Techniques of Art�Part II

• Drawing
• Painting
• Printmaking
• Sculpture
• Craft Media
• Architecture
• Photography
• Film
• Television/video
• Digital Media
• Design

Three Dimensional Arts

• The three dimensional arts emphasize space, mass, texture, time and movement
• They exist with us in the same floor space.
• We walk around them instead of past them

Sculpture in the round/ freestanding

• Sculpture intended to be viewed from all sides
• Example: Richard Serra’s “Vortex” Located at the Modern Museum of Art, Fort Worth You can walk around and inside of the piece.

Relief sculpture

• Sculpture can have a variety of degrees of three dimensional quality.
• A relief sculpture projects from a flat background.
• Do an image search for relief sculpture.

Modeling

• Modeling is a manipulative, additive and subtractive process
• Clay, plaster, and wax are commonly used for modeling
• Robert Arneson is an example of an artist using modeling.
• August Rodin was also used modeling but the results wer cast in bronze.

*Robert Arneson

• A sculptor using clay modeling as a technique
• Larger then life size, hollow head
• California Artist was a response to a New York Critic
• Low art as High art
• Search Arneson, California Artist

*Casting

• Material that can be poured as a fluid and harden to fill a void can be used for casting
• Generally a positive form or pattern is created and a mold is made of the pattern into which the casting material is poured
• Clay, metal, wax, rubber, plastic, concrete, are all commonly cast materials
• Lost wax process is an example of a traditional method of casting bronze
• You will see an exhibit on bronze casting at the Amon Carter Museum on the art tour you will take

Duane Hanson , Ron Mueck

• Used cast resin to create extremely naturalistic figures
• Search Ron Mueck sculptures

Carving

• A subtractive process.
• Material is removed to create the form.
• Stone and wood are commonly carved materials
• Michelangelo is known for his carvings of figures (in addition to painting and architecture)

Assembling sculpture

• Putting together a sculpture from parts
• Stock material or found objects can be used in assembled sculpture
• Sculpture that is assembled from found objects is specifically called assemblage

*Installation

• An entire space is transformed into a total environment
• Installations are often temporary
• Ilya Kabakov and James Turrell are examples of an installation artist

Mel Chin

• Mel Chin is interested in land reclamation projects as art
• Attracts attention to environmental issues

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*Crafts and Crafting (definition)

• Work made with processes or materials that historically were used in making utilitarian objects
• (objects to be used, like bowls or chairs)
• Examples of craft materials include many of the same materials used in sculpture or other types of work. Clay, glass, metal, wood, fiber are traditional craft media.
• Crafting is a part of any work of art made by hand. Crafting refers to attention to detail and skill of the hand.

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Craft Media

• Clay, glass, metal, wood, fiber
• These media and processes have been turned to aesthetic and expressive means that go beyond use value.

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Clay

• Clay is one of the most common and longest lasting craft materials. The material is built by hand, thrown on the wheel or formed in molds.
• Pottery forms as well as animal and figures in clay are some of the oldest surviving art works.
• Example Nampeyo, a potter that revived Hopi pottery tradition in the 20^th century

Glass

• Glass is formed by blowing, casting, and shaping in its molten state as well as cutting and etching in its solid state.
• Glass has also been used in architecture as stained glass windows.
• The transparency and fluid qualities of glass distinguish it from other media

Metal

• Crafted metal objects undergo processes such as hammering, cutting, drawn out (stretched), welded, joined with rivets, or cast.
• Decorative techniques such as inlay are associated with crafting metal
• Jewelry is a craft application of metal work

Wood

• Turning wood on a lathe to make vessels, and furniture making are examples of craft applications of wood.

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Fiber

• Hand worked textiles including clothing, rugs, blankets and other home and fashion accessories are craft associated items
• Techniques include weaving, quilting, knitting, flocking, sewing,

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*Peter Voulkos

• An artist primarily working in clay.
• Began as a potter but is historically known for his divergence from traditional pottery making to use clay and the potters wheel in expressive explorations in sculptural form.

Harvey Littleton

• Pioneered the use of glass as an art medium
• Founded the first university glass program at the University of Wisconsin

Dale Chilhuly

• Famous for his work with glass as a material for sculpture and installation

Albert Paley

• Example of a metal working artist working in a craft tradition of forging iron and other metals

The Ardabil carpet

• Example of fiber art from sixteenth century Safavid Dynasty.
• A team of weavers tied close to 25 million knots to create the carpet

*Faith Ringold

• Fiber artist using a narrative autobiographical mode to explore issues of race and African American culture.
• http://www.faithringgold.com/
• https://www.faithringgold.com/portfolio/tar-beach-2/
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Architecture

• The art and science of designing and constructing buildings for practical, aesthetic, and symbolic purposes.
• Architects address questions of function, form, and structure in building

*Elements of form, Architecture:

• Materials of Architecture include stone, brick, concrete, iron, steel, wood, glass, and others. Materials of architecture tend to follow contemporary technology.
• arch, column, post and beam, flying buttress, steel frame, concrete, dome, bay, wall, *vault, arcade, Greek architectural orders

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Joseph Paxton

• Known for his design of the Crystal Palace in 1851. It was a new innovation for the time in iron construction made from prefabricated parts. Built in six months it enclosed 21 acres.

Walter Gropious

• Designed important examples of “Modern” architecture including the Bauhaus in Dessau.
• Elements of “Modern” Architecture include:
• Use of the steel frame, reinforced concrete, glass walls, strip glass windows, open spaces with flexible floor plans

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*Frank Gehry

• A contemporary architect interested in formal innovation and a sculptural approach to architecture
• Famous for his design of the Gugenheim Museum Bilbao