101 Globe Earth Facts

*Have you seen this video? Amazing Evidence For God - Scientific Evidence For God - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JiMqzN_YSXU (www.vaticancatholic.com)

101 Globe Earth Facts

Contents

Page #

1. Scientific Method

2. History

2. The Catholic Church

3. Horizon

5. Geodesy

5. Gravity

5. North and South

6. Sun and Moon

8. Space and Astronomy

9. Antarctica

10. Maps and Flights

10. Conspiracy

Scientific Method

  1. Samuel Rowbotham was the first person to use the pseudoscientific method called Zeteticism for “flat earth” research.  Instead of starting with a hypothesis which is then tested or falsified as in the scientific method, Zeteticism relies solely upon the experience and observation of the tester. Such a method does not prevent self-deception or delusion because it does not seek to test or falsify the conclusions of the tester. Zetecism allows errors to go unchecked: http://www.sciencebuddies.org/science-fair-projects/project_scientific_method.shtml; http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/za/za04.htm
  2. Samuel Rowbotham believed moonlight is dangerous. There is no evidence for this. Rowbotham even cited a story where a boy allegedly lost his eyesight because he slept in a field in the bright moonlight: "At Peckham Rye, a boy named Lowry has entirely lost his sight by sleeping in a field in the bright moonlight." This demonstrates the nonsensical conclusions Zeteticism and the flat earth theory arrive at: http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/za/za29.htm; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moonlight
  3. Flat earthers claim 'Occam's Razor' favors their theory. However, flat earth theory does not explain a lot of the data, and so the flat earthers' invent very complex and improbable ad hoc theories that violate the law of parsimony (Occam's Razor): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Occam%27s_razor
  4. Flat earthers advance sub-theories that have no evidence and could be classed as pseudoscience. They clearly don’t follow the ‘Zetetic method’.  Some examples include 'Dual Earth Theory' (various different models have been advanced), ‘Celestial Gears’ (allegedly responsible for turning the stars, etc.), ‘Bendy Light’ (see under ‘Sun and Moon’) and ‘Accelerating Earth’ (see under ‘Gravity’): https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudoscience; http://dualearththeory.proboards.com/; http://www.theflatearthsociety.org/forum/index.php?topic=18122.0
  5. Flat earthers advance various examples of rare occurrences and physical anomalies in an attempt to prove the earth is flat; however, rare occurrences are an exception, not the rule, and anomalies “do not overthrow the old theory until a new theory comes along that can explain all that the old theory did plus the anomalies.” (Dr. Walt Brown): http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/HydroplateOverview9.html
  6. Many scientists claim the scientific method can't definitively prove a theory, but can only disprove a theory. Samuel Rowbotham demonstrates his frustration with such a position in his explanation of the 'Zetetic method'. He also proves that his impatience to find definitive results led to the absurd notion that the earth is flat: “Scientific explanations are never certain or final, and the overused word “prove” is never justified except possibly in mathematics or a court of law.” (Dr. Walt Brown): http://www.creationscience.com/onlinebook/HydroplateOverview5.html; http://www.sacred-texts.com/earth/za/za04.htm

History  Flat Earthers do not have history on their side.

  1. Christopher Columbus was not trying to convince people who believed the earth is flat that the earth is a globe (contrary to the Anti-Catholic Washington Irving). He was trying to convince people who believed the earth is bigger than he did, that it was smaller than it is, and they doubted whether he could sail the distance he planned to go: http://www.asa3.org/ASA/topics/history/1997Russell.html; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myth_of_the_flat_Earth#Irving.27s_biography_of_Columbus
  2. Eratosthenes (276 – 195 BC) calculated the circumference of the Earth in about 240BC by measuring the difference in angle to the sun between two cities on the same day: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8On7yCU1EjQ
  3. Archimedes (287 – 212 BC) believed the earth is a sphere: “The surface of any fluid at rest is the surface of a sphere whose centre is the same as that of the earth.”: https://archive.org/stream/worksofarchimede00arch/worksofarchimede00arch_djvu.txt
  4. Aristotle (384–322 BC) believed the Earth to be a sphere, citing such reasons as” in eclipses the outline is always curved,” and that “the stars seen are different, as one moves northward or southward”: “All of which goes to show not only that the earth is circular in shape, but also that it is a sphere of no great size.” (On the Heavens, Bk. 2, Pt. 14): http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/heavens.2.ii.html
  5. Ptolemy (100-168 AD), in his book, Almagest, expresses his opinion that the earth is a sphere. His views on the order of the universe were widely held for over 1200 years: “Now, that also the earth taken as a whole is sensibly spherical, we could most likely think out in this way...” (Almagest, Bk. 1, Ch. 4): http://bertie.ccsu.edu/naturesci/Cosmology/Ptolemy.html#4

The Catholic Church  Most members of the Catholic Church (outside of which there is no salvation), throughout most of Its history, held that the Earth is a globe.  See also: ‘Flat Earth Refuted’ - https://docs.google.com/document/d/1E9wEu5Bd304swS4jVZxOjTE2vTM6KLU0p1J5oRNgBLI/edit?usp=sharing

  1. The Catholic Church has never taught as an article of faith that the Earth is flat: http://www.papalencyclicals.net/
  2. The Globus Cruciger has been used as a symbol of Christ's dominion over the world. Most of the Roman Emperors from 491 to 1453 issued coins with the Globus Cruciger on it: http://www.dirtyoldcoins.com/gandinga/
  3. The Infant Jesus of Prague is depicted holding a Globus Cruciger: https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Infant+Jesus+of+Prague&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images
  4. The Salvatore Mundi picture of Christ often depicts him holding a globe: https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Salvatore+Mundi&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images
  5. The Blessed Virgin Mary is often depicted standing on a globe crushing the serpent's head under her feet: https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Blessed+Virgin+Mary+crushing+serpent&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images
  6. St. Thomas Aquinas twice taught in his Summa Theologiae (once in the very first question) that the Earth is round (i.e. spherical): https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/First_Part/Question_1#Art._1_-_Whether.2C_besides_philosophy.2C_any_further_doctrine_is_required.3F; https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Summa_Theologiae/First_Part_of_the_Second_Part/Question_54#Art._2_-_Whether_habits_are_distinguished_by_their_objects.3F
  7. According to Joseph Dirvin, the original design for the Miraculous Medal was called our Lady of the Globe because she was holding a globe and standing on a globe. The Blessed Virgin Mary said to St. Catherine Laboure, “The ball which you see represents the whole world, especially France, and each person in particular”: https://archive.org/details/SaintCatherineLaboureOfTheMiraculousMedal
  8. Pope Alexander VI, referred to both the north and the south pole twice in his bull, Inter Caetera: http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Alex06/alex06inter.htm
  9. Pope Leo XIII used the French word for ‘globe’ in the encyclical, Depuis Le Jour: http://www.papalencyclicals.net/Leo13/l13depui.htm
  10. The Douay Rheims translation of the Bible uses the word globe at Isaiah 40:22, and also refers to the poles of heaven, earth and the world: http://www.drbo.org/cgi-bin/s?t=0&q=globe&b=drb; http://www.drbo.org/cgi-bin/s?t=0&q=poles&b=drb
  11. The book, De Sphaera Mundi, which teaches the Earth is a globe, was used as a textbook in European Universities for hundreds of years starting from 1230: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De_sphaera_mundi

Horizon  Flat Earthers use 'horizon' arguments to try to bolster their myth.

  1. The horizon looks flat from ground view because it is a geometric 'circle of a sphere', which is a horizontal cut through a sphere: https://duckduckgo.com/?q=circle+of+a+sphere&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images
  2. At ground level, the average distance to the horizon for a person (4.7km) is over 8000x the circumference of the globe (40,075km). One cannot see the true shape of an object from that close: https://duckduckgo.com/?q=8000x+magnification&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images
  3. Many pilots and others claim that from 60,000 feet the curvature of the Earth is clearly visible. The Concorde flew at this altitude: https://duckduckgo.com/?q=60000+feet+curvature+of+the+earth&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images; thulescientific.com/Lynch Curvature 2008.pdf
  4. Lighthouses and radio masts and towers are deliberately built high so that they can reach further over the curvature of the earth: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lighthouse#Design; http://www.hamuniverse.com/lineofsightcalculator.html
  5. The light from a lighthouse is beamed out horizontally, not downwards towards the horizon. This allows the light from the lighthouse to be seen much further than the distance to the horizon. This is called the 'Loom of the light'. On a flat earth, a lighthouse would only need to be slightly above the surface of the water because only waves would be an obstacle to the light being seen: http://www.sailtrain.co.uk/navigation/rising.htm
  6. Radio waves can be 'skipped' around the world by bouncing them off the ionosphere (sky wave). On a flat earth this would not be necessary, for there would be no curvature of the earth to prevent line of sight transmissions: http://www.theradiosource.com/articles/techtalk-skywave.htm
  7. The water on the Suez Canal naturally follows the curvature of the Earth, as seen by the hull of this boat disappearing behind the horizon: http://www.tamariskrtw.com/?attachment_id=3121
  8. The end of Volkswagen's 8.7km test track in Ehra-Lessien, Germany cannot be seen due to the curvature of the Earth: https://duckduckgo.com/?q=Ehra-Lessien&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images
  9. A simple comparison of heights from the water's edge to just above it shows one can see further at the higher point due to the curvature of the earth hiding the objects at the lower point. On a flat earth one would not see any significant change in what is visible: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bco_p4V7-QU
  10. A person in an airplane can view a sunset twice by climbing in altitude just after the sun has set: See 4:00-6:00mins. - https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xTkz6Lov7oI
  11. Flat earthers claim a 'law of perspective' explains why things disappear over the horizon from the lower part first. This is refuted by the fact that objects in the distance do not lose proportion, and so a telescope will reveal that the object really is hidden by the horizon: http://www.kayarchy.co.uk/images/02technique/106%20distance%20to%20horizon.jpg
  12. Some flat earthers claim one cannot see further than the horizon to due substances in the atmosphere.  However, the international visibility code shows that the meteorological optical range for an exceptionally clear day is over 27 nautical miles or 31 statute miles. This fact, combined with the extremely low refractive index of air (1.0003), and the change in distance to the horizon the higher one goes in altitude, makes it clear that that the limited view of the horizon is principally due to the curvature of the earth rather than to visibility conditions: https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/The_American_Practical_Navigator/Chapter_4#/media/File:APN2002-figure407b.png; http://www.rpi.edu/dept/phys/Dept2/APPhys1/optics/optics/node4.html; http://www.table-references.info/earth-table-distances.php

Geodesy  Geodesy is a field of science dealing with the shape of the Earth.

  1. Surveyors routinely make curvature and refraction corrections, which are corrections to account for the Earth's curvature and the atmosphere's refraction of light, otherwise their measurements would be erroneous: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4LPcNxYwhQo
  2. In geodesy, a level plane is a line that is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at every point. A level plane is thus a curved surface. A horizontal plane is perfectly straight: (See until 2:30mins.) https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HFUrVduZ3LA
  3. Geodetic surveying takes the curvature of the earth into account in its measurements. Plane surveying assumes the earth is flat, but is only done on smaller scales. Geodetic surveying is done on areas 260km^2 or more: http://civilengineersforum.com/geodetic-surveying/; http://civilengineersforum.com/plane-surveying/
  4. Golden Gate bridge: “The towers of this city's Golden Gate Bridge are purposely out of alignment in order to compensate for the curvature of the earth...”: http://www.findyourspot.com/CA/San%20Francisco
  5. Verrazano-Narrows bridge in New York: “Sunlight glints off the pair of monumental steel towers, 70 stories tall, carrying the curvature of the earth into the sky, where their tops are exactly 15⁄8 inches farther apart than at their base.”: http://www.smithsonianmag.com/history/history-verrazano-narrows-bridge-50-years-after-its-construction-180953032/?no-ist
  6. Humber Estuary bridge in England: “The towers, although both vertical, are 34 mm (1.3 inches) farther apart at the top than the bottom due to the curvature of the earth.”: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Humber_Bridge
  7. For vertical datums, a reference ellipsoid is used to base measurements on. It is a globe shape: https://www.spenvis.oma.be/help/background/coortran/coortran.html#GEOD
  8. A geoid is another reference frame used in surveying which is the shape of the earth if it had the same gravity potential at every point.  It is also a globe shape: http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/geoid_def.html; http://www.ngs.noaa.gov/GEOID/

Gravity  Flat Earthers deny the existence of gravity.

  1. The Flat Earth Society believes the Earth is accelerating upwards at a rate of 9.8m/s^2. However, if this were the case, we would be going many times faster than the speed of light by now, which is impossible: http://physics.about.com/od/relativisticmechanics/f/SpeedofLight.htm 
  2. Some flat earthers say gravity is merely density. However, in a vacuum, two objects of vastly different density will fall at exactly the same rate, such as feathers and a bowling ball. (This is because the inertia of an object is directly proportional to its mass): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=E43-CfukEgs
  3. The rate of gravity changes according to latitude and altitude. At the equator, gravity is 0.5% less than at the poles. The higher in altitude one climbs, the less one will weigh; at 30,000ft there is a 0.29% reduction in weight. This would not occur on a flat earth: http://www.livescience.com/32504-would-i-weigh-less-at-the-equator.html; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gravity_of_Earth#Altitude
  4. Henry Cavendish measured with accuracy the strength of gravity. The cavendish experiment has been repeated many times in classrooms. It shows how a smaller mass moves towards a larger mass: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UgWaYng2eRg; http://scitation.aip.org/content/aip/magazine/physicstoday/news/10.1063/PT.5.2025
  5. Water naturally forms a sphere. This is easily seen in a zero gravity environment: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cXsvy2tBJlU
  6. Some flat earthers attempt to explain the alleged non-existence of gravity and the alleged bending of light by means of ether (or aether). However, no experiment has ever confirmed the existence of ether: http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/physics/Ether.html

North and South  The are major differences between the Northern and Southern hemispheres that are inexplicable on a flat earth.

  1. The Coriolis effect accounts for why hurricanes go clockwise in the southern hemisphere, but counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere. “Observations show that no hurricanes form within 5 degrees latitude of the equator”: https://www.soest.hawaii.edu/GG/ASK/hurricanes.html
  2. A large pool of water will drain clockwise in the southern hemisphere and counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ihv4f7VMeJw
  3. Long range shooters must account for the coriolis effect otherwise they will miss their target: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jX7dcl_ERNs; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ouOYAlcvwOQ
  4. Star trails will appear to rotate clockwise in the southern hemisphere but counterclockwise in the northern hemisphere: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8ZTQJcvouMg; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rGGFJVXz6xA
  5. The shadow on a sundial will go clockwise in the northern hemisphere, but counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere: http://www.armillaryspheres.co.uk/#!oak4/zoom/c1p8/dataItem-ijftb3le1 (numbers go clockwise); http://www.sundialsaustralia.com.au/#!horizontal/c1dbr (numbers go counterclockwise)
  6. The moon will appear one way in the northern hemisphere, but the other way up in the southern hemisphere: https://c1.staticflickr.com/1/2/3787227_08d1a222ee.jpg
  7. Constellations that are visible in both hemispheres are one way up in the northern hemisphere, and the other way up in the southern hemisphere: http://www.solarsystemquick.com/universe/star-constellations.htm
  8. Many northern constellations are not visible in the southern hemisphere and vice versa: http://domeofthesky.com/clicks/constlist.html
  9. Wind currents are affected by the Coriolis effect: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/currents/05currents2.html
  10. Ocean currents are affected by the Coriolis effect: http://oceanservice.noaa.gov/education/kits/currents/05currents1.html
  11. The shadow of the moon waxes and wanes from right to left in the northern hemisphere, but from left to right in the southern hemisphere: http://resources.woodlands-junior.kent.sch.uk/time/moon/hemispheres.html
  12. The sun rotates clockwise in the northern hemisphere, but counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere: Northern: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ipvfwPqh3V4; Southern: http://www.sws.bom.gov.au/Solar/3/8 (see ‘GONG White Light Movie’)

Sun and Moon  Flat Earthers believe the sun and moon circle above the earth (like a hawk).

  1. If a person were at the equator, according to the flat earth map, the sun would always rise and set northeast and northwest of the observer. However, in real life, the sun will rise and set southeast and southwest during winter: http://www.cso.caltech.edu/outreach/log/NIGHT_DAY/sunrise.htm; http://www.whale.to/c/Sun-MoonSmall.png; http://s19.postimg.org/4php5k21v/76a250fd141682111040797474_700w_0.jpg
  2. Flat earthers claim the sun and moon merely circle the earth from a high altitude. This means they would always be visible: http://wiki.tfes.org/images/7/70/SunAnimation.gif
  3. Flat earthers claim the sun acts as a spotlight, for which they have no evidence.  The fact that half of the earth is always lit and the other half is dark, proves the flat earth model is impossible: http://k31.kn3.net/taringa/2/4/4/2/3/0/01/hitler_mech/293.jpg?6359; http://wiki.tfes.org/images/7/70/SunAnimation.gif
  4. Flat earthers claim the sunset is an optical illusion. Some posit an “electromagnetic acceleration” theory, also known as 'bendy light,' which states that light mysteriously bends upwards. They have no evidence for this.  For the sunset to be an optical illusion,  the horizon would have to be above eye level, which is clearly contrary to the fact that (at sea level) the horizon is slightly below eye level: https://thejackelscolumn.files.wordpress.com/2013/08/horizon.jpg
  5. The bendy light theory also posits that different colors of light do not refract in different frequencies. This is easily proven false by a white light passing through a prism. Rainbows are a natural example of this effect, as is the blue color of the sky, due to an effect called Rayleigh scattering: http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/files/2012/05/light-through-prism.jpg
  6. If the sun was circling overhead, it would get smaller or larger as it moved away or towards a person. This does not happen in real life: http://www.hoydalsvik.net/astrofoto/sun/sunset_20101201.jpg; http://www.analemma.de/sunpath.html
  7. Flat earthers claim the seasons are caused by the sun moving closer and further away from the north pole. However, they have no realistic explanation for how such changes occur: http://www.livescience.com/25202-seasons.html; http://s1178.photobucket.com/user/Flat-Moon/media/Sun-MoonSmall.png.html
  8. When the sun sets, the light of the sun hits the clouds from beneath. This would not happen if the sun was merely circling above the clouds: https://followhislight.files.wordpress.com/2013/05/sedona-sunset.jpg
  9. Some flat earthers believe the moon is a flat disc. This is easily proven false by the fact that its shadow is curved when waxing or waning. A flat disc would be either wholly light or wholly dark: http://astropixels.com/moon/phases2/images/Phases10-5x3w.jpg
  10. A 'selenelion' is where an eclipse occurs with both the sun and the moon in the sky. Some flat earthers use this example in an attempt to debunk the globe earth. However, a selenelion simply occurs when the straight line between the sun, earth and moon (called a 'syzygy') happens when the sun is rising and the moon is setting. Due to atmospheric refraction, both the sun and moon are visible during such an eclipse: http://www.space.com/27338-total-lunar-eclipse-rare-sunrise-selenelion.html; http://www.skyandtelescope.com/astronomy-news/observing-news/in-search-of-selenelion/
  11. An ‘analemma’ shows the change in a sun’s position throughout the year. An analemma will also appear the other way up depending on which hemisphere one views it from. Flat earthers have no realistic explanation for analemmas: http://scienceblogs.com/startswithabang/2009/08/26/why-our-analemma-looks-like-a/; http://solar-center.stanford.edu/art/analemma.html
  12. A solar eclipse occurs only over a certain location on earth, not the whole earth because the sun is much bigger than the moon. According to the flat earth theory, an eclipse should darken the whole earth: http://www.eclipse2017.org/2017/path_through_the_US.htm; https://duckduckgo.com/?q=total+solar+eclipse+shadow+on+earth&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images
  13. An annular eclipse makes the moon appear smaller than the sun, whereas a total solar eclipse makes the moon appear the same size as the sun. Flat earthers have no realistic explanation for this since they claim both the sun and moon are the same size and the same distance from earth: http://www.timeanddate.com/eclipse/annular-solar-eclipse.html;http://d366w3m5tf0813.cloudfront.net/wp-content/uploads/Solar_eclipse_geometry.jpg; https://duckduckgo.com/?q=annular+eclipse&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images; https://duckduckgo.com/?q=total+solar+eclipse&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images

Space and Astronomy  Flat Earthers claim that any photos or footage from space is faked by NASA, and they reject the existence of satellites.

  1. Composite photos are used by NASA because the whole earth often cannot be photographed in one shot. A composite photo however is still essentially real for it is simply many real photos put together into one: https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Nasa_blue_marble.jpg
  2. The Russian Elektro-L satellites have taken many non-composite photos of the earth: http://www.planetary.org/blogs/guest-blogs/2013/20130723-beautiful-science-by-elektro-l.html?referrer=https://duckduckgo.com/
  3. Some flat earthers reject the existence of planets. Spectroscopy proves planets are real by showing the kinds of elements that are present on those planets: http://lasp.colorado.edu/~bagenal/3720/CLASS5/5Spectroscopy.html
  4. Some flat earthers believe that female astronauts perm their hair and are underwater (in a tank) to fake being in space. However, in this clip, the astronaut is washing her hair, which would destroy her permed hair and proves she is not underwater: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kOIj7AgonHM
  5. Geostationary satellites appear to stay in the one spot above the surface of the earth. This would be impossible on a flat earth for they would simply fall back to earth: http://www.am.ub.edu/bnc/images/scontent/gps_low.jpg; http://petapixel.com/assets/uploads/2015/10/geostationary.jpg; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geostationary_orbit
  6. A number of amateur astronomers have taken photos of the International space station and geostationary satellites, proving that not all photos of such things are a hoax created by NASA: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/science/space/8356656/Amateur-photographer-captures-space-shuttle-from-back-garden.html; http://www.radio.cz/en/section/curraffrs/amateur-astronomer-takes-unique-photos-of-us-space-shuttle-atlantis; http://www.esa.int/Our_Activities/Human_Spaceflight/International_Space_Station/Your_International_Space_Station_photos
  7. Iridium flares occur when a satellite reflects sunlight very brightly, proving the existence of satellites: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MTGVuPr9Epg; http://www.satobs.org/iridium.html; http://www.heavens-above.com/IridiumFlares.aspx
  8. Stellar parallax was first measured in 1838. It appears as an apparently small shift in the position of distant stars. It allows astronomers to measure the distance to such stars. Flat earthers have no realistic explanation for it: http://www.universetoday.com/47182/stellar-parallax/; http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/Astro/para.html
  9. Retrograde motion is the apparent periodic 'moving backwards' of planets. It is caused by the planets' orbit of the sun. Flat earthers cannot explain it: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=72FrZz_zJFU; https://duckduckgo.com/?q=retrograde+motion&search_plus_one=form&iax=1&ia=images

Antarctica  Flat Earthers claim Antarctica is at the outer rim of the entire earth.

  1. Antarctica has a six month day and a six month night each year, as does the north pole. This would be impossible on a flat earth: http://www.vb-tech.co.za/Antartica/
  2. Fedor Konyukhov circumnavigated Antarctica in 102 days. If he were doing this on a flat earth, he would have been traveling at an average of 26.94 knots/hr, which would have smashed the single hulled speed record by 7 knots/hr and 101.5 days: http://www.sailspeedrecords.com/records
  3. There are a number of permanent research stations in Antarctica, and they can all vouch for the fact that Antarctica is only about 11,000 miles in circumference, not 78,000 miles as a flat earth map shows. Antarctica is a continent even though its landmass is covered with ice. In the north pole there are only temporary research stations because there is no land mass and the ice is constantly moving or breaking up: http://www.theflatearthsociety.org/forum/index.php?topic=34852.0; http://antarcticsun.usap.gov/AntarcticSun/features/images/twoship_map.jpg; https://www.rt.com/news/russia-evacuates-polar-station-708/
  4. Webcams are set up in Antarctica where one can see pictures taken at every hour which show the 24 hour day or 24 hour night: http://www.webcam-index.com/Antarctica/
  5. Similarly to Antarctica, southern cities of the world have longer days during the December/Summer solstice: Ushuaia, Argentina (17:19:53 hrs); Cape Town, South Africa (14:25:02 hrs); Hobart, Australia (15:21:03 hrs); Invercargill, New Zealand (15:48:54 hrs). This would be impossible on a flat earth: http://www.timeanddate.com/sun/argentina/ushuaia?month=12&year=2016
  6. There are currently 45 companies that are members of the International Association of Antarctica Tourist Operations, including ships, flights and land based operations. During the 2007-08 season, there were 46,265 visitors. None of these companies claim Antarctica is the end of the earth: http://iaato.org/faq-media-center
  7. There are three poles in Antarctica. A geographic pole, a magnetic pole and a ceremonial pole. The fact that lines of longitude converge on the geographic pole proves the earth is a globe: http://www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/environment/geography/poles-and-directions
  8. The first overland crossing of Antarctica was completed by Vivian Fuchs’ team in 1958.  According to flat earthers, this would be impossible: http://www.telegraph.co.uk/travel/activityandadventure/11082034/Crossing-Antarctica-photos-of-the-195758-Commonwealth-Trans-Antarctic-Expedition.html; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vivian_Fuchs#The_Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition; https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Commonwealth_Trans-Antarctic_Expedition

Maps and Flights  Many Flat Earthers admit that there is no official map for their model, though the circular 'UN' type map is used by most.

  1. Airplane windows are made for looking down. If the earth were flat, one would see the horizon at almost eye level no matter how high one flew, and the windows would need to accommodate for this: http://superbeefy.com/why-do-airplanes-have-such-small-windows-and-why-are-the-tiny-windows-on-airliners-positioned-so-low/
  2. A plane can automatically adjust its altitude by means of an altimeter. Pilots also often make small adjustments while flying, so any changes needed due to the curvature of the earth are minimal and a normal part of flying: http://www.askcaptainlim.com/flying-the-plane-flying-90/1301-does-a-jet-aircraft-need-to-constantly-adjust-nose-down-to-follow-the-curvature-of-the-earth.html
  3. The Qantas non-stop flight from Sydney to Santiago would not work on a flat earth map: https://www.metabunk.org/sk/20150703-123118-xt1h9.jpg; https://www.metabunk.org/sk/20150703-151608-1j9wq.jpg
  4. Many flights stop in the northern hemisphere due to commercial reasons. Almost 90% of the world's population lives in the northern hemisphere: http://bigthink.com/strange-maps/563-pop-by-lat-and-pop-by-long
  5. The most popular flat earthers’ map is an azimuthal equidistant projection map. The distances on such maps are only correct in relation to the center point.  All other distances are distorted. An azimuthal equidistant projection map can be made for any point on earth, including Antarctica: http://www.progonos.com/furuti/MapProj/Normal/ProjAz/ProjAzNP/projAzNP.html; http://www.emapsworld.com/images/world-south-pole-azimuthal-equidistant-projection-map.gif

Conspiracy

  1. Matt Boylan claims to be a NASA whistleblower who used to create fake pictures. However Boylan is an actor and was in a semi-pornographic show called ‘Illuminati bodypaint’: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=y_TcNHy33-8; https://www.youtube.com/user/TheNASAchannel/videos (videos for April and May 2013)
  2. Eric Dubay is an aggressive flat earther who also teaches demonic yoga, is anti-Christian, pro-Hitler, thinks Jesus Christ was a 'magic mushroom', believes in the occult and that reality is an illusion, he dressed like a woman in a video, and plagiarized at least 28 of his ‘200 proofs the earth is not a spinning ball’. He might be a paid actor. Dubay also accuses almost all the main people in the flat earth movement of being paid shills, yet we are supposed to believe that he is not: https://docs.google.com/document/d/19xZQSZ65n_F9QiWQS0s-n7EpFLF_arBVrqcEib-_k_w/edit?usp=sharing; http://www.atlanteanconspiracy.com/2013/02/the-truth-about-adolf-hitler-wwii.html
  3. Patricia Steere interviews various flat earthers. She dresses in various costumes in her videos, such as a Pagan. Some of her guests also wear bizarre costumes. These people obviously don't want to be taken seriously and appear to be actors: https://www.youtube.com/channel/UCysWJOqjorQQwc31oDShK6w/videos; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Vn1DImUnnSU; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jF6GI2YfD4c
  4. The flat earth society of Canada was started to test whether people would use critical thinking skills in regard to a commonly held truth, namely, that the earth is a globe: https://hieronymopolis.wordpress.com/2012/12/03/dr-ferrari-and-the-flat-earth-society-by-alden-nowlan-2/
  5. Leo Ferrari, the founder of the Flat Earth Society of Canada made a mockumentary about the flat earth theory. In spite of it being a satire, many flat earthers believe it is a wonderful example of flat earth ideas: http://www.bullfrogfilms.com/catalog/search.html; https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=fU1OTefzdr0
  6. 101 According to the Freemason, Andrew Prescott, Freemasons formed 'Zetetic societies' to engage in anti-Christian and 'scientific' debate. A prominent Flat Earther, Eric Dubay, said that Freemasonry's 'biggest secret' is that the earth is flat. Freemasonry is a diabolical sect. When Dubay was insulting Neil DeGrasse Tyson, a globe earther, Dubay subtly endorsed this sect when he stated: "The best thing about Neil DeGrasse Tyson is he's a Freemason..."  Dubay believes in the occult, as do Freemasons. It would be no surprise if Dubay were a member of the Illuminati.  It appears that the flat earth movement is essentially a masonic deception: http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/prescott05.html; http://www.lulu.com/shop/eric-dubay/the-flat-earth-conspiracy/paperback/product-21889483.html; http://www.freemasons-freemasonry.com/prescott05.html; http://www.lulu.com/shop/eric-dubay/the-flat-earth-conspiracy/paperback/product-21889483.html