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Physical Development

Physical development can be described as: “the changes in body size, proportions, appearance, functioning of body systems, perceptual and motor capabilities, and physical health” (Berk and Meyers, 2016)

https://youtu.be/IuwE9Et5sjc

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Low SES and Physical Development

Children in low SES homes tend to have a lower quality of nutrition available to them. They may be provided with foods that are less expensive, but also lack vital nutrients and vitamins that will allow children to meet physical development milestones.
Children of parents of low SES might also not have the funds or time off from work to allow their child to participate in sports, which hinders the development of gross motor skills.
Another physical aspect that affects low SES children starts with the day he/she is conceived. Mothers of low SES might not have the money or access to proper healthcare or prenatal supplements that a high SES mother would. This puts the children apart before they even enter the world. ements.

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Low SES and Physical Development

The most rapid development takes place between conception and 1 year old.
For a low SES mom, the care she receives in this time is important to the baby especially when it comes to a complicated or pre-term baby.
In a cohort study found in the “Journal of Pediatrics” it was found that low SES pre-term babies had a 12.5% developmental delay, compared to a 5.6% developmental delay for high SES children (Potijk, Kerstjens, Bos, Reijneveld, & Winter 2013).

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Cognitive Development

Cognitive development involves “changes in intellectual abilities, including attention, memory, academic and everyday knowledge, problem solving, imagination, creativity, and language” (Berk and Meyers, 2016).

https://youtu.be/ieF1LlvGl7c

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Cognitive-Development

Cognitive-developmental theory can be described as “an approach introduced by Piaget that views children as actively constructing knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world, and in which cognitive development takes place in stages” (Berk and Meyers, 2016).

There are four stages of Cognitive Development according to Piaget,

The Sensorimotor Stage: the first stage categorized as absence of language, infants relate their sensory skills with their motor actions

The Preoperational Stage: second stage demonstrated through the use of symbols, language matures, usually children will play with a toys and make observations intuitively.

The Concrete Operational Stage: third stage, children can classify objects into different groups, they start to think logically.

The Formal Operational Stage: last stage, children can now see a relationship between things and start to approach tasks systematically, many people often do not make it to this stage.

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Low SES and Educational Abilities

Low SES and exposure to adversity can lead to decreased educational success and a long-term impact on linguistic, cognitive, and socioemotional skills.

These children can:

Begin kindergarten with significantly less linguistic skills
Score at least ten percent lower than the national average on national achievement scores in mathematics and reading
Fail to graduate at five times the rate of middle-income families and six times that of higher income youth

https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/children-families

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SES and Reading Ability

https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.01297/full

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Socioemotional Development

Changes in emotional communication, self-understanding, knowledge about other people, interpersonal skills, friendships, intimate relationships, and moral reasoning and behavior

https://youtu.be/xUJiTeZahd0

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SES and Psychological Health

Children from low SES homes tend to show higher suicide rates, mental health problems, behaviorial disorders, and alcohol and drug use.
Mental Health is an epidemic in the United States. However, the stigma surrounding mental health has transformed it into an illness that only those with more affluent backgrounds can afford to treat.
Behavioral care is about six times as likely to be out of network than medical care in regards to insurance coverage. People who live in rural areas often can’t afford to pay out of pocket or travel to an in-network provider for mental health services.

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SES and psychological health

There is a shortage of child and adolescent psychiatrists in the United States. There is often a significant wait time for appointments with practicing psychiatrists and their lack of competition allows them to charge extensive fees for mental health services.

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SES and Family Systems

Children from low SES homes show much higher rates of abuse and neglect

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References

Gokhale, N., & Nuvvula, S. (2016). Influence of socioeconomic and working status of the parents on the incidence of their children's dental caries. Journal of natural science, biology, and medicine, 7(2), 127–129. https://doi.org/10.4103/0976-9668.184697

Children in poverty by age group: KIDS COUNT Data Center. (2020, September). Retrieved October 14, 2020, from https://datacenter.kidscount.org/data/tables/5650-children-in-poverty-by-age-group?loc=12

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References

https://youtu.be/ieF1LlvGl7c

https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0197961

https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdep.12021?casa_token=rJU_SeNNKroAAAAA%3AGdi98Fd0CrD0fACcXzJimTuy5ZncSgNOxXeDgf1cGV82MnLrah51ip-Rv4_ITeUsH8bmctTTTQORSw

https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/children-families

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4242154/

https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.463

https://academic.oup.com/sw/article/46/3/256/1907296

https://youtu.be/D6ggB_9uRfg

https://youtu.be/IuwE9Et5sjc

https://youtu.be/ieF1LlvGl7c

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002234761300855X

https://www.proeves.com/blog/index.php/2017/10/31/tips-to-help-low-birth-weight-babies-increase-weight/

https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/29/567264925/health-insurers-are-still-skimping-on-mental-health-coverage

https://www.apa.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/children-families

https://www.humiliationstudies.org/documents/AhmedPovertyFamilyStressParenting.pdf

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Citations

Thomas, M. [Serious Science]. (2017, June 16). Socioeconomic Status and the Brain [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/ieF1LlvGl7c.

Mollborn, S., Lawrence, E., James-Hawkins, L., & Fomby, P. (2014). When Do Socioeconomic Resources Matter Most in Early Childhood?. Advances in life course research, 20, 56–59. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.alcr.2014.03.001

J. Lawrence Aber and Neil G. BennettNational Center for Children in Poverty. (n.d.). The Effects of Poverty on Child Health and Development. Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/full/10.1146/annurev.publhealth.18.1.463

Eamon, M. (2001, July 01). Effects of Poverty on Children's Socioemotional Development: An Ecological Systems Analysis. Retrieved October 16, 2020, from https://academic.oup.com/sw/article-abstract/46/3/256/1907296?redirectedFrom=fulltext

Wilkins, K. [CornellHumanEcology]. (2010, August 6). The Hard Knock Life: The Environment of Poverty and Children’s Development [Video File]. Retrieved from https://youtu.be/D6ggB_9uRfg.

Horst, M. [Penn Medicine Lancaster General Health]. (2013, May 29). Childhood obesity found highest in ultra rural areas [Video File] Retrieved from https://youtu.be/IuwE9Et5sj.

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Citations

A. (2010). Children, Youth, Families and Socioeconomic Status. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.a.org/pi/ses/resources/publications/children-families

Ahmed, Z. S. (2005). Poverty, Family Stress & Parenting.

Gold, J. (2017, November 30). Health Insurers Are Still Skimping On Mental Health Coverage. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.npr.org/sections/health-shots/2017/11/29/567264925/health-insurers-are-still-skimping-on-mental-health-coverage

Hosokawa, R., & Katsura, T. (n.d.). Effect of socioeconomic status on behavioral problems from preschool to early elementary school – A Japanese longitudinal study. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0197961

Miller, G., & Chen, E. (2013, January 18). The Biological Residue of Childhood Poverty. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://srcd.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/cdep.12021?casa_token=rJU_SeNNKroAAAAA%3AGdi98Fd0CrD0fACcXzJimTuy5ZncSgNOxXeDgf1cGV82MnLrah51ip-Rv4_ITeUsH8bmctTTTQORSw

Potijk, M., Kerstjens, J., Bos, A., Reijneveld, S., & Winter, A. (2013, August 20). Developmental Delay in Moderately Preterm-Born Children with Low Socioeconomic Status: Risks Multiply. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S002234761300855X

Proeves. (2020, July 21). Tips to help low birth weight babies increase weight. Retrieved October 15, 2020, from https://www.proeves.com/blog/index.php/2017/10/31/tips-to-help-low-birth-weight-babies-increase-weight