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Table of Contents

National Data        2

Computing occupations make up 67% of all projected new jobs in STEM fields        2

Only 8% of STEM graduates study Computer Science        4

60% of U.S. high schools teach CS classes        6

91% of parents want their student to learn CS and 93% of parents want their child’s school to teach CS        7

Students like computer sciences “a lot”        8

The value of a computer science education        8

There are more than 500,000 open computing jobs in the U.S.        9

Computing jobs are the #1 source of new wages in the United States        9

The diversity problem in tech starts in schools        9

High School AP exams reported on code.org/promote/ap        10

In X out of 50 states computer science doesn’t count towards high school graduation credit        11

75% of Americans say science is cool and 50% of Americans rank computer science as one of the most important subjects to study        11

67% of parents and 56% of teachers believe students should be required to learn computer science        11

Computer science is the second highest paid college degree        12

500,000 female software professionals in the United States        12

67% of computing jobs are outside the tech sector        12

59% of H1B “skilled worker” visa granted for computer science occupations        13

State-specific data        13

State average salary        13

Per-state jobs data        14

Per-state computer science graduates        14

Per-state new teachers graduating prepared to teach computer science        16

Number of Hours of Code        17

Code.org data - Hours of Code per state        17

Code.org data - Diversity of students on Code Studio        17

National Data

Computing occupations make up 67% of all projected new jobs in STEM fields

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Projections (Table 1.2)

Projections (2018-2028):

Classification of occupations:

Computer Occupation Codes

11-3021

Computer and Information Systems Managers

17-2061

Computer Hardware Engineers

25-1021

Computer science teachers, postsecondary

15-1211

Computer Systems Analysts

15-1212

Information Security Analysts

15-1221

Computer and Information Research Scientists

15-1231

Computer Network Support Specialists

15-1232

Computer User Support Specialists

15-1241

Computer Network Architects

15-1242

Database Administrators

15-1243

Database Architects

15-1244

Network and Computer Systems Administrators

15-1251

Computer Programmers

15-1252

Software Developers

15-1253

Software Quality Assurance Analysts and Testers

15-1254

Web Developers

15-1255

Web and Digital Interface Designers

15-1299

Computer Occupations, All Other

STEM Codes (Science, Engineering, Mathematics, and Information Technology Domain)

11-9041

Architectural and Engineering Managers

11-9121

Natural Sciences Managers

15-1200

Computer Occupations

15-2000

Mathematical Science occupations

17-1020

Surveyors, Cartographers, and Photogrammetrists

17-2000

Engineers

17-3000 (except 17-3011)

Drafters, Engineering Technicians, and mapping Technicians

19-1000

Life Scientists

19-2000

Physical Scientists

19-3000 (except 19-3093)

Social Scientists and Related Workers

19-4000

Life, Physical and Social Science Technicians

25-1020

Math and Computer Teachers, Postsecondary

25-1032

Engineering Teachers, Postsecondary

25-1040

Life Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary

25-1050

Physical Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary

25-1060

Social Sciences Teachers, Postsecondary

41-4011

Sales Representatives, Wholesale and Manufacturing, Technical and Scientific Products

41-9030

Sales Engineers


Only 11% of STEM graduates study Computer Science

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) IPEDS Completions Survey.

Results:

Definitions:

11.0101 Computer and Information Sciences, General

11.0102 Artificial Intelligence

11.0103 Information Technology

11.0104 Informatics

11.0199 Computer Science, Other

11.0201 Computer Programming/Programmer, General

11.0202 Computer Programming Special Applications

11.0203 Computer Programming, Vendor/Product Certification

11.0299 Computer Programming, Other

11.0301 Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician

11.0401 Information Science/Studies

11.0501 Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst

11.0701 Computer Science

11.0801 Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design

11.0802 Data Modeling/Warehousing and Database Administration

11.0803 Computer Graphics

11.0804 Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation

11.0899 Computer Software and Media Applications, Other

11.0901 Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications

11.1001 Network and System Administration/Administrator

11.1002 System, Networking, and LAN/WAN Management/Manager

11.1003 Computer and Information Systems Security/Information Assurance

11.1004 Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster

11.1005 Information Technology Project Management

11.1006 Computer Support Specialist

11.1099 Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, Other

11.9999 Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services, Other

Aerospace Engineering

Medical Sciences

Earth Sciences

Other Engineering

Chemical Engineering

Other Life Sciences

Oceanography

Astronomy

Civil Engineering

Science Technologies

Mathematics & Statistics

Chemistry

Electrical Engineering

Engineering Technologies

Computer Science

Physics

Mechanical Engineering

Health Technologies

Agricultural Sciences

Other Physical Sciences

Materials Engineering        

Other STEM Technologies

Biological Sciences

Atmospheric Sciences

Industrial Engineering        

Interdisciplinary or Other Sciences

Prior data:

Prior to 2016, we used the National Science Foundation WebCASPAR tool to analyze the NCES IPEDS Completions Survey


60% of U.S. high schools offer CS classes

Source: Access Report data reported in 2024 State of Computer Science Education

Results: The full methodology is included on p. 194-198. Data sources include the National Center for Education Statistics, School Courses for the Exchange of Data, state education agencies, national organizations, district and school course catalogs, and survey responses. These are schools where students learn computer science during the school day (not in after school clubs) and spend a minimum amount of time per semester applying learned concepts through programming (at least 20 hours of programming for grades 9-12 high schools). Although computer science is broader than programming, some direct programming experience is integral to learning the fundamental concepts and is used as a defining characteristic to differentiate a foundational computer science course from non-computer science courses.

Prior data: 


91% of parents want their student to learn CS and 93% of parents want their child’s school to teach CS

Source: Gallup research study (commissioned by Google) Trends in the State of Computer Science in U.S. K-12 Schools, released in 2016

Results: 

Prior data: Previous data from the study Searching for Computer Science: Access and Barriers in K-12 Education (released in 2015) found that 91% of parents wanted their students to learn CS and 90% of parents wanted their child’s school to teach CS.


Students like computer sciences “a lot”

Source: A study by Change the Equation and C+R Research, with analysis completed by Code.org. More information about the study can be found from Change the Equation.

Method: High school students were asked, for each course they have taken or plan to take, about whether they “like it a lot,” “like it a little,” “dislike it a little,” or “dislike it a lot.”

Result: When comparing computer science courses to other courses, more students like graphic arts, performing arts, and computer science courses. Code.org’s analysis is described in more detail here.


The value of a computer science education

Source: The Hamilton Project (Brookings)

Included: The net present value for lifetime earnings for high school graduates, college graduates, and computer science majors.


There are more than 500,000 open computing jobs in the U.S.

Sources: The number of current open computing jobs comes from the sum of the per-state jobs data from The Conference Board’s Help Wanted OnLine®service (see below for more details on the data from The Conference Board).

The projected rate of this job growth comes from the Bureau of Labor Statistics Employment Projections data for 2016-2026, released in 2017. These data predict an employment change of 12.65% for computing occupations and an employment change of 7.38% for all occupations.

Definitions: For computing occupations, we use SOC codes 11-3021, 15-1200, 17-2061, and 25-1021 (see more details on these codes in the table above).


Computing jobs are the #1 source of new wages in the United States

Source: The number of job openings in April 2016 as reported by The Conference Board’s Help Wanted OnLine®service (click here for more information about HWOL and their data collection methods).

Definition: The number of job openings in each category were multiplied by the average salary (from the Bureau of Labor Statistics 2018 OES data). For computing occupations, we use SOC codes 11-3021, 15-1200, 17-2061, and 25-1021 (see more details on these codes in the table above).


The diversity problem in tech starts in schools

For students who try AP CS in high school:

Source: AP® Students in College: An Analysis of Five-Year Academic Careers - College Board (2007)

Results:

For ¼ women in high school CS, university CS, and software workforce:

Source: 

Results:


High School AP exams reported on code.org/promote/ap

Source: 

Included:

Definitions: We define STEM exams as Biology, Calculus AB, Calculus BC, Chemistry, Computer Science A, Computer Science Principles, Environmental Science, Physics 1, Physics 2, Physics C: Elec. & Magnet., Physics C: Mechanics, and Statistics.

Source: 

Included:


In X out of 50 states computer science doesn’t count towards high school graduation credit

Source: Code.org’s state tracking spreadsheet. Prior source: ACM Running on Empty report

Results: Thanks to the advocacy efforts by the Code.org Advocacy Coalition, the list of states that allow computer science to count towards graduation credit has increased monthly, and at this point, Code.org is the definitive source of the data. The latest list of states is reflected here.


75% of Americans say science is cool and 50% of Americans rank computer science as one of the most important subjects to study

Source: Horizon Media’s WHY group survey 

Results: The group reported that “three in four Americans agree that ‘today, science is cool in a way that it wasn’t ten years ago.’ And computer science is a major driver of this new perceived cool factor -- with 73% agreeing that ‘in the future, all the best jobs will require knowledge of computer coding languages.” And, “when asked which two subjects other than reading and writing are critical to ensure the next generation is prepared for the future, 70% chose math, and 50% said computer science. More than two-thirds (65%) went as far to agree that ‘most students would benefit more from learning a computer coding language than a foreign language.’ ”


67% of parents and 56% of teachers believe students should be required to learn computer science

Sources:

Results:


Computer science is the second highest-paid college degree

Source: National Association of Colleges and Employers (2018, 2015)

Result: Graduates with computer science degrees earn the second highest starting salaries (just after mechatronic engineering graduates).

Source: Forbes in 2013 

Result: Best-paying degree in the USA was a computer science degree from Carnegie Mellon.


500,000 female software professionals in the United States

According to this IDC study in 2014, or this easier-to-read summary, there are 11M software professionals in the world. 19.2% are in the U.S., which means 2.1M software professionals in the U.S. According to NCWIT, 26% of these professionals are female, which is about 550,000.


67% of computing jobs are outside the tech sector

Source: MSFT National Talent Strategy document and taken from a Georgetown University Center for Education and the Workforce Report on STEM (October 2011) by Anthony Carnevale, Nicole Smith, and Michelle Melton

Included Quote: "Computer occupations are the most widely represented across industries. For example, 9 percent are in Information Services, 12 percent are in Financial Services, 36 percent are in Professional and Business Services, 7 percent are in Government and Public Education Services, and 12 percent are in Manufacturing." Therefore: 12 + 36 + 7 + 12 = 67%.


59% of H1B “skilled worker” visa granted for computer science occupations

Source: U.S. Dept of Labor, Office of Foreign Labor Certification 

Definitions: This is how we classified the job types:

Occupation type

2014 count

%

Code.org classification

computer systems analyst

47860

33%

Computer science

software applications developer

16792

12%

Computer science

computer programmer

15205

11%

Computer science

computer occupations other

12982

9%

Other computing

software developers - system software

5492

4%

Computer science

accountant

5101

4%

Other

management analyst

3367

2%

Other

computer information system manager

2830

2%

Other computing

electronic engineer

2758

2%

Other

network/computer system administrator

2645

2%

Other computing

Other

29625

20%

Other


State-specific data

State average salary

Source: Bureau of Labor Statistics May 2018 State Occupational Employment and Wage Estimates

Method: For average state salary (versus average salary for a computing occupation as above), we use “Annual mean wage” for all occupations. For average salary in computing occupations, we calculate the weighted arithmetic mean of all computing occupations (BLS codes 11-3021, 15-1200, 17-2061, and 25-1021) using the “annual mean wage” and total employment for each occupation code. That is, instead of simply finding the mean of the four occupation codes, we multiply the average salary for a given code by the number of people employed in that occupation and divide the sum of these salaries by the total number of people employed in computing occupations.


Per-state jobs data

Source: The Conference Board’s Help Wanted OnLine®service (click here for more information about HWOL and their data collection methods).

Methods: The number of open computing jobs in each state represents the number of open jobs in the previous month (seasonally adjusted) for Bureau of Labor Statistics’ (BLS) Category SOC “15-0000 Computer and Mathematical Occupations”). This is a conservative estimate of the number of computing occupations as it excludes three BLS categories that include computing occupations: Computer and Information Systems Managers 11-3021, Computer Hardware Engineers 17-2061, and Computer Science Teachers, Postsecondary 25-1021. However, the 15-0000 SOC also includes some mathematical occupations that are not considered computing occupations. (This is due to limitations with our agreement with the Conference Board.) This data is cross-sector.

The comparison to the state average demand rate is comparing the job demand (% open jobs / # of existing jobs determined in the May 2017 BLS’s OES survey) in computing occupations vs the state average.

The national jobs data is the sum of the 50 states plus D.C.


Per-state computer science graduates

Source: National Center for Education Statistics (NCES) IPEDS Completions Survey.

Definitions:

11.0101 Computer and Information Sciences, General

11.0102 Artificial Intelligence

11.0103 Information Technology

11.0104 Informatics

11.0199 Computer Science, Other

11.0201 Computer Programming/Programmer, General

11.0202 Computer Programming Special Applications

11.0203 Computer Programming, Vendor/Product Certification

11.0299 Computer Programming, Other

11.0301 Data Processing and Data Processing Technology/Technician

11.0401 Information Science/Studies

11.0501 Computer Systems Analysis/Analyst

11.0701 Computer Science

11.0801 Web Page, Digital/Multimedia and Information Resources Design

11.0802 Data Modeling/Warehousing and Database Administration

11.0803 Computer Graphics

11.0804 Modeling, Virtual Environments and Simulation

11.0899 Computer Software and Media Applications, Other

11.0901 Computer Systems Networking and Telecommunications

11.1001 Network and System Administration/Administrator

11.1002 System, Networking, and LAN/WAN Management/Manager

11.1003 Computer and Information Systems Security/Information Assurance

11.1004 Web/Multimedia Management and Webmaster

11.1005 Information Technology Project Management

11.1006 Computer Support Specialist

11.1099 Computer/Information Technology Services Administration and Management, Other

11.9999 Computer and Information Sciences and Support Services, Other


Per-state new teachers graduating prepared to teach computer science

Source: National Teacher Preparation Data in the Title II Reports. This is data reported by states and institutions with teacher preparation programs. To download the spreadsheet of data for all states from https://title2.ed.gov/Public/Home.aspx, click on any state, then the “Data Files” tab, then download the “All States Report Data File.”

Methods: There are three ways of looking at the data: Teachers Prepared by Area of Certification, Teachers Prepared by Subject Area, and Teachers Prepared by Academic Major. The following table describes the difference between each count and shows the data for all three over the past three years. The state fact sheets report the Teachers Prepared by Subject.

2013-14

2014-15

2015-16

2016-17

2017-18

2018-19

Prepared by Subject

Program completers that were prepared to teach in the subject Teacher Education - Computer Science

78

75

36

100

62

55

Prepared by Area (i.e., certification)

Received an initial teaching certification in Computer Science

51

17

30

47

85

44

Prepared by Major

Graduated with a major in Teacher Education - Computer Science

11

10

6

51

15

9


Number of Hours of Code

Code.org data - Hours of Code per state

Number of Hours of Code completed in a state comes from our Numbers of Hour of Code data.

The reported number of Code Studio accounts (by teacher and by student) includes all accounts that have been created and that have logged in at least once. IP addresses are used to determine the state.

At Code.org, we do not count unique student IDs perfectly when tracking participation in the Hour of Code. Why? Partly because we don’t want the friction of prompting to “login / register” before a student or classroom tries learning for the first time, and partly because there are many activities we cannot track online. We do take certain steps to reduce double-counting, but without a login prompt, this can’t work perfectly. At the same time, there are MANY student activities in the Hour of Code that aren’t tracked at all. For example: (1) students who use a mobile/tablet app to try the Hour of Code are typically not counted, (2) students who share a screen for pair-programming or group-programming may be counted as one, (3) students trying an unplugged classroom activity cannot be counted online, and (4) teachers who create their own Hour of Code activities aren’t tracked. As a result, there is some under-counting and some double-counting, and so we do not view the Hour of Code tracker to be an exact measure of usage. It is certainly directionally correct, and shows that many tens of millions of students have participated. And our “lines of code” counter tracks very real usage in our learning platforms.

Code.org data - Diversity of students on Code Studio

48% of our students are from marginalized racial and ethnic groups underrepresented in computer science. This includes Black/African American, Hispanic/Latino/Latina, Native Hawaiian/Pacific Islander, and Native American/Alaskan. 49% of students are on free and reduced meal programs (FARM). To protect the privacy of our youngest students, we measure the diversity for students under age 13 for the entire classroom by surveying teachers. This means these numbers are based on teachers’ estimates of the actual student ethnicities. For older students, the students self identify their race/ethnicity.

Similarly, for student privacy, we do not ask individual students if they are on free or reduced meals. Instead, we have an optional survey for teachers. This means these numbers are based on their knowledge of which students have subsidized meals. To protect privacy, our surveys are optional and do not represent all Code.org teachers.

Furthermore, this survey method doesn’t reflect the race/ethnicity of students under age 13 who are using Code Studio at home, without a classroom teacher. Our organizational focus is on bringing computer science into K-12 schools, and that is also what we are measuring.

 

Lastly, our ethnicity surveys do not measure international diversity because our focus is the U.S. and race/ethnicity questions would be different outside the U.S. Similarly, the free and reduced meal program is specific to the United States. We do not measure similar programs internationally.

Our “45% female” measure of gender diversity in CS Fundamentals courses on Code Studio is based on student accounts, and thus represents all active Code Studio students worldwide. This number is updated annually and reflects active student accounts for the previous year.

The previous version of this document (prior to early 2015) can be found here.