1. Antioxidant Functions & 2. Cognitive Dysfunction

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AC/1783/17

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1. Which one of the substances listed below is not part of the major anti-oxidant systems in the body? *

1 point

Superoxide dismutase

Glutathione peroxidase

Vitamin C

Vitamin E

Vitamin A

2. Which one of the substances listed below is one of the most “toxic” in the body? *

1 point

Iron

Zinc

Selenium

Transferrin

Copper

3. Which one of the statements listed below is correct? *

1 point

The oxidised α-tocopheroxyl radicals produced that are a terminal product and cannot be recycled back to the active reduced form

Vitamin C can be synthesised in the canine liver but cannot be stored.

Vitamin E is a fat soluble vitamin found in high concentrations in fruit and vegetables.

Carotenoids from the diet are stored in the muscle tissues of animals.

L-carnitine facilitates the transportation of long chain fatty acids from the mitochondria after they have undergone β–oxidation

4. The acronym DISHAAL has been used to describe the categories of clinical signs shown in cognitive dysfunction. Which one of the definition of the acronym listed below is CORRECT? *

1 point

Disorientation, Insecurity, Sleep-Wake cycle, House soiling, Activity level, Anxiety, Learning

Disorientation, Interactions, Sleep-Wake cycle, Habitus, Activity level, Anxiety, Learning

Disorientation, Interactions, Sleep-Wake cycle, House soiling, Appetite, Anxiety, Learning

Disorientation, Interactions, Sleep-Wake cycle, House soiling, Activity level, Anxiety, Learning

Decreased activity, Interactions, Sleep-Wake cycle, House soiling, Activity level, Anxiety, Learning

5. A 12 year old cat presents with an owner complaint of increased restlessness, night waking and vocalisation. Which of the listed conditions below is unlikely to be a differential diagnosis? *

1 point

Hyperthyroidism

Diabetes mellitus

Cognitive dysfunction syndrome

Territorial behaviour

Organic brain disease – neoplasia

6. Which one of the statements listed below on owner perception of cognitive dysfunction in their pets is INCORRECT? *

1 point

28% of owners of dogs aged 10 – 11 years old report at least one sign of cognitive change

68% of owners of dogs aged 15 – 16 year old report at least one sign of cognitive change

75% of owners of dogs aged 7 years and older reported at least one change in behaviour consistent with cognitive dysfunction

Evaluation of data from laboratory animals studied with standardised assessment tools shows that the typical age for onset of decline in cognitive function starts at about 10 years of age

12% of owners of dogs had reported the change to their veterinarian

7. Brain ageing is a physical and metabolic process. Which one of the statements listed below is INCORRECT? *

1 point

In dogs with cognitive dysfunction there is an increased accumulation of beta -amyloid plaques and perivascular infiltrates.

Cerebral arteriorsclerosis may also be seen in older dogs and cats resulting in compromised blood flow.

The brain is highly metabolically active consuming 25% of available glucose.

Ketone bodies cannot be used as an alternative energy source for the brain.

The brain may be particularly susceptible of the effects of free radicals because of its high lipid content, high rate of oxidative metabolism and limited ability for regeneration

8. Which one of the drugs listed below would be the last choice in a senior pet with clinical signs of cognitive dysfunction. *

1 point

Selegilene

Clomipramine

Propentophylline

Alprazolam

Adrafanil

9. Which one of the following statements regarding dietary supplementation of nutraceuticals in cognitive dysfunction is CORRECT? *

1 point

High levels of specific antioxidants have shown benefit in the treatment of cognitive dysfunction.

Combinations of nutraceuticals as part of a complete diet has shown laboratory and clinical efficacy.

There is sufficient data available from research trials to guide selection of nutraceutical supplementation.

The addition of antioxidant supplements is only of value once clinical signs become evident.

The dietary supplementation of nutraceuticals is as effective withor without environmental enrichment/ management

10. Cats are not small dogs. Which one of the interventions listed below is NOT advised in managing cats with cognitive dysfunction. *

1 point

Do not change in their environment and routine

Keep the cat awake during daylight hours.

Affected cats they may benefit from having their area of access reduced in size to a single room containing everything they need

Evironmental application of synthetic feline appeasement pheromone (Feliway®) can help in reducing feline anxiety.

The daily treatment of cats with anxiolytic medications is a vital to manage feline cognitive dysfunction.

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