Generic Regime Shift template
Thank you for contributing to the regime shifts database! If you read a scientific paper that reports the occurrence of one regime shift somewhere in the world, please fill a few questions below that will help us understand how, where, and why are they occurring. Your contributions are very important for our science!

Questions marked with * are required fields and are the bare minimum we need for case studies to be included. All others are optional and should be marked only if the paper you read refer to it, for example the impacts on ecosystem services and human wellbeing. If there is no info available please leave the field empty.
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Date *
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Regime shift name *
Short, succinct name for the type of regime shift. Try to include a brief reference to both regimes (e.g. clear to turbid water). The regime shift types should be generalized descriptions of the dynamics of a particular kind of RS as observed over multiple case studies, rather than a description of the dynamics that occurred in a particular case (e.g. Lake Eutrophication in Lake Mendota). However, for large-scale regional or global RS the case may be unique (e.g. collapse of the thermohaline circulation) and can then be described in unique terms.
Main contributor *

Names of those who primarily contributed to the text (comma separated if many)

Other contributors

Names of others who contributed to and reviewed the text (comma separated if many)

Basic information 
The following section summarises basic information about the regime shift case with short text and categorical variables. Most of them are multiple choice. If you do not know the answer or the paper you reviewed does not provide information, please leave empty.
Summary

Brief, clear, easy-to-understand summary of the regime shift: the alternate regimes, the key drivers (social and ecological), and key impacts. This section is intended to be understandable by lay persons and the general public. Limit the summary to 1 paragraph and do not include references. This section should be written last, once you have finalized all the other sections.

Alternate regimes

This section describes the different regimes that may exist in the system. Use the following structure to write this section:


Para 1: Brief introduction and background to the topic/system. Clearly define the system and its boundaries (eg, lake and its watershed, including the people living in the landscape). Where does the system (eg coral reefs) occur?

Name for Regime 1

Para 1: Briefly describe what the regime looks like - what do you see in the field? (e.g., clear water, rooted plants on lake floor, limited agriculture in the catchment)

Name for Regime 2

Para 1: Briefly describe what the regime looks like - what do you see in the field? (e.g., turbid water, dense algal blooms, extensive agriculture in the catchment)

Drivers and causes of the regime shift

This section contains a description of the key drivers that cause the system to shift from Regime 1 to Regime 2. Include key references. Max 300 words per shift. We suggest the following structure:


Shift from Regime 1 to Regime 2

Para 1: Describe the main causes of the regime shift.

Para 2: Describe other important causes of the regime shift.


Where applicable, do the same for the shift from regime 2 to regime 1.

How the regime shift works

This section describes in lay terms how the drivers and feedbacks interact to cause the system to shift from Regime 1 to Regime 2 and vice versa. Include key references. Max 400 words per shift. We suggest the following structure for this section:


Shift from Regime 1 to Regime 2

Para 1: Describe how Regime 1 works: under which conditions does it occur, and what feedbacks maintain the regime?

Para 2: Describe how the key drivers cause the system to cross key thresholds and move into Regime 2.

Para 3: Describe how Regime 2 works, and the key feedbacks that maintain the regime.


Where applicable, do the same for the shift from regime 2 to regime 1.

Impacts on ecosystem services and human well-being

This section describes the impacts of the regime shift on ecosystems, ecosystem services (provisioning, regulating, cultural) and human well-being. Max 200 words per shift. We suggest the following structure for this section:


Shift from Regime 1 to Regime 2

Para 1: Which ecosystem services are lost and gained with this regime shift?

Para 2: What impacts does this have on human well-being? Who benefits and loses?


Where applicable, do the same for the shift from regime 2 to regime 1.

Options for managing the regime shift 

Describe the options for preventing undesirable regime shifts or restoring/encouraging desirable regime shifts. Max 300 words. Use the following structure to write this section:


Para 1: Options for preventing regime shift (ie, enhancing resilience). What management actions or interventions can be taken to maintain desirable regimes and avoid undesirable regime shifts?

Para 2: Options for restoration of desirable regimes (ie, reducing resilience to encourage restoration or transformation). What management actions or interventions can be taken to transform to or restore desirable regimes?

Reference: text
If the text you read does not have a DOI, please paste a complete reference of your source. We suggest you use Google Scholar to find the reference, click on cite, and copy and paste here the reference on APA format. For example the classic paper by Folke et al on regime shifts would be:

Folke, C., Carpenter, S., Walker, B., Scheffer, M., Elmqvist, T., Gunderson, L., & Holling, C. S. (2004). Regime shifts, resilience, and biodiversity in ecosystem management. Annu. Rev. Ecol. Evol. Syst., 35, 557-581.

If you have more than one reference, please use IDs as follows to separate them "(#1) ...... (#2) ......". Those IDs must be the same between the reference text and DOI.
Reference: DOI

Please add the DOI (digital object identifier) of the paper you read. For example: https://doi.org/10.1126/science.aat7850. To verify that the DOI works, you can paste it after the following address and it should take you to the original paper: https://doi.org/ 

The DOI must be a link (staring by https://doi.org/), alternatively, if no DOI is available, you can enter the OpenAlex ID or another link.


If you have more than one reference, please use IDs as follows to separate them "(#1) ...... (#2) ......". Those IDs must be the same between the reference text and DOI.

Variables

The following fields serve as a summary of the details above, and their main purpose is to enable database searches.

Key direct drivers of the RS

Land uses

Land use under which the RS occurs

Ecosystem type

Ecosystem type in which the RS occurs
Impacts on Key Ecosystem Processes

Impacts on ecosystem services

Impacts - Provisioning services

Impacts - Regulating services

Impacts - Cultural services

Impacts on Human Well-being

Impacts - Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs)
Spatial scale of the case study
Clear selection

Key Attributes - Time scale of RS
Reversibility of RS
Clear selection

Evidence
 Confidence: Existence of RS
Clear selection
Confidence: Mechanism underlying RS
Clear selection
Diagrams and photos

Please suggest diagrams or photographs that illustrate the regime shift in the particular case study if available. You can include a link to a creative commons resource that  can be freely distributed. 

Observations or comments
Is there any remarks you would like to share that will help us better code this case?
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