRONY!!!
• Real reason: worried that new western lands would be loyal to the Republicans.

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International Issues

First Barbary War 1801-5

Jefferson refused to pay

War resulted in American victory

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Problems with Britain & France

• Napoleonic Wars
• British Impressment
• Chesapeake Leopard Affair, 1807
• HMS Leopard vs. USS Chesapeake
• Chesapeake refused to give up “deserters”
• 3 killed. 1 Brit, 3 Americans taken

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Embargo Act 1807

• Attempt to avoid war
• Forbade export of all good from the US to any destination!
• Proved disastrous to the economy
• In 1807 U.S. exports = $108 million ; in 1808 = $22 million
• Inadvertently sparked American industrialization!
• Why did it fail?

Federalist Opposition

Jefferson’s Legacy

Expansion

Non-aristocratic government created

Total defeat of the Federalists by 1816

Kept US out of war

Mnemonic Device

Jefferson was at the HELM

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H - Hamilton’s Plan

E - Embargo Act

L - Louisiana Purchase

M - Marbury v Madison

James Madison’s Administration

Madison’s Presidency

• Virginia Dynasty
• Macon’s Bill No 2, 1810: Lifted embargoes
• War Hawks
• Battle of Tippecanoe, 1811
• William Henry Harrison v. Tecumseh.
• Invasion of Canada

War of 1812

Why did US fight Britain when France had also assaulted American ships?

2014 British Tweet

End of the War

• Treaty of Ghent, Dec. 1814: tired of fighting
• Industry: Halting trade with Europe (Embargo of 1807, 1809, Macon’s Bill No. 2, War of 1812) spurred American industry
• Andrew Jackson & the Battle of New Orleans, Jan. 1815

Federalist Opposition

Contemplating the possibility of secession over the War of 1812 (fueled in large part by economic interests of New England merchants), the Hartford Convention posed the possibility of disaster for the still young United States. England, represented by the figure John Bull on the right side, is shown in this political cartoon with arms open to accept New England back into its empire. William Charles, Jr., “The Hartford Convention or Leap No Leap.” Wikimedia, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:TheHartfordConventionOrLeapNoLeap.jpg.

Death of the Federalists

Hartford Convention

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Memory Aid

The War of 1812 can WHITEN your teeth

W = War Hawks

H = Hartford Convention 1814

I = Impressment

T = Treaty of Ghent, 1815

E = Embargo Act, 1807

N = New Orleans

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Henry Clay’s American System

B = Bank of the US

I = Internal Improvements

T = Tariff of 1816

Purpose: protect US manufacturing from British competition.

• First protective tariff in US history.
• 20-25% duties on imports
• Created sectional tension between 3 regions
• North
• opposed – feared it would damage shipping industry
• Rep. by Daniel Webster (MA)
• South
• Originally supported, then opposed fearing it enriched New England at expense of South
• Rep. by John C. Calhoun (SC)
• West
• In favor as it would fund needed roads and canals linking west to east
• Rep by Henry Clay (KY)

Tariff of 1816

Tariff of 1816

• Historical Context
• About the Tariff
• 1st protective tariff in US history
• Effects
• Sectionalism
• North
• South
• West
• Synthesis

The Era of Good Feelings

1817-1825

James Monroe

• Continuation of “Virginia Dynasty” (4^th)
• Presidency dubbed the “Era of Good Feelings”
• Only one party because the Federalists no longer exist

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Panic of 1819

• 1st since 1790s and would reoccur every 20+ years (1837, 1857, 1873, 1893, 1907, 1929)
• Causes
• Overspeculation
• Inflation
• Negative Balance of Trade: Imports > Exports
• “Wildcat Banks”

Tallmadge Amendment

• MO asked to enter union in 1819
• James Tallmadge introduced amendment on MO statehood
• No more slaves could be brought to MO.
• Gradual emancipation of children born to slave parents already there.
• South viewed this as serious threat to sectional balance.

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Missouri Compromise

Foreign Policy

• Rush Bagot Treaty, 1818
• Treaty of 1818
• Adams Onis Treaty, 1819

Monroe Doctrine

• Foreign policy
• Declared to Europe: “No new colonies”

Growth of Nationalism

• Victories of War of 1812
• Death of Federalist Party
• Decline in economic/political dependence on Europe
• Westward Expansion
• See themselves as Americans then state citizens

Was it the Era of Good Feelings?

• One Party - Federalists Defeated
• Nationalism
• Panic of 1819
• Missouri Compromise

• Corrupt Bargain
• American System
• Boundary Disputes are Settled
• Tariff of 1816
• Sectionalism

Age of Jackson

Political

• New Democracy
• New Political Age
• Election of 1824 - Corrupt Bargain
• Election of 1828
• Andrew Jackson vs. ___________________

Political Continued

• President Jackson - Old Hickory
• Endurance, strength
• “One of us”
• Spoils System: gives government civil service jobs to supporters, friends and relatives as a reward
• Peggy Eaton Affair (Petticoat Affair) 1829-1831
• Washington Elite
• Secretary of State John Eaton and his wife Peggy
• Kitchen Cabinet

Economic

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• Tariff of 1828 - Tariff of Abominations
• Webster - Hayne Debate
• Nullification Crisis
• Compromise Tariff of 1832 Henry Clay
• Force Bill 1833
• Bank War
• Jackson vs. Nicholas Biddle, last president of the bank
• Pet Banks and the Specie Circular: Gold & Silver
• General Incorporation Laws

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Economics Continued

• Charles River Bridge Decision
• Maysville Road Veto
• Panic of 1837
• Treasury Bill of 1840 “Divorce Bill”
• Specie Circular

Social

• Indian Removal Act 1830
• Cherokee Nation v. Georgia 1831
• Worcester v. Georgia 1832
• Trail of Tears
• Black Hawk War
• Second Seminole War

Mnemonic Device

“New KNICKSS”

New Democracy

Killing the Bank of the US

Nullification Crisis 1832

Indian Removal

Creation of two party system

Kitchen Cabinet

Spoils System

Sectionalism

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Reform Movements

Second Great Awakening. 1790-1850

• 75% of Americans attended church regularly
• Liberal thinking challenged traditional views
• Deism
• Unitarianism
• Revivalism - “camp meetings”
• Peter Cartwright
• Charles Grandison Finney
• “Burned Over District”
• Mormons
• Impact

Camp Meeting

Utopian Communities

• New Harmony
• Brook Farm
• Oneida Community
• Shakers
• Amana Community

Temperance

• American Temperance Society
• Maine Law of 1851
• Neal S. Dow
• Results

Women’s Rights

• Impact of Industrial Revolution
• Republican Motherhood
• Cult of Domesticity
• Elizabeth Cady Stanton
• Lucretia Mott
• Susan B. Anthony
• Angelina and Sarah Grimke
• Lucy Stone
• Seneca Falls Convention
• Gains for Women

Education

• Horace Mann
• Noah Webster
• William H McGuffey
• Higher Education

Other Reforms

• Dorothea Dix
• Prison Reforms
• Transcendentalism

In the words of Ralph Waldo Emerson, "We will walk on our own feet; we will work with our own hands; we will speak our own minds...A nation of men will for the first time exist, because each believes himself inspired by the Divine Soul which also inspires all men."

Changing American Family

• Women increasingly challenged inferior status
• Cult of Domesticity
• Catherine Beecher
• Changes in Family

Market Revolution

Demographic Changes

• By 1860, 33 states
• Population doubled every 25 years
• 13% were foreign born
• 43 cities with 20,000+ inhabitants

What was the Market Revolution?

• 1800-1840s
• Gradual transformation:
• People living in rural areas and working as farmers to living in cities,working in factories and buying goods.

Market Revolution Areas of Change

• Industrial Revolution
• Transportation Revolution
• Change - Subsistence to Cash Crop Farming
• Creation of national market economy
• Regional Specialization
• Immigration (English, IRISH, German)
• Westward Movement
• Growth of Cities

Memory Aids

1st Industrial Revolution (1814-1860) - TRIC - Textiles, Railroads, Iron, Coal

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2nd Industrial Revolution (Post Civil War) - ROSE - Railroads, Oil, Steel, Electricity

Early Industrialization

• In 1815, 65% of all U.S. clothing was made by women at home in the “putting out” system
• By 1840, textile manufacturing grew, especially in New England, due to a series of new inventions

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Industrial Revolution

• Inventions and Innovations
• Samuel Slater - Spinning Jenny
• Eli Whitney - Cotton Gin (1793), Interchangeable Parts
• Elias Howe - Sewing Machine (improved by Isaac Singer)
• Samuel Morse - Telegraph
• Charles Goodyear - Vulcanized Rubber

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28,000 patents in the 1850s compared to 306 in the 1790s!

Samuel Slater�(“Father of the Factory System”)

Spinning Jenny

Eli Whitney’s Cotton Gin, 1793

Eli Whitney’s Other Critical Invention

Introduced Interchangeable Rifle Parts

Samuel F. B. Morse

1840 – Telegraph

Elias Howe & Isaac Singer

1840s�Sewing Machine

Cyrus Field’s Transatlantic Cable, 1858

Lowell System

• Embargo Act (1807) decreased imports
• 1814 - Francis Cabot Lowell - 1st dual purpose textile plant in Waltham, MA
• Significance - work moved from the home to the factory
• 1823 new plant built in Lowell, MA
• Lowell Girls

The Lowell/Waltham System:�First Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

MAP 12.3 Lowell, Massachusetts, 1832 This town plan of Lowell, Massachusetts in 1832, illustrates the comprehensive relationship the owners envisaged between the factories and the workforce. The mills are located on the Merrimack River, while nearby are the boarding houses for the single young female workers, row houses for the male mechanics and their families, and houses for the overseers. Somewhat farther away is the mansion of the company agent.

Lowell Mill

The Lowell System:�The 1^st Dual-Purpose Textile Plant

Francis Cabot Lowell’s town - 1814

Lowell Boarding Houses

Early Textile Loom

Ch. 9, Image 17

Lowell Mills Time Table

Irish Immigrant Girls at Lowell

New England�Textile�Centers:��1830s

New England Dominance in Textiles

Why Was New England the Center?

Why Not the South?

• Rocky soil
• Labor
• Shipping
• Rivers

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• Slavery
• Poor Consumers

By 1850, industrial output exceeded agricultural output!

Northern Workers

• Transformed working conditions
• Women and children
• Gains for workers
• Commonwealth v. Hunt

Western Farmers

• Breadbasket
• Inventions
• John Deere - steel plow
• Cyrus McCormick - mechanical reaper
• Change from subsistence to cash crop

John Deere & the Steel Plow�(1837)

Cyrus McCormick�& the Mechanical Reaper: 1831

Ch. 9, Image 12

Transportation Revolution

• Prime Motive: desire of East to tap the resources of the West
• Significance:
• National market economy
• Regional specialization
• Westward Movement

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First Turnpike- 1790 Lancaster, PA

By 1832, nearly 2400 mi. of road connected most major cities.

Cumberland (National Road), 1811

Conestogas - Covered Wagons

Robert Fulton �& the Steamboat

1807: The Clermont

Robert Fulton’ s Steamboat

The Clermont

Principal Canals in 1840

Erie Canal System

Erie Canal�“Clinton’s Big Ditch”

• 363 miles
• Completed in 1825
• Links East Coast to the Great Lakes and trade in the Northwest
• Funded entirely by New York State
• $7 million

Erie Canal, 1820s

Begun in 1817; completed in 1825

The�Railroad�Revolution,�1850s

Ch. 9, Image 8

An 1827 engraving designed to show the feasibility of railroads driven by steam powered locomotives, and dedicated to the president of the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad, which began construction in the following year. The engraver placed passengers as far from the locomotive as possible to ensure their safety in case of an explosion.

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^{Give Me Liberty!: An American History, 2nd Edition}

^{Copyright © 2007 W.W. Norton & Company}

The “Iron Horse” Wins! (1830)

1830 → 13 miles of track built by Baltimore & Ohio RR�By 1850 → 9000 mi. of RR track [1860 → 31,000 mi.]

• Immigrant labor built railroads in the North
• Slave labor built railroads in the South

The Expansion of Railroads by Region

Railroad Expansion by 1860

Regional Specialization

EAST → Industrial

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SOUTH → Cotton & Slavery

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WEST → The Nation’s “Breadbasket”

American Population Centers in 1860

Results of Industrialization

• Division of Labor
• Growth of Cities
• Increased gap between rich and poor
• Sectionalism