APNIC and PDP
Kams Yeung
APNIC Executive Council
HKAPIGA 25th April 2025
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Regional Internet Registries
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Internet and IP Basics
Internet Fundamentals
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The Internet is a Series of Networks
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The Internet is a Series of Networks
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Who operates networks in Asia Pacific?
Mostly ISPs and Telcos
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Who operates networks in Asia Pacific?
Mostly ISPs and Telcos
Content Providers
Banks
Universities
Enterprises
Govt Orgs
And many others…
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Internet Basics
www.facebook.com 🡪 69.171.239.12
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Names and Numbers
The Internet
2001:0C00:8888::
2001:0400::12
www.apnic.net
202.112.0.46�2001:0400::12
My Computer
www.apnic.net
www.apnic.net
202.112.0.46�2001:0400::12
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Where do IP addresses come from?
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IANA Functions
Management of Internet Number Resources
Management of Domain Names
Regional Internet Registries (x5)
Internet Service Providers
End users
gTLD Registries
Accredited Registrars
Resellers
End users
ccTLD Managers
Registries
Accredited Registrars
Resellers
End users
gTLD Domain Names�.com .net .shop .xyz
ccTLD Domain Names�.sg .my .id .vn .hk .tw .au
101.12.21.22�2001:db8:0:0:0:0:2:1
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That’s great,�but who’s in�charge?
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Where does APNIC fit in?
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APNIC’s Roles and Services
APNIC provides the following services:
Delegates & manages Internet resources
Manages reverse DNS delegations
Maintains the APNIC Whois Database
Facilitates IP address policy development
Provides capacity building
Research, measurements, publications
Supports Internet infrastructure development
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IP Address Delegation
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APNIC from a Global Perspective
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APNIC in the Asia Pacific
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Computer Networks from the Ground Up
Internet Fundamentals
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The Layers of the Internet
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PHYSICAL LAYER
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
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DATA LINK LAYER
The Data Link layer uses protocols to transfer data between nodes on a network segment
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
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DATA LINK LAYER
The Data Link layer uses protocols to transfer data between nodes on a network segment
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NETWORK LAYER (IP)
The Network layer is responsible for creating the packets that move across the network
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
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DATA LINK LAYER
The Data Link layer uses protocols to transfer data between nodes on a network segment
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NETWORK LAYER (IP)
The Network layer is responsible for creating the packets that move across the network
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
The Transport layer establishes the connection between applications on different hosts
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The Layers of the Internet
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PHYSICAL LAYER
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DATA LINK LAYER
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NETWORK LAYER (IP)
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
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APPLICATION LAYER
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
The Data Link layer uses protocols to transfer data between nodes on a network segment
The Network layer is responsible for creating the packets that move across the network
The Transport layer establishes the connection between applications on different hosts
The Application layer is the group of applications requiring network communications
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
2
DATA LINK LAYER
3
NETWORK LAYER (IP)
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
The Data Link layer uses protocols to transfer data between nodes on a network segment
The Network layer is responsible for creating the packets that move across the network
The Transport layer establishes the connection between applications on different hosts
Generates the data and requests connection
Browser
Server
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APPLICATION LAYER
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
2
DATA LINK LAYER
3
NETWORK LAYER (IP)
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
The Data Link layer uses protocols to transfer data between nodes on a network segment
The Network layer is responsible for creating the packets that move across the network
Generates the data and requests connection
Establishes the connections using ports and protocols
Browser
Server
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APPLICATION LAYER
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
2
DATA LINK LAYER
3
NETWORK LAYER (IP)
4
TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
The Data Link layer uses protocols to transfer data between nodes on a network segment
Generates the data and requests connection
Establishes the connections using ports and protocols
Transfers packets with IP addresses
Browser
Server
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APPLICATION LAYER
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
2
DATA LINK LAYER
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APPLICATION LAYER
The Physical layer uses transceivers to convert data into signals sent over a network link
Generates the data and requests connection
Establishes the connections using ports and protocols
Transfers packets with IP addresses
Transfers frames with physical MAC addresses
Browser
Server
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NETWORK LAYER (IP)
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
3
NETWORK LAYER (IP)
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
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APPLICATION LAYER
Browser
Generates the data and requests connection
Establishes the connections using ports and protocols
Transfers packets with IP addresses
Transfers frames with physical MAC addresses
Transmits and receive bits
Server
00111010 00101001
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DATA LINK LAYER
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
2
DATA LINK LAYER
3
NETWORK LAYER (IP)
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
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APPLICATION LAYER
Transmits and receive bits
Generates the data and requests connection
Establishes the connections using ports and protocols
Transfers packets with IP addresses
Transfers frames with physical MAC addresses
Server
00111010 00101001
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Asia Pacific’s Networks - Under Water
Source: Telegeography, Submarine Cable Map, 2016
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On the Ground…
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In the Air…
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The Layers of the Internet
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PHYSICAL LAYER
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DATA LINK LAYER
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NETWORK LAYER (IP)
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
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APPLICATION LAYER
Transmits and receive bits
Generates the data and requests connection
Establishes the connections using ports and protocols
Transfers packets with IP addresses
Transfers frames with physical MAC addresses
Server
00111010 00101001
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Connecting to a Local Network
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Finding Your MAC Address
Operating System | Method |
Windows Devices | Open cmd.exe, type ipconfig /all�(examples on next slide) |
Linux and Mac | Launch Terminal, type ifconfig�look for “ether xx:xx:xx:xx:xx” |
iPhone | Settings -> General -> About �then scroll to Wi-Fi Address |
Android | Settings -> About Tablet -> Status�then scroll to Wi-Fi MAC address |
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Finding Your MAC Address
* Animations on this slide
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The Layers of the Internet
1
PHYSICAL LAYER
2
DATA LINK LAYER
3
NETWORK LAYER (IP)
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TRANSPORT LAYER (TCP/UDP)
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APPLICATION LAYER
Transmits and receive bits
Generates the data and requests connection
Establishes the connections using ports and protocols
Transfers packets with IP addresses
Transfers frames with physical MAC addresses
Server
00111010 00101001
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How to Connect to an IP Network
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Connecting to the Internet
Can someone help me join a network?
Welcome! I’m your gateway
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Public Versus Private IP Addresses
Private-use IP Addresses
Public-use IP Addresses
Internet
APNIC
eBay�Twitter
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Private IP Addresses (Reserved & Special Use)
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IP Address Allocations
Internet Fundamentals
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How IP Addresses are Delegated
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IP Address Management
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So, who gets IP address and AS numbers?
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APNIC Policy Environment
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IP address policy development
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What is a Policy?
In the APNIC region, a policy refers to the rules and requirements or criteria that one must meet to be eligible to receive IP and ASN resources.
A policy proposal is a formal, written submission that outlines an idea for a new policy. If a policy proposal is successful it will become a policy.
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Why do we need resource policy?
IP address and AS numbers are public shared resources. APNIC policies ensure that these resources are managed properly and distributed with the goal of fairness and consistency in mind.
The common aim of a policy is to ensure proper usage of Internet number resources according to the technical and operational needs of the network. This is vital for the continued stable growth of the Internet.
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Policy change
Policies change constantly.
They evolve as the needs of the technical community change
Good policy relies on a range of opinions
APNIC policies are developed by Members and the Internet community in a bottom-up process of consultation and consensus.
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What’s APNIC’s role?
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Who can Participate?
Policies are developed by and for the Asia Pacific Internet community, which includes the APNIC membership.
Anyone can participate in the policy development process for managing and distributing IP addresses.
You are invited to be part of this development process.
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Why participate?
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www.apnic.net/community/policy/participate
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Policy Special Interest Group (SIG) Charter
Develop policies and procedures which relate to the management and use of Internet address resources by APNIC, NIRs, ISPs and other organizations within the Asia Pacific region.
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What is a SIG?
A SIG, or Special Interest Group, is an open forum for the community to discuss topics of interest. There are no entry requirements to participate in the activity of the APNIC Policy SIG.
You don’t “join” a Special Interest Group; you participate in it. The first step to participation is usually to subscribe to the SIG mailing list.
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Special Interest Group Guidelines
https://www.apnic.net/community/participate/sigs/
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APNIC Policy SIG
Policy SIG Chair
Bertrand Cherrier
Co-Chairs
Shaila Sharmin
Ching-Heng Ku
Secretariat Support
Sunny Chendi
George Odagi
Elected by the Asia Pacific Internet Community
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Policy Development Process
APNIC policies are developed by the community in a bottom-up approach. This approach is part of the Policy Development Process or commonly referred to as the ‘PDP’. �
PDP describes the process through which policy proposals are submitted, considered, and adopted by APNIC. �
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Policy Process
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What are the key characteristics of the PDP?
Open
Anyone in the community - Member or not - can propose a policy. This can be a proposed change to an existing policy or a new one altogether. Anyone can participate from the beginning, during the discussion as well as in the decision-making process.
Transparent
Bottom-up
APNIC publicly documents all policy discussions and decisions to provide complete transparency of the policy development process. These documents, the associated discussion in the mailing list, and decisions are freely available for viewing at any time.
The Policy Development Process is driven by the Internet community - by those who need and use these resources. It is catered to address the needs and requirements of the Asia-Pacific Internet community. APNIC stays neutral in the process.
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APNIC PDP Process and Timelines
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It all starts with a Proposal
Complete the online form
https://www.apnic.net/community/policy/proposals/submit-a-policy-proposal/
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Policy SIG Mailing list
Subscribe to the mailing list
https://mailman.apnic.net/mailman/listinfo/sig-policy
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Open Policy Meeting (OPM)
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Consensus Decision Making
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Chairs consider many sources
Have your say remotely
https://confer.apnic.net/
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After the Open Policy Meeting (OPM)
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What’s next?
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QUESTIONS?
Sunny Chendi�Senior Regional Advisor
sunny@apnic.net
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Thanks!
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blog.apnic.net
apnic.net/social
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