Biology
Sylvia S. Mader�Michael Windelspecht
Chapter 46
Major Ecosystems
of the Biosphere
Lecture Outline
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Outline
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46.1 Climate and the Biosphere
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Climate and the Biosphere
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Climate and the Biosphere-1
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Distribution of Solar Energy
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Global Wind Circulation
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Climate and the Biosphere-2
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Formation of a Rain Shadow
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Climate and the Biosphere-3
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46.2 Terrestrial Ecosystems
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Biome Pattern of Temperature�and Precipitation
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Distribution of Biomes
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Terrestrial Ecosystems
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Climate and Biomes
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Terrestrial Ecosystems-1
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The Tundra
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Terrestrial Ecosystems-2
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The Taiga
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Terrestrial Ecosystems-3
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Temperate Deciduous Forest
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Terrestrial Ecosystems-4
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Levels of Life in a Tropical Rain Forest
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Representative Animals of the�Tropical Rain Forests of the World
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Terrestrial Ecosystems-5
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Terrestrial Ecosystems-6
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Temperate Grassland
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The Savanna
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Terrestrial Ecosystems-7
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The Desert
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46.3 Aquatic Ecosystems
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Freshwater and Saltwater Ecosystems
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Aquatic Ecosystems
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Types of Lakes
a: © Roger Evans/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Pat Watson, photographer
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Aquatic Ecosystems-1
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Aquatic Ecosystems-2
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Lake Stratification in a Temperate Region
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Aquatic Ecosystems-3
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Zones of a Lake
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Aquatic Ecosystems-4
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Aquatic Ecosystems-5
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Coastal Ecosystems
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Aquatic Ecosystems-6
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Ocean Ecosystems
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Aquatic Ecosystems-7
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Ocean Inhabitants
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Aquatic Ecosystems-8
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Biomagnification of Mercury
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Biomagnification of Mercury-1
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Aquatic Ecosystems-9
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Ocean Currents
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Appendix : Long Description for Visuals
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Long Description for Distribution of Solar Energy
Distribution of solar energy. a. Because the Earth is a sphere, beams of solar energy striking the Earth near one of the poles are spread over a wider area than similar beams striking the Earth at the equator. b. The seasons of the Northern and Southern Hemispheres are due to the tilt of the Earth on its axis as it rotates about the sun.
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Long Description for Global Wind Circulation
Global wind circulation. Air ascends and descends as shown because the Earth rotates on its axis. Also, the trade winds move from the northeast to the west in the Northern Hemisphere, and from the southeast to the west in the Southern Hemisphere. The westerlies move toward the east.
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Long Description for Formation of a Rain Shadow
Formation of a rain shadow. When winds from the sea cross a coastal mountain range, they rise and release their moisture as they cool this side of a mountain, called the windward side. The leeward side of a mountain receives relatively little rain and is therefore said to lie in a “rain shadow.”
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Long Description for Biome Pattern of Temperature and Precipitation
Pattern of biome distribution. a. Pattern of world biomes in relation to temperature and moisture. The dashed line encloses a wide range of environments in which either grasses or woody plants can dominate the area, depending on the soil type.
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Long Description for Distribution of Biomes
b. The same type of biome can occur in different regions of the world, as shown on this global map.
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Long Description for Climate and Biomes
Climate and biomes. Biomes change with altitude just as they do with latitude because vegetation is partly determined by temperature. Precipitation also plays a significant role, which is one reason grasslands, instead of tropical or deciduous forests, are sometimes found at the base of mountains.
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Long Description for The Tundra
The tundra. a. In this biome, which is nearest the polar regions, the vegetation consists principally of lichens, mosses, grasses, and low-growing shrubs. The melting snow forms pools of water on the permanently frozen ground, attracting many birds. b. Caribou will feed on lichens, grasses, and shrubs during the summer then migrate south during the winter.
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Long Description for The Taiga
The taiga. The taiga, which means “swampland,” spans northern Europe, Asia, and North America. The appellation “spruce-moose” refers to the (a) dominant presence of spruce trees and (b) moose, which frequent the ponds.
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Long Description for Temperate Deciduous Forest
Temperate deciduous forest. a. The Shawnee National Forest in Illinois is home to many varied plants and animals. b. Marsh marigolds may be found in wetland areas, chipmunks feed on acorns, and bobcats prey on these and other small mammals.
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Long Description for Levels of Life in a Tropical Rain Forest
Levels of life in a tropical rain forest. The primary levels in a tropical rain forest are the canopy, the understory, and the forest floor. But the canopy (solid layer of leaves) contains levels as well, and some organisms spend their entire lives in one particular level. Long lianas (hanging vines) climb into the canopy, where they produce leaves. Epiphytes are air plants that grow on the trees but do not parasitize them.
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Long Description for Representative Animals of the Tropical Rain Forests of the World
Tropical rain forests. Some of the representative animals found in the tropical rain forests.
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Long Description for Shrubland
Shrubland. a. Shrublands, such as chaparral in California, are subject to raging fires, but the shrubs are adapted to quickly regrow.b. Greater roadrunners find a home in the chaparral.
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Long Description for Temperate Grassland
Temperate grassland. a. Tall-grass prairies are seas of grasses dotted by pines and junipers. b. Bison, once abundant, are now being reintroduced into certain areas.
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Long Description for The Savanna
The savanna. The African savanna varies from grassland to widely spaced shrubs and trees. a. This biome supports a large assemblage of herbivores (e.g., zebras, wildebeests, and giraffes). b. Carnivores (e.g., cheetahs) prey on these.
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Long Description for The Desert
The desert. Plants and animals that live in a desert are adapted to arid conditions. a. The plants are either succulents, which retain moisture, or shrubs with woody stems and small leaves, which lose little moisture. b. Among the animal life, the kangaroo rat feeds on seeds and other vegetation. c. Burrowing owls feed on rodents, reptiles, and insects. d. The kit fox is a desert carnivore.
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Long Description for Freshwater and Saltwater Ecosystems
Freshwater and saltwater ecosystems. Center: Mountain streams have cold, clear water that flows over waterfalls and rapids. As streams merge, a river forms and gets increasingly wider and deeper until it meanders across broad, flat valleys. At its mouth, a river may divide into many channels, where wetlands and estuaries are located, before flowing into the sea. To Sides: Mayfly larvae are found in clean water with a high oxygen content. Trout are a major predator of mayflies. Carp are adapted to water that contains little oxygen and much sediment. Blue crabs are found in estuary regions
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Long Description for Types of Lakes
Types of lakes. Lakes can be classified according to whether they are (a) oligotrophic (nutrient-poor) or (b) eutrophic (nutrient-rich). Eutrophic lakes tend to have large populations of algae and rooted plants, resulting in a large population of decomposers, which use up much of the oxygen and leave little oxygen for fishes.
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Long Description for Lake Stratification in a Temperate Region
Lake stratification in a temperate region. Temperature profiles of a large oligotrophic lake in a temperate region vary with the season. During the spring and fall overturns, the deep waters receive oxygen from surface waters, and surface waters receive inorganic nutrients from deep waters.
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Long Description for Zones of a Lake
Zones of a lake. Rooted plants and clinging organisms live in the littoral zone. Phytoplankton, zooplankton, and fishes are in the sunlit limnetic zone. Water striders (photo) stand on the surface film of water with water-repellent feet. Crayfishes and molluscs (art) are in the profundal zone as well as the littoral zone. Pike (photo and art) are top carnivores prized by anglers.
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Long Description for Coastal Ecosystems
Coastal ecosystems. a. Mudflats are frequented by migrant birds. b. Mangrove swamps skirt the coastlines of many tropical and subtropical lands. c. Some organisms of a rocky coast live in tidal pools.
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Long Description for Ocean Ecosystems
Ocean ecosystems. Organisms live in the well-lit waters of the euphotic zone and in the increasing darkness of the deep-sea waters of the pelagic zones (see Fig. 46.21).
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Long Description for Ocean Inhabitants
Ocean inhabitants Different organisms are characteristic of the epipelagic, mesopelagic, and bathypelagic zones of the pelagic division compared to the abyssal zone of the benthic division.
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Long Description for Biomagnification of Mercury-1
Biomagnification of mercury. a. Tuna may contain high levels of mercury due to biomagnification. b. Eating tuna or other fish that contains high levels of mercury can lead to problems with fetal development.
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Long Description for Ocean Currents
Ocean currents. The arrows on this map indicate the locations and directions of the major ocean currents set in motion by the global wind circulation. By carrying warm water to cool latitudes (e.g., the Gulf Stream) and cool water to warm latitudes (e.g., the Humboldt Current), these currents have a major effect on the world’s climates.
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