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19.12.2025
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Q.1 Consider the following statements about Italy’s physical geography:

1.Italy’s longest river originates in the Alps and drains into the Adriatic Sea.

2. The highest point of Italy lies entirely within its national territory.

3. Italy’s volcanic activity is associated with the Alpine–Himalayan orogenic belt rather than the Pacific Ring of Fire.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to Mexico’s physical geography and tectonic setting, consider the following statements:

1. The Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt is a direct consequence of subduction of the Cocos Plate beneath the North American Plate.

2. The Yucatán Peninsula’s geomorphology contrasts with Mexico’s volcanic regions due to its limestone-dominated karst terrain.

3. The Rio Grande and Colorado rivers originate entirely within Mexico but flow into the Gulf of Mexico.

4. Mexico’s position along the Ring of Fire explains both its mineral richness and frequent seismic events.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Options:

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to the International Fund for Agricultural Development (IFAD), consider the following statements:

1. IFAD was established in the aftermath of the 1974 World Food Conference and formally created through a United Nations General Assembly resolution in 1977.

2. IFAD is both a specialized agency of the United Nations and a member of the United Nations Development Group (UNDG).

3. IFAD’s Governing Council, its highest decision-making body, meets annually, while its Executive Board meets every three years.

4. IFAD provides only country-specific grants, whereas global and regional research grants are exclusively routed through UNDP-administered trust funds.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to the recently articulated Pax Silica Initiative, consider the following statements:

1. The initiative’s conceptual foundation is comparable to post–Second World War economic orders such as Bretton Woods, in that it seeks to create stability through rule-based control over a foundational economic input.

2. The emphasis on silica-to-silicon supply chains aligns with concerns already reflected in India’s Semiconductor Mission and the CHIPS and Science Act (USA) regarding technological sovereignty.

3. Unlike traditional critical mineral partnerships, Pax Silica explicitly integrates energy grids, AI compute infrastructure, and logistics as part of strategic technology security.

4. Membership of Pax Silica overlaps entirely with the Quad, reflecting a convergence of Indo-Pacific security and technology alliances.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

5With reference to the Gulf of Oman, consider the following statements:

1. It is the only maritime corridor connecting the Indian Ocean with the Persian Gulf, and its strategic relevance is amplified due to the concentration of global energy trade passing through it.

2. The relatively shallow nature of the gulf is linked to its tectonic origin associated with a fissure between the Iranian and Omani mountain systems.

3. India’s strategic interest in the region is reinforced by the location of Chabahar Port on the northern coast of the gulf, which lies outside the Strait of Hormuz.

4. The Strait of Hormuz, which narrows to about 35 miles, directly connects the Gulf of Oman with the Arabian Sea.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

Consider the following statements regarding supernovae and their relevance to contemporary astrophysical research:

1. Type Ia supernovae are used as standard candles in cosmology because their luminosity depends on the mass at which a white dwarf undergoes thermonuclear runaway.

2. ore-collapse supernovae (Type II) are the principal astrophysical sites responsible for the synthesis of iron and heavier elements through rapid neutron capture (r-process).

3. Observations of distant supernovae led to the discovery of the accelerated expansion of the universe, providing indirect evidence for dark energy.

3. Supernova remnants significantly influence galactic evolution by triggering star formation and enriching the interstellar medium with heavy elements.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to the Deodar tree (Cedrus deodara) in India, consider the following statements:

1. It is a monoecious conifer native to the western Himalayas and naturally occurs in the moist temperate forest zone between 1,800–3,000 m altitude.

2. Its ecological importance includes slope stabilization and regulation of hydrological cycles in alpine and subalpine regions.

3.Traditional use of its wood in temple construction is linked to its high resin content and natural resistance to pests and decay.

4. Under India’s forest classification system, Deodar-dominated forests are primarily categorized as tropical dry deciduous forests.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to the strategic importance of critical minerals highlighted in recent Government of India initiatives on mineral security and value-chain resilience, consider the following statements about pyrite:

1. Pyrite is an iron sulfide mineral that acts as a potential indirect source of gold due to the presence of microscopic gold inclusions.

2. Sulfuric acid production from pyrite aligns with India’s fertilizer and chemical manufacturing ecosystem, which is classified as a core sector in the Index of Eight Core Industries.

3. Despite its metallic luster, pyrite cannot be scratched by a fingernail or pocket knife, unlike native gold.

4. Pyrite is primarily found only in sedimentary basins and is absent from hydrothermal and metamorphic geological settings.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to Goniopora coral and Black Band Disease (BBD), consider the following statements:

1. Goniopora corals, despite being thermally tolerant and photosynthetic, remain vulnerable to diseases when coastal nutrient loads increase.

2. The symbiotic dinoflagellates (zooxanthellae) in Goniopora directly cause Black Band Disease under high-temperature conditions.

3. Black Band Disease is associated with microbial consortia and is often linked to anthropogenic nutrient runoff.

4. The occurrence of Black Band Disease challenges the assumption that thermal tolerance alone ensures coral resilience under climate change.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to Pallas's Gull and the Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary, consider the following statements:

1. Pallas’s Gull is the world’s largest black-headed gull and belongs to the family Laridae.

2. The species breeds primarily in tropical wetlands of South Asia and winters in the Arctic region.

3.Udhwa Lake Bird Sanctuary consists of two floodplain wetlands associated with the Ganga river system and was designated a Ramsar Site in 2025.

4. The sanctuary’s importance for Pallas’s Gull is linked to its location along the Central Asian Flyway, which connects Arctic-temperate breeding grounds with wintering areas in South Asia.

5.The conservation status of Pallas’s Gull under the IUCN Red List qualifies it for inclusion under Schedule I of the Wildlife (Protection) Act, 1972.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to the Champions of the Earth Award, consider the following statements:

1. It is the highest environmental honour conferred by the United Nations system and is awarded by the United Nations Environment Programme.

2. The award specifically recognises contributions addressing the triple planetary crisis identified by the United Nations.

3. Only individuals from the public sector are eligible for the award under its four categories.

4. The “Science and Innovation” category aligns with the United Nations’ emphasis on evidence-based policymaking for achieving the Sustainable Development Goals.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to the recently developed GlowCas9 protein, consider the following statements:

1.The bioluminescence in GlowCas9 arises due to the reconstitution of a split nano-luciferase enzyme only when the Cas9 protein attains its correct functional conformation.

2. By enabling real-time visualization of genome editing, GlowCas9 directly improves the efficiency of Non-Homologous End Joining (NHEJ) during DNA repair.

3. The enhanced stability of GlowCas9 at higher temperatures makes it suitable for use in plant tissues without disrupting cellular viability.

4. The application of GlowCas9 aligns with the concept of homology-directed repair (HDR), which is particularly relevant for correcting monogenic disorders such as sickle-cell anaemia.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to Agentic Artificial Intelligence (AI), consider the following statements:

1. Agentic AI systems differ from conventional generative AI in that they can autonomously set goals, plan multi-step actions, execute them using external tools, and revise behaviour through feedback loops.

2. The functional architecture of agentic AI broadly aligns with the Observe–Orient–Decide–Act (OODA) loop, a concept originally developed in military strategy.

3. India’s official AI policy discourse, as reflected in documents of NITI Aayog, explicitly discourages autonomous decision-making systems due to ethical risks, thereby excluding agent-based AI from public sector use.

4. The Economic Survey of India has highlighted the potential of AI systems with autonomous capabilities to enhance governance outcomes, provided strong human-in-the-loop and accountability mechanisms are ensured.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to Gonorrhoea and the growing concern of Antimicrobial Resistance (AMR), consider the following statements:

1. Gonorrhoea is caused by a bacterium that can infect both genital and extra-genital sites such as the throat and eyes.

2. India’s National Action Plan on Antimicrobial Resistance (NAP-AMR) recognises drug-resistant gonorrhoea as a public health threat requiring surveillance and stewardship.

3. Untreated gonorrhoea can lead to infertility, pelvic inflammatory disease, and neonatal eye infections acquired during childbirth.

4. According to NCERT biology, viral sexually transmitted infections are the primary contributors to antimicrobial resistance in India.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

Options:

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to the launch of the BlueBird-6 satellite by ISRO’s LVM-3 rocket, consider the following statements:

1. The BlueBird-6 satellite operates in Low Earth Orbit (LEO) and is designed to enable direct-to-device broadband connectivity using standard mobile phones without terrestrial cell towers.

2. The satellite employs a large phased-array antenna, a technology conceptually similar to electronically steerable radar systems discussed in NCERT physics, enabling wide-area coverage without mechanical movement.

3. The choice of LVM-3 for this mission is primarily due to its ability to place satellites directly into Geostationary Orbit (GEO) without an intermediate transfer orbit.

4. The mission reflects India’s increasing role in commercial heavy-lift launches, aligning with ISRO’s mandate to support global space services as outlined in official policy documents.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

16Consider the following statements regarding the Uchi Pillaiyar (Rockfort) Temple and related concepts:

1. The rock on which the Uchi Pillaiyar Temple stands predates the formation of the Himalayas by several billion years and belongs to the Precambrian geological era.

2. The temple complex reflects the architectural continuum from Pallava rock-cut traditions to Nayak-period structural additions under the Vijayanagara imperial framework.

3. The location of the temple provides a view of Srirangam, which historically emerged as a major Vaishnavite centre during the Bhakti movement under Chola patronage.

4. The granite hill of Trichy is younger than the Deccan Traps but older than the Aravalli Range.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to Deepavali (Diwali) and its recent inclusion in the UNESCO List of the Intangible Cultural Heritage of Humanity, consider the following statements:

1. The inscription of Deepavali under UNESCO’s Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH) framework implies that India has transferred the ownership and custodianship of the festival to UNESCO.

2. The philosophy underlying Deepavali aligns with the core objectives of the UNESCO ICH Convention, which emphasises community participation, continuity of traditions, and intergenerational transmission.

3. The inclusion of Deepavali as India’s 16th element under the ICH List is consistent with UNESCO’s recognition of living traditions rather than monuments or tangible artefacts.

4. The celebration sequence of Deepavali, beginning with Dhanteras and concluding with Bhai Dooj, reflects socio-cultural practices that fall outside the scope of UNESCO’s definition of “intangible heritage”.

Which of the statements given above is/are correct?

 *
2 points

With reference to the Chenchu tribe, recently mentioned in the context of conservation-linked tribal welfare initiatives in the Nallamala forest region, consider the following statements:

1. The Chenchus are classified as a Particularly Vulnerable Tribal Group (PVTG) and traditionally follow a food-gathering and hunting-based livelihood.

2. Their settlements, known as pentas, reflect dispersed habitation patterns based on kinship, with small conjugal families and relative gender equality.

3. The traditional authority structure among the Chenchus is highly centralised, with a formally codified political hierarchy similar to that of settled agrarian tribes.

4. Their long-standing association with the Srisailam Temple reflects a syncretic belief system, combining indigenous practices with elements of Hindu worship.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to NewSpace India Limited (NSIL) and India’s evolving space governance framework, consider the following statements:

1. NSIL was incorporated as a Schedule ‘A’ Central Public Sector Enterprise (CPSE) under the administrative control of the Department of Space to commercialise end-to-end space missions on a sovereign basis.

2. The mandate of NSIL reflects a structural shift in India’s space policy whereby ISRO increasingly focuses on R&D and planetary missions, while industry-led entities undertake operational and commercial activities.

3. The production of PSLV and SSLV through Indian industry by NSIL is aligned with the objectives of the Space Sector Reforms (2020), which also led to the creation of IN-SPACe as a regulatory and promotional body for private players.

4. Unlike Antrix Corporation, NSIL is also entrusted with the transfer of ISRO-developed technologies and marketing of spin-off products arising from Department of Space institutions.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection

With reference to the ‘Your Money, Your Right’ movement launched by the Government of India, consider the following statements:

1. Deposits in bank accounts that remain inoperative for 10 years are classified as unclaimed deposits and are transferred to a fund maintained by the Reserve Bank of India.

2. The UDGAM Portal enables citizens to search for unclaimed deposits across multiple banks through a single interface.

3. Unclaimed insurance policy proceeds are handled through the MITRA Portal established by the Insurance Regulatory and Development Authority of India.

4. Unpaid dividends and unclaimed shares are administered under a statutory fund managed by the Ministry of Corporate Affairs.

5. At the national level, coordination of this movement is undertaken by the Department of Financial Services under the Ministry of Finance.

Which of the statements given above are correct?

2 points
Clear selection
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