Community Medicine: Disease Prevention, Control and DALY – NEET PG Quiz
This quiz covers principles of prevention and control of communicable and noncommunicable diseases, planning of interventions, modifiable risk factors, disease stages, burden of disease, DALY and cost-effectiveness.
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1. The first major step in planning prevention and control of a communicable disease is to consider: *
Explanation: Understanding the causal agent, host and mode of transmission helps identify appropriate points for intervention.
2. In planning a disease-control programme, the MOST useful intervention plan should specify: *
Explanation: A programme needs clearly defined responsibilities, timing, location, methods, rationale and resources.
3. A disease-control intervention should ideally be: *
Explanation: A theoretically effective intervention may fail if it is unsafe, unaffordable or impossible to implement.
4. Why is logistical feasibility important in a public-health intervention? *
Explanation: Public-health interventions must work within the available workforce, infrastructure, transport, supplies and systems.
5. Before implementing a major public-health programme, which is an important administrative step? *
Explanation: Approvals, funding, personnel and supplies are necessary for programme implementation.
6. After implementation of a disease-control programme, the MOST appropriate next activity is: *
Explanation: Monitoring allows identification of gaps and modification of interventions to improve effectiveness.
7. Publishing the results of a successful public-health intervention is useful because it: *
Explanation: Sharing evidence allows successful approaches and lessons learned to inform other programmes.
8. In noncommunicable disease prevention, the concept corresponding most closely to the infectious-disease 'agent' is: *
Explanation: For NCDs, disease causation is generally conceptualized in terms of multiple risk factors rather than a single infectious agent.
9. Which risk factor should generally receive priority in an NCD prevention programme? *
Explanation: Priority should consider strength of association, modifiability, expected benefit, cost, safety and feasibility.
10. Which is an example of a modifiable risk factor for many noncommunicable diseases? *
Explanation: Tobacco exposure is modifiable and strongly associated with multiple NCDs.
11. Which factor is generally NOT modifiable? *
Explanation: Age is an important risk factor but cannot be modified. Programme efforts generally focus on modifiable determinants.
12. Why should an NCD programme avoid targeting every possible risk factor? *
Explanation: Public-health programmes must prioritize interventions according to expected benefit, cost, safety and feasibility.
13. Prevention and control planning should ideally consider: *
Explanation: Disease control may involve primordial/primary prevention, early detection, treatment, disability limitation and rehabilitation.
14. Screening for a disease in an asymptomatic population is primarily aimed at: *
Explanation: Screening can facilitate earlier detection in appropriately selected populations.
15. A well-designed intervention programme should have: *
Explanation: Clear objectives and indicators make implementation and evaluation possible.
16. DALY stands for: *
Explanation: DALY is a summary measure of population health loss.
17. One DALY is best interpreted as: *
Explanation: DALY quantifies years of healthy life lost because of premature death and disability.
18. DALY is composed of: *
Explanation: DALY = Years of Life Lost due to premature mortality (YLL) + Years Lived with Disability (YLD).
19. YLL refers to: *
Explanation: YLL captures the mortality component of disease burden.
20. YLD refers to: *
Explanation: YLD represents the non-fatal component of disease burden.
21. A disease causing many years of premature death and prolonged disability will generally produce: *
Explanation: Both premature mortality and disability contribute to DALYs.
22. DALY is particularly useful in public health because it: *
Explanation: DALY permits comparison of health loss from diseases with different patterns of death and disability.
23. The concept 'cost to save one DALY' is primarily useful for assessing: *
Explanation: Cost per DALY averted is a cost-effectiveness measure that relates resources used to health gained.
24. Intervention A costs ₹10 lakh and prevents 1,000 DALYs, while Intervention B costs ₹10 lakh and prevents 100 DALYs. Which has the lower cost per DALY averted? *
Explanation: Cost per DALY averted = Cost / DALYs averted. A prevents more DALYs for the same cost, so its cost per DALY averted is lower.
25. Which statement BEST summarizes the approach to prevention and disease-control planning? *
Explanation: Effective public health requires evidence-based prioritization, operational planning, implementation, monitoring, evaluation and continuous improvement.
Key Learning Message
For communicable diseases, understand the agent, host and transmission and intervene at feasible points in the chain of transmission. For NCDs, focus particularly on important modifiable risk factors. A good programme defines who should do what, when, where, how, why and with what resources; obtains approvals and funding; implements the intervention; monitors and optimizes it; evaluates outcomes; and shares the evidence. DALY measures health loss as YLL + YLD. Cost per DALY averted is a useful measure of cost-effectiveness.
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