MATTER AND ENERGY
MATTER
Matter is made up of one or more substances which consist of atoms
Types of matter
Pure substances
Mixtures
One component which cannot be separated
Two or more pure substances
Types of mixtures
Heterogeneous
The different components can be distinguished
Homogeneous
or solutions
The different components cannot be distinguished
Types of matter
Is this a pure substance or a mixture?
If it’s a mixture, what type of mixture is it?
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Types of matter
Is this a pure substance or a mixture?
If it’s a mixture, what type of mixture is it?
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
Types of matter
Is this a pure substance or a mixture?
If it’s a mixture, what type of mixture is it?
HOMOGENEOUS MIXTURE
Types of matter
Is this a pure substance or a mixture?
If it’s a mixture, what type of mixture is it?
PURE SUBSTANCE
Types of matter
Is this a pure substance or a mixture?
If it’s a mixture, what type of mixture is it?
HETEROGENEOUS MIXTURE
Types of matter
Is this a pure substance or a mixture?
If it’s a mixture, what type of mixture is it?
PURE SUBSTANCE
Separation of mixtures
How would you separate this mixture?
mix of water and spaghetti
FILTRATION
Separation of mixtures
How would you separate this mixture?
sea water
EVAPORATION
Separation of mixtures
How would you separate this mixture?
water and oil mixture
DECANTATION
Separation of mixtures
Depending on the type of mixture, different methods can be used
FILTRATION
EVAPORATION
To separate solids from liquids, or solids with different size particles in heterogeneous mixtures. We use a sieve or filter
To separate solids from liquids in homogeneous mixtures.
We can heat liquids to speed up evaporation
DISTILLATION
To separate liquids that have different boiling points in homogeneous mixtures.
The mixture is heated until one of the liquids boils and turn into gas. This gas is condensed back into liquid form and collected.
DECANTATION
To separate substances of different density in heterogeneous mixtures.
Separation of mixtures
FILTRATION
To separate solids from liquids, or solids with different size particles in heterogeneous mixtures. We use a sieve or filter.
Separation of mixtures
EVAPORATION
To separate solids from liquids in homogeneous mixtures.
We can heat liquids to speed up evaporation
Separation of mixtures
DISTILLATION
To separate liquids that have different boiling points in homogeneous mixtures.
The mixture is heated until one of the liquids boils and turn into gas. This gas is condensed back into liquid form and collected.
Separation of mixtures
DECANTATION
To separate substances of different density in heterogeneous mixtures.
Physical changes
They can be changes of the size, shape, colour or state of matter but do not produce new substances.
CHANGES OF STATE
3 states: solid, liquid and gaseous
MELTING AND BOILING POINTS
MELTING POINT
Every substance changes from a solid to a liquid at a fixed temperature
BOILING POINT
Every substance changes from a liquid to gas at a fixed temperature.
Physical changes
Physical changes
Which substance has a higher melting point?
1.064 °C
0 °C
Physical changes
Which substance has a higher boiling point?
101 °C
100 °C
Chemical changes
Chemical reactions happen when the original matter transforms into other new substances. The atoms react and group together differently
OXIDATION
When some metal combine with oxygen in the presence of water
COMBUSTION
When objects are burned
FERMENTATION
When a chemical reaction happens in some living things
ENERGY
It’s the ability to do work of cause changes
Forms of energy
Chemical
Stored in food, plants, batteries, fuel...
Light
Emitted by light sources
Nuclear
Released when the atoms join together or split
Mechanical
Energy due to motion and position
Thermal
Releases heat
Electrical
Produced by movement of charged particles
Forms of energy
MECHANICAL
movement
KINETIC ENERGY
All objects have mechanical energy due to their
position
POTENTIAL ENERGY
Faster they move
more energy
Larger mass
more energy
When an object falls, its potential energy is transformed into kinetic energy.
Forms of energy
CHEMICAL
Chemical energy
mechanical and thermal energy
During chemical reactions, this energy is converted into other forms of energy
Chemical energy
mechanical or electrical energy
Chemical energy
electrical energy
FOOD
FUEL
BATTERY
Forms of energy
ELECTRICAL
It is produced by the movement of charged particles through a conductor
Electrical energy is transformed into other forms of energy:
Mechanical
Thermal
Light
Forms of energy
It comes from light sources
LIGHT
It can be converted into electrical energy
Plants use it for their photosynthesis
Solar panels
Forms of energy
It’s stored in uranium and plutonium
NUCLEAR
In the nuclear power plants they split the atoms of these substances to produce electrical energy
Forms of energy
It’s the energy in an object related to its temperature
THERMAL
Higher temperature
more energy
Larger mass
more energy
Which one has more energy?
With the same temperature, which one has more energy?
ENERGY’S PROPERTIES
IT CAN BE
TRANSFORMED
TRANSPORTED
TRANSFERRED
STORED
ENERGY SOURCES
Renewable energy sources
Non-renewable energy sources
SUN
WIND
WATER
EARTH’S INTERNAL HEAT
BIOMASS
FOSSIL FUELS
- Coal
- Petroleum
- Natural gas
NUCLEAR FUELS
- Uranium
- Plutonium
RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
They never run out
SUN
LIGHT
HEAT
Electrical Energy
WIND
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
WATER
MECHANICAL
ENERGY
EARTH
INTERNAL
HEAT
THERMAL
ENERGY
BIOMASS
CHEMICAL
ENERGY
Electrical energy
Thermal energy
Biofuel
WIND
SUN
WATER
EARTH INTERNAL HEAT
Biomass
NON-RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES
They will run out
Electrical energy
Thermal energy
Fuel
FOSSIL FUELS
Coal
Petroleum
Natural gas
CHEMICAL ENERGY
NUCLEAR FUELS
Uranium
Plutonium
NUCLEAR ENERGY
Electrical energy
FOSSIL FUELS
Coal
Petroleum
Gas
NUCLEAR FUELS
ENERGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL PROBLEMS
Fossil fuels are limited resources
Nuclear energy produces radioactive waste (toxic to living things)
Burning fossils fuels also causes global warming.
SAVING ENERGY
Reduce the temperature of central heating and water heaters.
Walk, ride your bike or use public transport.
Take showers instead of baths.
Turn off lights and machines when not in use.
Dry clothes on a clothesline.
Practise the three Rs: recycle, reuse and reduce.