Application Layer

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Application Layer

How are users authenticated in modern websites?

The server sets a cookie with a session ID associated with the server side code.

The user submits its login information with every request.

The server encrypts confidential data with the user's key.

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Why are two separate ports used for encrypted and unencrypted versions of a protocol?

The encrypted version requires a different behavior than the unencrypted version.

It may be ambiguous whether the client is using encrypted or unencrypted requests.

The unencrypted protocol was introduced first and adding encryption is not possible without breaking compatibility.

Other:

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Does the sender of a mail always contact the destination mailserver directly?

Yes.

No.

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Does using an ISP provided DNS server reduce resolution time?

Yes, the server is closer to the user, hence latency is smaller.

No, the recursive lookup increases the time until the user receives a response.

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When requesting http://google.ch in a modern browser, multiple connections will be opened. Why?

The HTTP (port 80) server redirects users to use HTTPS (port 443).

The server for domain google.ch redirects to the www.google.ch domain.

The browser opens additional connections to fetch resources in parallel.

The client issues HTTP/1.0 requests and needs to open a connection for each resource.

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