Program: Computer Engineering

Unit-1 : Fundamentals of Computer Systems

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Course Teacher: Prof. Mahendra Shinde

Course Structure :

�Course Outcomes:�

1.  Use computer system and its peripherals.
2. Design algorithm, flowchart for given problem statements.
3. Analyze the functioning of data communication and computer network.
4. Study basics of Information Security.

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��Learning Resources:� �

• Reference Books:
• Forouzan Behrouz A. “Data Communication and Networking” Tata McGraw New Delhi, 2006,ISBN 9780-07-296777-3
• Tanenbaum Andrew S “Computer Network”PHI Learning Pvt Ltd.Delhi,ISBN-13:978-0-13-212695
• Jery R. Hanly, Elliot B. Koffman, Problem Solving and Program Design in C 5^th Edition, Pearson Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-321-46464-8
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�Assessment Scheme:� Class Continuous Assessment (CCA) :50 Marks�

�Laboratory Continuous Assessment (LCA) :50 Marks�

�Term End Examination : 50% (50)�

• Term End exam of 50 marks will be based on entire syllabus.

�UNIT-1 CONTENTS :Hardware and software: An Introduction�

• Main Components of Personnel Computer,
• Role of CPU, CU and ALU,
• Types of main memory,
• Types of Input output devices,
• Types of Peripheral Devices,
• various secondary storage devices such as Hard-disk, floppy disk, CD-ROM, DVD-ROM

UNIT-1 CONTENTS :Hardware and software: An Introduction

• Types of Software-Application and System Software,
• Operating System and its types,
• Introduction to DBMS-
• what is database management system,
• advantages and uses of DBMS,
• applications of DBMS.

Experiment list (1-10 )

LCA list (1-10 )

1.Main Components of Personnel Computer

What is a Computer?�

• Nowadays computers have become one of the essential parts of human life.
• Computers are making jobs easier for people .
• Computers can be used in any field such as communications, research, entertainment ,navigation etc.

What is a Computer?�

• The term “COMPUTER” is acronym for Common Operating Machine Purposely used for Technological and Educational Research .
• Computer is programmable electronic machine designed to take input , perform arithmetic and logical operations at fast speeds, and provide the output of these operations .

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Block diagram of Computer System

Computer systems- Hardware & Software �

• Computer systems are a combination of both hardware and software working together.
• Hardware is the physical components of a computer
• such as the central processing unit (CPU), hard disk, monitor, keyboard and mouse.

*Computer systems- Hardware & Software �

• Software is the programs that run on a computer.
• A computer system requires both hardware and software to function

Hardware and software

• Aside from the internal components of a computer, additional hardware allows the user to communicate with the system through peripherals . 

Components of Computer Systems

• Computer systems consist of three components :
• Central Processing Unit
• Input devices
• Output devices.

Central Processing Unit

• CPU has following three components.
• ALU (Arithmetic Logic Unit)
• Control Unit
• Memory or Storage Unit

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Input devices

• Input devices help to get input or data from user.
• Some of input devices are −
• Key Board
• Mouse
• Scanners

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Central Processing Unit�

• The term CPU refers to the processor package on a typical motherboard.
• Figure 1 displays a standard Intel processor package.

Central Processing Unit�

• The term CPU refers to the processor package on a typical motherboard.
• Figure 1 displays a standard Intel processor package.

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Figure : An Intel Core i5 processor package 

CPU SOCKET

• The processor package is a chip containing the processor(s) sealed inside a metal container and mounted on a small printed circuit (PC) board.
• The package is simply dropped into place in the CPU socket on a motherboard and secured with a locking lever arrangement.
• A CPU cooler attaches to the processor package. 

Central Processing Unit (CPU)

• Features of CPU −
• CPU is considered as the brain of the computer.
• It performs all types of data processing operations.
• It stores data, intermediate results, and instructions (program).
• It controls the operation of all parts of the computer.

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)�

• This unit consists of two subsections namely,
• Arithmetic Section
• Logic Section

Arithmetic Logic Unit (ALU)�

• ALU consists of two subsections namely:
• Arithmetic Section
• Logic Section

�ALU: Arithmetic Section��

• Function of arithmetic section is to perform arithmetic operations like addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division.
• All complex operations are done by making repetitive use of the above operations.

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�ALU: Logic Section��

• Function of logic section is to perform logic operations such as logical OR, AND, NOT/Complement, NAND , NOR , EX-OR, EX-NOR, compare, select, match, and merging of data.

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Control Unit

• This unit controls the operations of all parts of the computer .
• Functions of this unit are −
• It is responsible for controlling the transfer of data and instructions among other units of a computer.
• It manages and coordinates all the units of the computer.
• It obtains the instructions from the memory, interprets them, and directs the operation of the computer.
• It communicates with Input/Output devices for transfer of data or results from storage.
• It does not process or store data.

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Memory or Storage Unit�

• This unit can store instructions, data, and intermediate results.
• This unit supplies information to other units of the computer when needed.
• Its size affects speed, power, and capability.

Memory or Storage Unit�

• Functions of the memory unit are −
• It stores all the data and the instructions required for processing.
• It stores intermediate results of processing.
• It stores the final results of processing before these results are released to an output device.
• All inputs and outputs are transmitted through the main memory.

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Computer Memory

• Computer memory refers to storage area where data is stored.
• It is of two types −
• Primary Memory
• Secondary Memory

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1. Primary Memory

• Primary memory is the main memory of computer present in motherboard.

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Primary Memory: Random Access Memory(RAM)�

• RAM is referred as temporary memory means information stored is lost, once computer is turned off.
• It is a volatile memory. Instructions written in this memory can be modified; hence it is also known as programmable memory.
• The two types of RAM are Static RAM (faster and costlier) and Dynamic RAM.

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RAM

• 4GB, 8GB, 16GB

Functions of RAM

• It stores data till it gets processed.
• It stores instructions for data processing.
• It acts as a working space where data processing takes place and intermediate results are stored.
• It stores processed data/results before it is sent to output devices.

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1.Primary Memory: Read Only Memory(ROM)

• ROM is referred as permanent memory, in which information stored is available even if computer is turned off.
• Instructions stored in this memory can only be read and cannot be modified.
• Mostly ROM has a start-up instruction which is executed every time when computer is switched on.
• Types of ROM are PROM (Programmable Read Only Memory), EPROM (Erasable PROM), EEPROM (Electrically Erasable PROM) and flash memory.

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Read Only Memory�

Secondary Memory

• Sometimes when data to be processed is large, it cannot fit in primary memory as it is limited, in such cases, we use supplement memory or secondary memory.
• Secondary memory helps to store information permanently and is non-volatile.
• Examples of secondary storage memory are compact disk, floppy disk, pen drive, external hard drive, etc.

Secondary Memory

Secondary Memory

Cache Memory

• Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory.
• It is used to speed up and synchronizing with high-speed CPU.
• Cache memory is costlier than main memory or disk memory but economical than CPU registers.
• Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU.
• It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to the CPU when needed.�

• Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory. The cache is a smaller and faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. There are various different independent caches in a CPU, which store instructions and data.

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Cache Memory

Cache Memory

• Cache Memory is a special very high-speed memory. It is used to speed up and synchronizing with high-speed CPU. Cache memory is costlier than main memory or disk memory but economical than CPU registers. Cache memory is an extremely fast memory type that acts as a buffer between RAM and the CPU. It holds frequently requested data and instructions so that they are immediately available to the CPU when needed.
• Cache memory is used to reduce the average time to access data from the Main memory. The cache is a smaller and faster memory which stores copies of the data from frequently used main memory locations. There are various different independent caches in a CPU, which store instructions and data.�

• Cache memory is a chip-based computer component that makes retrieving data from the computer's memory more efficient. It acts as a temporary storage area that the computer's processor can retrieve data from easily. This temporary storage area, known as a cache, is more readily available to the processor than the computer's main memory source, typically some form of DRAM.
• Cache memory is sometimes called CPU (central processing unit) memory because it is typically integrated directly into the CPU chip or placed on a separate chip that has a separate bus interconnect with the CPU. Therefore, it is more accessible to the processor, and able to increase efficiency, because it's physically close to the processor.

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• In order to be close to the processor, cache memory needs to be much smaller than main memory. Consequently, it has less storage space. It is also more expensive than main memory, as it is a more complex chip that yields higher performance.
• What it sacrifices in size and price, it makes up for in speed. Cache memory operates between 10 to 100 times faster than RAM, requiring only a few nanoseconds to respond to a CPU request.
• The name of the actual hardware that is used for cache memory is high-speed static random access memory (SRAM). The name of the hardware that is used in a computer's main memory is dynamic random access memory (DRAM).
• Cache memory is not to be confused with the broader term cache. Caches are temporary stores of data that can exist in both hardware and software. Cache memory refers to the specific hardware component that allows computers to create caches at various levels of the network.

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Flash memory

• Flash memory is a non-volatile memory chip used for storage and for transfering data between a personal computer (PC) and digital devices. It has the ability to be electronically reprogrammed and erased. It is often found in USB flash drives, MP3 players, digital cameras and solid-state drives.
• Flash memory is a type of electronically erasable programmable read only memory (EEPROM), but may also be a standalone memory storage device such as a USB drive.
• EEPROM is a type of data memory device using an electronic device to erase or write digital data. Flash memory is a distinct type of EEPROM, which is programmed and erased in large blocks.

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Flash memory

• Flash memory is widely used with car radios, cell phones, digital cameras, PDAs, solid-state drives, tablets, and printers.

Flash memory

•  Flash memory is referred to as flash storage and solid-state storage
• Flash memory is non-volatile computer memory.
• Flash memory is an integrated circuit that does not need continuous power to retain data, but is a bit more expensive than magnetic storage.
• Nowdays ,flash memory is very popular and solid-state drives are a practical replacement for large hard drives if you have the extra money.
• Flash memory is widely used with car radios, cell phones, digital cameras, PDAs, solid-state drives, tablets, and printers.

Types of Input - output devices

Input and Output devices

Input Devices

Input devices

Input devices �

Output devices

Output devices

Output devices

• To be continued in next part…………..