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Which of the following is the most effective way for the United States to respond to ambiguous forces or use of force to improve its odds of deterring future such actions?

Respond with its own use of force or forces against the known or suspected sponsor state

Respond with its own use of force or forces directly against the ambiguous forces being used

Counter with direct cyber, economic, or diplomatic actions against the suspected sponsor state and/or forces being used

Create communications campaigns aimed at “naming and shaming” states that use or support ambiguous forces

Pursue bilateral diplomacy with the suspected sponsor; where needed, turn to international bodies for dispute resolution

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