Full list of references
(references preceded by an asterisk are referred to in texts read but have not yet been reviewed directly)

Archive Sources

Manning:

NAN SWAA 2516 A552/22 Kaokoveld, Major Manning’s Report, 1917, with additions made from extracts of his diary. (‘Manning Report 1917’)

NAN ADM 156 W 32, General Kaokoveld Report by Major Manning, 15 November 1917.

NAN ADM 128 5503/1, Game Reserve Namutoni: Reports - General.

Manning’s handwritten ‘Diary Notes Extracts’, Manning, C.N. 1917 Extracts From Diary of Major C.N. Manning (Resident Commissioner Owamboland) during period of duty in Kaokoveld, S.W.A. 04-050817; 061117-081117 [**check dates] Submitted 9th November 1917 to the Secretary for the Protectorate. Windhoek: South West Africa. NAN Kaokoveld: Major Manning’s Report. Vol. 1. 1917 SWAA.2516.A552/22.

Statement taken by Major C.N. Manning at Zesfontein, Kaokoveld in presence of Lt. Olivier^[1], 2nd M.C. from Native Chief Vita, alias OORLOG or ORO, on 19th August 1917.

Manning letter to van Ryneveld 140817.

NAN SWAA 2516, Report by Major C.N. Manning re 2nd Tour to Kaokoveld; Disarmament General, 25 August 1919. 

NAN SWAA 2516 A552/22 Second Tour to Kaokoveld by Major Manning 1919.

*Cleverly, J. 1891 Memorandum to Under Colonial Secretary, Cape Town, 20th April 1891. State Archives, Windhoek, Lemme Collection.

*Hoernlé, A.W. 1923 Letter to the Secretary for South West Africa, April 14 1923. A198/3/4 Anthropology Research, NAN, Windhoek.

*NAN DZE Police Post Zesfontein, Entries of the police station at Zesfontein 1899-1904.

*NAN A560 Victor Franke Diaries.

NAN.A.327 Krause and Kuntz, Kuntz 25/8/1910, report to the Kaoko Land und Minengesellschaft.
*NAN A327 Kaokoveld Expedition Kuntz and Krause 1910/11.

*NAN J XIIIb5, Heinrich Vedder. 1914. Reiserbericht des Missionars Heinrich Vedder an den

Bezirksamtmann von Zastrow. Geographische und Ethnographische Forschungen im Kaokoveld

1900–1914.

*NAN LOU Magistrate Outjo 1924. Complaints against Chief Oorlog 1923/24.

*NAN A326 Kaokoveld Expedition Toenissen. 1909.

*NAN.A450.14 4/1 Big Game in Ovamboland by C.H.L. Hahn, undated.

*NAN A450 (Files 23-25) Cocky Hahn Diaries.

*NAN, SWAA A511/10, 1938-1951.

NAN.A/5212/Add.1 20 September 1962, ‘Meeting with Headmen and residents of Sessfontein Native Reserve, 10 May 1962, United Nations Special Committee for South West Africa, pp. 13-16.

Quellen zur Geschichte von Sudwestafrika Bands 25b, 26: Carl Hugo Hahn, 1864-1871 (in Lau 1979)

NAN SWAA: Water Affairs Branch 1951-1958 Game Reserve: Kaokoveld Game Reserve. Triangle - Kowares-Warmquelle-Grootberg. WAT 74 W.W.71/4 Windhoek: National Archives of Namibia.

NAN SWAA.2515.A.552/13 Kaokoveld - Agriculture.

NAN SWAA 1921 Territory of South-West Africa, Report of the Administrator For the Year 1921. Windhoek.

*Quellen zur Geschichte con Südwestafrica (typed ms. compiled by H. Vedder, Okahandja 1928), Band 26: Carl Hugo Hahn, 1864-1871.

SWAA 1921 Territory of South-West Africa, Report of the Administrator For the Year 1921. Windhoek

SWAA 1930 Territory of South-West Africa, Report of the Administrator For the Year 1930. Windhoek.

SWAA 1939 Territory of South-West Africa, Report of the Administrator For the Year 1939. Windhoek.

*SWAA 1336/A198/39, Carp Expedition [1951].

 
SWAA Nature Conservation & Tourism, 1959-1981, Introduction

NAN SWAA A 198/26: Ethnological Inquiry into the Bushmen: Control of Bushmen

NAN SWAA 50/26: Native Affairs: Bushmen Depredations Grootfontein

NAN SWAA 50/27: Native Affairs: Native Vagrants

NAN SWAA  A 50/67: Strandlooper and Bushmen

NAN SWAA  A 50/67: Native Affairs, Bushmen

NAN SWAA A50/241/1: Native Affairs: Survey of African Peoples: Statistics

NAN SWAA 511/1: Game Reserves: Game Reserve No. 2

NAN SWAA A511/6: Game Reserves: Boundaries and Fencing

NAN SWAA A 511/9, Game Reserves: Protection of Fauna and Flora

NAN SWAA A511/1: 1947-1952: Game Reserves, GAme Reserve No. 2

NAN SWAA A 511/3: Game Reserves: Regulations and Fees

NAN SWAA A511/10:  Etosha Pan Game Reserve Tourists Facilities

NAN SWAA A627/11/1 1956: Native Affairs: Bushmen reserve

NAN ADM 128 5503/1: Game Reserve Namutoni: Reports - General

NAN NAO 11/1: Native Affairs: Monthly and Annual Reports

NAN NAO 33/1: Namutoni Game Reserve

NAN NTB 1/8 N13/2: Jaarverslae van Afdeling, Parks Board of South West Africa

NAN LGR 3/1/16 17/15/9: Annual Report 1933

NAN LGR 3/1/16 17/15/10: Annual Report 1934

NAN LGR 3/1/26 2/16/5: Annual Report on Native Affairs, 1948

NAN LAN 1436,4293, Vol. III, IV (Land)

NAN LAN 1/1/89 53, Vol. IV

NAN LAN 1/1/89 31, 53 Vol. III: 1939, Annual Reports Land Settlement.

NAN ZBU FXIII B.4: Geographische  und ethnographische Forschungen: Caprivizipfel und Okavango Gebiet von Oberleutnant Fischer.

NAN ZBU W II B.2:  Berichte über Eingeborenenverhältnisse, Bd. 1

NAN ZBU WII O.2: Buschleute -Spezialia

NAN ZBU WIII, A.3: Berichte der Ämter zur Bewährung der Eingeboren-Verordnungen, 1. Bd. Januar 1908

Maps

Deutscher Kolonial Atlas, 1893.

Karte von Deutsch-Südwestafrika nach amtlichen unde anderen verlässlichen Quellen bearbeitet von Otto Herkt.**

Francois, Curt von 1899 Deutsch-Suedwest-Afrika: Geschichte der Kolonisation bis zum Aufbruch des Krieges mit Witbook, April 1893 . Berlin: Reimer (Volkstämme Karten).

Kriegskarte von Deutsch-Südwestafrika 1904. Berlin 1904: Reimer.

Paul Sprigade und Max Moisel 1912 Das Uberseeische Deutschland [li. the overseas Germany] (Sachsen)2. Verbesserte und Vermehrte [improved and augmented] 1:200,0000 [Swakopmund: Sam Cohen Library, 9 April 2014]. 

Meyer, Hans 1910, Das deutsche Kolonialreich eine Länderkunde der deutschen Schutzgebiete Togo, Südwestafrika, Schutzgebiete in der Südsee und Kiautschougebiet. Leipzig [u.a.]: Bibliographisches Institut (Völkerkarte Weule).

Miescher, G. 2009 Die Rote Linie - Die Geschichte der Veterinär- und Siedlungsgrenze in Namibia (1890er bis 1960er Jahre). PhD, University of Basel. March 2009.

Van der Merwe, J.H., 1983 National Atlas of Southwest Africa. Goodwood Cape: National Book Printers.

Published Sources

|Uirab, C.O. 2007 The question is: who am I?, pp. 19-22 in Dawids, F., Ilonga, F., Kaumunika, T., Pauli, J., Schnegg, M., Seibeb, J., and |Uirab, C.O. 2007 Living Together: Culture and Shared Traditions in Fransfontein, Namibia. Cologne: Jutta Vogel Stiftung.

ǁGaroëb, J. 1991 Address to the National Conference on Land Reform and the Land Question, Windhoek: Office of the Prime Minister.

ǁGaroëb, J. 2002 Questions related to land rights in Namibia: A brief summary for presentation by the King of the Damaras on the occasion of a meeting with the United Evangelical Mission - Germany. 21 January 2002 [copy of letter given to Sian Sullivan by Max Haraseb (who was a member of the Damara delegation at this meeting), |Gaio Traditional Authority, in November 2014, and referred to with permission].

ǁGaroëb, J. 2002 Damaraland Conservation Efforts, Pride, Heritage and Concession Areas. Presentation for MET Workshop on Concession Areas, 5-6 December 2002.

ǁGaroeb, J. 2017 Preface, pp. iv-v in Boois, S.M. Reflections on Modern Damara History: Ôae …Hōxae! Windhoek: Seth Boois and ǁGaroeb Royal Foundation.  

ǁGaroës, T.M. 2020 |Gopase ǁKhūoba O? |Gopas migration of the ≠Nūkhoen/Damara clans into broader Namibia. ǁGaroeb Royal Foundation Working Paper Series. 1. of 31 March 2020.

ǁGaroes, T.M. 2021. A forgotten case of the ǂNūkhoen / Damara people added to colonial German genocidal crimes in Namibia: we cannot fight the lightning during the rain. (ed. by Sullivan, S.) Future Pasts Working Paper Series 11 https://www.futurepasts.net/fpwp11-garoes-2021

ǁGaroes, T.M. 2022 |Uruhetite: short autobiography honouring legendary life of Gaob Justus ǁGaroeb 26 April 2022. Unpublished ms.

ǁGaseb, N., Xoagub, A., ǂEixab, H., !Goaseb, R., Namises, R. and Xoagub, R. 2007 Public lecture on the legendary ǂNukhoe HERO, Gao |Gôab |Haiha ǁGuruseb. Windhoek: Zero Degrees.

ǁHawaxab, F. 2019 Ancestral Land Claim Presentation: Nami-Daman Traditional Community, Sesfontein, Kunene Region. Sesfontein: Nami-Daman Traditional Authority.

!Ao-ǁAexas Community 1991 Submission to National Conference on Land Reform. 25 June - 1 July 1991, Windhoek.

!Haroës, I. 2010 Max !Gâgu Dax: In the footsteps of the uncrowned prince (1869-1972). The Namibian 17 September 2010.

!Uriǂkhob, S. forthcoming. Attitudes and perceptions of local communities towards the reintroduction of black rhino (Diceros bicornis bicornis) into their historical range in northwest Kunene Region, Namibia: a Masters Dissertation from 2004. With a Foreword by Sian Sullivan and Jeff Muntifering, ‘Historicising black rhino in west Namibia’ Future Pasts Working Paper Series 8 https://www.futurepasts.net/fpwp8-uri-khob-2020 ISBN: 978-1-911126-11-9

Abrahams, A., Anderson, M.D. and Kolberg, H. n.d. Orange River Mouth: A Wetland of International Importance. Windhoek: Ministry of Environment and Tourism, http://www.namibweb.com/orange-river-mouth.pdf Accessed 121017.

*Abel, H. 1954 Beiträge zur landeskunde [Contributions to regional studies] des Kaokoveldes (Südwestafrika). Deutsche Geographische Blätter 47: 7–123.

*Abel, H. 1959 Völkerkundlich-kulturgeographische Beobachtungen [Ethnological-cultural-geographical observations] in Südwestafrika und Südangola (1952. 1957). Veröffentlichungen aus dem Überseemuseum Bremen, Reihe B 1(3): 165-187. (ILL rec’d 110920)

Abbiati, G. P., Croteau, J. P., Mitchel, L. M., & Samaroo, M. A. 2013 Development of Trophy Hunting Among Previously Disadvantaged Farmers in Namibia. Worcester Polytechnic Institute, Interactive Qualifying Project, https://digitalcommons.wpi.edu/iqp-all/1715

Adams, F. and Werner, W. 1990 The Land Issue in Namibia: An Enquiry. Windhoek: NISER.

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Adams, M.E. and Devitt, P. 1992 Grappling with land reform in Namibia. ODI Pastoral Development Network Paper 32a.

Administrative Secretary, Ministry of Bantu Administration and Development 1971 The Minister’s Reply. Supplement to African Wild Life 25: 15.

Africare 1993 Rural Water Supply Maintenance in the Kunene Region, Republic of Namibia. Unpublished report to the Africa Bureau of the United States Agency for Internatonal Development.

*Albrecht, M., Berke, H., Eichhorn, B., Frank, T., Kuper, R., et al. 2001 Oruwanje 95/1: a late Holocene stratigraphy in northwestern Namibia. Cimbebasia 17: 1–22.

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Alexander, J.E. 1838 Report of an expedition of discovery through the countries of the Great Namaquas, Boschmans, and Hill Damaras, in South Africa. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society of London 8: 1-28.

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*Andersson, C.J. 1856 Lake Ngami or Explorations and Discovery During Four Years of Wanderings in the Wilds of Southwestern Africa. London: Hurst and Blackett, xviii, 546pp.
also

Andersson, C.J. 1861 Lake Ngami or Explorations and Discovery During Four Years of Wanderings in the Wilds of Southwestern Africa. New York: Harper & Brothers.

*Andersson, C.J. 1967[1856] Lake Ngami or Explorations and Discovery During Four Years of Wanderings in the Wilds of Southwestern Africa. Cape Twon: Struik. Facsimile reprint of 1856 original.

Andersson, C.J. 1968[1861] The Okavango River: A Narrative of Travel, Exploration and Adventure. Cape Town: C. Struik.

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*Andersson, C.J. 1861 The Okavango River: A Narrative of Travel, Exploration and Adventure.  London: Hurst and Blackett.

*Andersson, C.J. 1875 Notes of Travel in South Africa. Ed. by L. Lloyd. London: Hurst & Blackett.

*Anon 1955 Die Gedenkboek van die 150 Jarige Bestaan van Warmbad, SWA. Cape Town: Citadel Press.

Anon 2013 Leaving their mark: names recorded on the walls of the Heerenlogement Cave. Online. http://www.archivalplatform.org/blog/entry/the_writing_on_the_wall/ (21.08.2017); now http://www.apc.uct.ac.za/apc/projects/have-your-say/leaving-their-mark-names-recorded-walls-heerenlogement-cave 180420 

Anon 2015 Claudius’ Map of Governor van der Stel’s Journey to the “Copper Mountains”, 1685. Online. http://www.worldhistory.biz/sundries/47620-claudius-map-of-governor-van-der-stel-s-journey-to-the-copper-mountains-1685.html#1663 (21.08.2017).

*Anonymous 1946 African Museum: some recent acquisitions. Africana Notes & News 3(2): 65-66.

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Arom, S. 2004[1991] African Polyphony & Polyrhythm: Musical Structure and Methodology. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Aschenborn, Dieter 1957 Zwei Jahre Wildschutzwart.  S.W.A. Annual: 99-105.        

Ashley, C. 1995 Tourism, communities, and the potential impacts on local incomes and conservation. DEA Research Discussion Paper No.10. Windhoek.

Ashley, C. 1997 Wildlife Integration for Livelihood Diversification (WILD) Project Plan, Draft document. Windhoek.

Ashley, C. 1998 Intangible Matters: Non-Financial Dividends of Community Based Natural Resource Management in Namibia. Report for the LIFE (Living in a Finite Environment) project, World Wildlife Fund, Windhoek.

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*Backhouse, J. 1944 A Narrative of a Visit to the Mauritius and South Africa. London.

Baer, E.R. 2018 The Genocidal Gaze: From German South West Africa to the Third Reich. Windhoek: University of Namibia Press.

Bain, A.G. 2008(1854?), Andre Geddes Bain report on Namaqualand, pp. 12-19, in Schaefer, A. (ed.) Life & Travels in the Northwest 1850-1899: Namaqualand, Bushmanland & West Coast. Cape Town: Yoshi Publishing.

Baines, M.A. 1973[1864] Preface, pp. v-vi in Baines, T. 1973[1864] Explorations in South West Africa. Salisbury: Pioneer Head.

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*Baines, T. 1866 Notes to accompany Mr C.J. Andersson’s Map of Damaraland. Journal of the Royal Geographical Society 36: 247-248.

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*Barnard, A. 1989 Nharo kinship in social and cosmological perspective. Mankind 19: 198-214.

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*Barrow, J. 1801, 1804 An Account of Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa. In which is Considered the Importance of the Cape of Good Hope to the Different European Powers, as a Naval and Military Station; as a Point of Security to our India Trade, and Settlements during a War, and as a Terrestrial Acquisition and Commercial Emporium in Time of Peace; with a Statistical Sketch of the Whole Country, compiled from authentic Documents. London: T Cadell and W Davies, vol. 1, viii, 419 pp. (1801); vol. 2, xii, 452 pp. (1804).

*Barrow, J. 1806 Travels into the Interior of Southern Africa, in which are Described the Character and the Condition of the Dutch Colonists of the Cape of Good Hope and of the Several Tribes of Natives Beyond its Limits. The Natural History of such Subjects as occurred in the Animal, Mineral and Vegetable Kingdoms; and the Geography of the Southern Extremity of Africa. London, 1: Cadell & Davies, vol. 1, xviii, 427 pp.; vol. 2, iv, 373 pp.

*Barrow, J. 1806 A Voyage to Cochinchina in the Years 1792 and 1793: Containing a General View of the valuable Productions and the Political Importance of this Flourishing Kingdom; and also of such European Settlements as were Visited on the Voyage: with Sketches of the Manners, Character and Condition of their Several inhabitants. To which is Annexed: an Account of a Journey made in the Years 1801 and 1802, to the Residence of the Chief of tile Booshuana Nation, being the Remotest Point in the Interior of Southern Africa to which Europeans have hitherto Penetrated. The Facts and Descriptions taken from a Manuscript Journal, with a Chart of the Route. Illustrated and Embellished with Several Engravings by Medland, Coloured after the Original Drawings by Mr. Alexander and Mr. Daniell. London, T Cadell and W Davies, xviii, 447 pp.

*Battistoni, A.K. and Taylor, J.J. 2009 Indigenous identities and military frontiers. Reflections on San and the military in Namibia and Angola, 1960-2000. Lusotopie. Recherches Politiques Internationales Sur Les Espaces Issues de l’Histoire et de La Colonisation Portugaises XVI(1): 113-131.

*Beaumont, P.B. and Boshier, A.K. 1974 Report on test excavations in a prehistoric pigment mine near Postmasburg, Northern Cape. S. African Archaeological Bulletin 29: 49-59.

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Bell, C.D. 2008(1854) Report by Charles Davidson Bell, pp. 20-29 in Schaefer, A. (ed.) Life & Travels in the Northwest 1850-1899: Namaqualand, Bushmanland & West Coast. Cape Town: Yoshi Publishing.

*Bell, M. 1963 They Came From a Far Land. Cape Town: Maskew Miller Ltd. [written by the grand-daughter of Jane Hoole]

Bell, C.E. 1977 South West Pioneer: A Tribute to James Frank Bassingthwaighte. Cape Town: Bennu Books.

Benjamin, W. 1999[1920s-40s] The Arcades Project, trans. by Howard Eiland and Kevin McLaughlin. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press.

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*Berry, H. 1982 The wildebeest problem in the Etosha National Park. Madoqua 13(2): 151-157.

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Bleek, D. 1923 The Mantis and his Friends: Bushman Folklore. Cape Town: Miller.

Bleek, D. F. 1927: The Distribution of Bushman Languages in South Africa. pp. 55-64, in Boas, F. et al. (eds.): Festschrift Meinhof. Hamburg: L. Friedrichsen & Co.

Bley, H. 1998 Namibia Under German Rule. Berlin: Lit Verlag.

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*Boden, G. 2009 The Khwe and West Caprivi before Namibian independence: matters of land, labour, power and alliance. Journal of Namibian Studies 5: 27-71.

*Boden, G. 2014 ‘Elephant is my chief and my councillors are kudus, we don’t talk and I will not get development’ - status of crop cultivation projects and other livelihood options in Bwabwata National Park. Unpublished research report.

Boois, S. 2017 Ôae Hōxae! Reflections on Modern Damara History. Windhoek: Seth Boois and ǁGaroeb Royal Foundation.

Bollig, M. 1997 Risk and risk minimisation among Himba pastoralists in northwestern Namibia. Nomadic Peoples 1(1): 66–89. http://www.jstor.org/stable/43123511

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Bollig, M. 1998 Framing Kaokoland, pp. 164-170 in Hartmann, W., Silvester, J. and Hayes, P. (eds.) The Colonising Camera: Photographs in the Making of Namibian History. Cape Town: University of Cape Town Press.

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Bollig, M. 2009 Kinship, ritual, and landscape amongst the Himba of northwest Namibia, pp. 327–351 in Bollig, M. and Bubenzer, O. (eds.) African Landscapes: Interdisciplinary Approaches. New York: Springer.

Bollig, M. 2016 Towards an arid Eden? Boundary-making, governance and benefit-sharing and the political ecology of the new commons of Kunene Region, Northern Namibia. International Journal of the Commons 10(2): 771-799.

Bollig, M. 2020 Shaping the African Savannah: From Capitalist Frontier to Arid Eden in Namibia. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press.

Bollig, M. and Heinemann, H. 2002 Nomadic savages, ochre people and heroic herders: visual presentations of the Himba of Namibia’s Kaokoland. Visual Anthropology 15: 267-312.

Bollig, M. and Heinemann-Bollig, H. 2004 Visual presentations of the people and land of north-western Namibia in German colonial times, pp. 259-278 in Hartmann, W. (ed.) Hues Between Black and White: Historical Photography from Colonial Namibia 1860s to 1915. Windhoek: Out of Africa.

Bollig, M. with Mbunguha, T.J. 1997 ‘When War Came the Cattle Slept…’ Himba Oral Traditions. Köln: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag.

Bollig, M. & Olwage, E. 2016 The political ecology of hunting in Namibia’s Kaokoveld: from Dorsland Trekkers’ elephant hunts to trophy-hunting in contemporary conservancies. Journal of Contemporary African Studies 34(1): 61-79.

Bolten, A. & Dieckmann, U. 2010 The Use of GIS for Analysis and Visualizing Historical Socio-economic and Ecological Farm Data in the Outjo District/Namibia, pp. 153-180 in Willem Möhlig, W., Bubenzer, O., Menz, G. (eds.) Towards Interdisciplinarity - Experiences of the Long-term ACACIA Project. Cologne: Rüdiger Köppe Verlag,

Boois, S.M. 2017 Reflections on Modern Damara History: Ôae …Hōxae! Windhoek: Seth Boois and ǁGaroeb Royal Foundation.

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Botha, C. 2000 The politics of land settlement in Namibia, 1890–1960. South African Historical Journal.**

Botha, C. 2005 People and the environment in colonial Namibia. South African Historical Journal 52: 170-190.

Botha, C. 2013 The emergence of commercial ranching under state control and the encapsulation of pastoralism in African reserves, pp. 230–256 in Bollig, M., Schnegg, M. and Wotzka, H.P. (eds.) Pastoralism in Africa: Past, Present, and Futures. New York, Oxford: Berghahn.

Bradley Martin, E. and Bradley Martin, C. 1982 Run Rhino Run. London: Chatto & Windus.

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Brenzinger, M. 2003 Review of ‘Wilfred H.G. Haacke and Eliphas Eiseb. A Khoekhoegowab Dictionary with an English–Khoekhoegowab Index. 2002.’ Lexikos 13: 330-330.

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