INTRODUTION� TO MICROPROCESSOR

BY

Ms.S.Preethi

Assistant Professor (SRG)

ECE Department

Kongu Engineering College

�

Applications

What is a Microprocessor?

• Computer's Central Processing Unit (CPU) built on a single Integrated Circuit (IC) is called a microprocessor.
• A digital computer with one microprocessor which acts as a CPU is called microcomputer.

​

The First Computer

The Babbage

Difference Engine

(1832)

25,000 parts

cost: £17,470

• Mechanical computing devices
• Used decimal number system
• Could perform basic arithmetic

operations

• Even store and execute

ENIAC - The first electronic computer (1946)

• 17,468 vacuum tubes
• 7,200 crystal diodes
• 1,500 relays
• 70,000 resistors
• 10,000 capacitors
• 30 tons
• 63 m²
• 150 kW
• 5,000 simple addition

or subtraction operations

Problem: Reliability issues and excessive power consumption!

Invention of the Transistor�

• Vacuum tubes invented in 1904 by Fleming
• Large, expensive, power-hungry, unreliable

• Invention of the bipolar transistor (BJT) 1947
• Shockley, Bardeen, Brattain – Bell Labs

First IC

Integrated circuit 1958 Jack Kilby – Texas Instruments

A device having multiple electrical components and their interconnects manufactured on a single substrate.

INTEL’s First IC- 4004 Micro-Processor

• 1971
• 2300 transistors
• 740 KHz operation
• PMOS only (10 um process)

Intel IC’S�

• INTEL 4040

​

​

​

​

• INTEL 8008

• 1974.
• 4-bit µP

• 1972
• 8-bit µP.
• Clock speed -500 KHz.
• Could execute 50,000 instructions per second.

INTEL 8080�

• 1974.

​

• 8-bit µP.
• Clock speed-2 MHz.
• It had 6,000 transistors.
• Was 10 times faster than

8008.

• Could execute 5,00,000 instructions per second.

9

INTEL 8085

• 1976.

​

• 8-bit µP.
• Clock speed -3 MHz.
• Its data bus is 8-bit and address bus is 16-bit.
• It had 6,500 transistors.
• Could execute 7,69,230 instructions per second.
• It could access 64 KB of

memory.

• It had 246 instructions.

10

INTEL 8086

• 1978.

​

• 16-bit µP.

​

• Clock Speed-4.77 MHz, 8 MHz and 10 MHz

​

• Data bus-16 bit,Address bus -20 bit.

​

• It had 29,000 transistors.

​

• Could execute 2.5 million instructions per second.

​

• It had Multiply and Divide instructions

​

• It could access 1 MB of memory.

​

• It had 22,000 instructions.

.

12

INTEL 8088

• 1979.

​

• 16-bit µP.
• It was created as a cheaper

version of Intel’s 8086.

​

• It was a 16-bit processor with an 8-bit external bus.

​

13

INTEL 80386

• 1986
• It was first 32-bit µP.
• Data bus-32-bit & Address bus is 32-bit.
• It could address 4 GB of memory.

17

INTEL 80486

• 32-bit µP.
• It had 1.2 million transistors.

​

• Its clock speed varied from 16 MHz to 100 MHz depending upon the various versions.

INTEL PENTIUM -32 bit Processors

​

• .

​

19

INTEL -64 bit Processors�