Section 1-2
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1. _______________ paradox occurs when combining, or aggregating, data masks underlying patterns. *
2. Simpson's paradox often occurs when a factor distorts the overall picture, but this distortion goes away when the underlying data are examined. *
3. Logic is the study of methods and principles used to distinguish good from bad reasoning. *
4. Identify the conclusion of the argument: If you stop smoking, you will live longer. You have stopped smoking. *
5. A(n) _______________ fallacy is a fallacy that arises from the content of an argument, not its form or structure. *
6. An argument is _______________ if its premises justify its conclusion. *
7. An argument for a practice that is based upon the popularity of that practice is an example of which common informal fallacy? *
8. This type of informal fallacy simply draws a conclusion that is really a restatement of the premise. *
9. A deductive argument draws a conclusion from specific examples. *
10. The following is a valid argument: All dogs bark. Sparky barks. Therefore, Sparky is a dog. *
11. The following is a valid argument: No teachers are rich. Tom is rich. Therefore, Tom is not a teacher. *
12. “We can't afford a more expensive home because it will cost more” is an example of what type of informal fallacy? *
13. “My history teacher says that IBM makes the most reliable computers” is an example of what type of informal fallacy? *
14. “He shouldn't be trusted because he is a tax evader” is an example of what type of informal fallacy? *
Use inductive reasoning to determine the next number: 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, ____. *
16. Use inductive reasoning to determine the next number: 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, _____. *
17. The previous chart shows the number of children's blocks that will fit in cubes of various sizes (measurements are in inches): Use the pattern observed to determine how many blocks will fit a cube of 30 × 30 × 30. *
18. Another example of an informal fallacy is the Gambler fallacy. An example of this would be: “I play the lottery every week but I never win. I'm due for a win, so I need to buy more lottery tickets.” Explain why this is a fallacy. *
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