Statistics, studies and articles about bisexual-specific issues
In this document you will find a collection of studies, statistics and articles relating to bisexuality and bisexual individuals.
These are mostly about:
- abuse rates (both sexual and physical) of bisexual people
- health (both mental and physical) of bisexual people
- biphobia and its effects
- poverty rates of bisexual people
- the amount of fundings received by bisexual specific associations
- the amount of bisexuals who are out of the closet
- how bisexuality is seen by non-bisexual people
1) Here you can find a really good Tumblr post that summarizes the issue of sexual violence against bisexual women
https://biwomensupport.tumblr.com/post/116953226805/this-post-is-going-to-explore-how-biphobia
(note: the post itself is not a source, but it has multiple links to multiple sources and its meant to be an easy and accessible summary for people who want to know more about the issue but cannot read pages upon pages of sources)
2) 2010 Findings on Victimization by Sexual Orientation
The National Intimate Partner and Sexual Violence Survey
https://www.cdc.gov/violenceprevention/pdf/nisvs_sofindings.pdf
Key Findings
• Bisexual women had significantly higher lifetime prevalence of rape and sexual violence other than rape by any perpetrator when compared to both lesbian and heterosexual women.
• Bisexual women had significantly higher lifetime prevalence of rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner when compared to both lesbian and heterosexual women.
• Lesbian women and gay men reported levels of intimate partner violence and sexual violence equal to or higher than those of heterosexuals.
Sexual Violence by any Perpetrator
• The lifetime prevalence of rape by any perpetrator was:
For women: - Lesbian – 13.1% - Bisexual – 46.1% - Heterosexual – 17.4% | For men: - Gay – numbers too small to estimate - Bisexual – numbers too small to estimate - Heterosexual – 0.7% |
Sex of Perpetrator among Rape Victims
• Most bisexual and heterosexual women (98.3% and 99.1%, respectively) who experienced rape in their lifetime reported having only male perpetrators. Estimates for sex of perpetrator of rape for other groups (lesbian women, gay and bisexual men) were based upon numbers too small to calculate a reliable estimate and, therefore, are not reportable.
Sex of Perpetrator among Victims of Sexual Violence Other than Rape
• The majority of lesbian, bisexual, and heterosexual women (85.2%, 87.5%, and 94.7%, respectively) who experienced sexual violence other than rape in their lifetime reported having only male perpetrators.
• 78.6% of gay men and 65.8% of bisexual men who experienced sexual violence other than rape in their lifetime reported having only male perpetrators.
• 28.6% of heterosexual men who experienced sexual violence other than rape in their lifetime reported having only male perpetrators, while 54.8% reported only female perpetrators, and 16.6% reported both male and female perpetrators.
Stalking Victimization by any Perpetrator
• 1 in 3 bisexual women (36.6%) and 1 in 6 heterosexual women (15.5%) have experienced stalking victimization at some point during their lifetime.
• Estimates of stalking for other groups (lesbian women, gay and bisexual men) were based upon numbers too small to calculate a reliable estimate and, therefore, are not reported.
• Estimates of sex of perpetrator of stalking for lesbian and bisexual women and gay and bisexual men were based upon numbers too small to calculate a reliable estimate and, therefore, are not reported.
Violence by an Intimate Partner
• The lifetime prevalence of rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner was:
For women: - Lesbian – 43.8% - Bisexual – 61.1% - Heterosexual – 35.0% | For men: - Gay – 26.0% - Bisexual – 37.3% - Heterosexual – 29.0% |
The lifetime prevalence of severe physical violence by an intimate partner (e.g., hit with fist or something hard, slammed against something, or beaten) was:
For women: - Lesbian – 29.4% - Bisexual – 49.3% - Heterosexual – 23.6% | For men: - Gay – 16.4% - Bisexual – numbers too small to report - Heterosexual – 13.9% |
Sex of Perpetrator of Intimate Partner Violence
• Most bisexual and heterosexual women (89.5% and 98.7%, respectively) reported having only male perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Two-thirds of lesbian women (67.4%) reported having only female perpetrators of intimate partner violence.
• The majority of bisexual men (78.5%) and most heterosexual men (99.5%) reported having only female perpetrators of intimate partner violence. Most gay men (90.7%) reported having only male perpetrators of intimate partner violence.
Impact of Intimate Partner Violence
• More than half of bisexual women (57.4%), a third of lesbian women (33.5%), and more than a fourth of heterosexual women (28.2%) who experienced rape, physical violence, and/or stalking by an intimate partner in their lifetime reported at least one negative impact (e.g., missed at least one day of school or work, were fearful, were concerned for their safety, experienced at least one post-traumatic stress disorder symptom).
• Estimates of negative impact of intimate partner violence for gay and bisexual men were based upon numbers too small to calculate a reliable estimate and, therefore, are not reported. This report highlights the lifetime prevalence of intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and stalking victimization for U.S. women and men by self-reported sexual orientation. Individuals who self-identified as lesbian, gay, and bisexual reported rates of violence that were equal to or higher than those reported by self-identified heterosexuals. The goal of public health is to prevent violence from occurring in the first place. A comprehensive violence prevention plan that includes LGB individuals will assist in furthering a comprehensive understanding of intimate partner violence, sexual violence, and stalking.
3) Bisexuality 101: Are there health issues specific to bisexuality?
Mike Szymanski, published on “Bi Women: A newsletter produced by the Boston Bisexual Women’s Network, for women everywhere”, Vol. 28 no. 1, Winter 2010 (page 7)
http://biwomenboston.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/Bi_Women_V28-1_Winter_10.pdf
4) Bisexuals and Mental Health
Neelima Prabhala, published on “Bi Women: A newsletter produced by the Boston Bisexual Women’s Network, for women everywhere”, Vol. 28 no. 1, Winter 2010 (page 9)
http://biwomenboston.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/03/Bi_Women_V28-1_Winter_10.pdf
5) The Bisexuality Report: Bisexual inclusion in LGBT equality and diversity
Meg Barker, Christina Richards, Rebecca Jones, Helen Bowes-Catton & Tracey Plowman (of BiUK) with Jen Yockney (of Bi Community News) and Marcus Morgan (of The Bisexual Index), 2012
https://bisexualresearch.files.wordpress.com/2011/08/the-bisexualityreport.pdf
6) Associations of Bisexual-Specific Minority Stress and Health Among Cisgender and Transgender Adults with Bisexual Orientation
Sabra L. Katz-Wise, 2016
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00224499.2016.1236181?journalCode=hjsr20&
“Among sexual minorities, bisexuals are at the greatest risk for poor health due in part to prejudice and stigma. This research examined associations of bisexual-specific minority stress and health among cisgender (non-transgender) and transgender adults with bisexual orientation. Participants were 488 adults (378 cisgender women, 49 cisgender men, 61 transgender individuals), age 18 to 66 years, with bisexual orientation based on identity and/or attractions to multiple genders. Participants completed an online survey. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were conducted with sexual minority stress and bisexual-specific minority stress as the predictors and physical health, measured by the 36-Item Short Form Survey (SF-36), as the outcome. Models controlled for demographic variables. Moderation analyses were conducted to test for gender differences. Greater bisexual-specific minority stress significantly predicted poorer overall physical health (β = −0.16), greater pain (β = −0.16), and poorer general health (β = −0.25) above and beyond the effects of sexual minority stress. Gender moderated the association between bisexual-specific minority stress and health, such that bisexual-specific minority stress predicted overall physical health and role limitations for transgender individuals but not for cisgender women. Addressing bisexual-specific minority stress is necessary to improve the health and well-being of bisexual individuals.”
7) Sexual Victimization and Associated Risks Among Lesbian and Bisexual Women
Amy L. Hequembourg, Jennifer A. Livingston, Kathleen A. Parks, 2013
https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/full/10.1177/1077801213490557
Abstract: This study examines relationships among childhood sexual abuse (CSA), risky alcohol use, and adult sexual victimization among bisexual and lesbian women. Half (51.2%) of women reported CSA and 71.2% reported adult sexual victimization. Perpetrators were generally male, and 56.4% of women’s most recent adult sexual victimization incidents occurred after coming out. Regression results indicated that adult sexual victimization severity was associated with a bisexual identity, more severe CSA history, more lifetime sexual partners, and higher alcohol severity scores. Compared to lesbians, bisexual women reported more severe adult sexual victimization experiences, greater revictimization, riskier drinking patterns, and more lifetime male sexual partners.
8) LGBT in Britain health report
Stonewall, 2018
https://www.stonewall.org.uk/system/files/lgbt_in_britain_health.pdf
9) Mental Health in the LGBT community
https://www.mentalhelp.net/mental-health-in-the-lgbt-community/
According to the National Alliance on Mental Illness, the risk of a mental health condition, like depression, anxiety disorders, or post-traumatic stress disorder, is almost three times as high for youth and adults who identify as lesbian, gay, bisexual, or transgender (LGBT) – or those with a sexuality that doesn’t apply to any existing category.
Even more ominous, The Trevor Project reports that suicide – the second leading cause of death for those aged 10 to 24 – is attempted four times more often by gay, lesbian, bisexual, and questioning youth, and suicide attempts by transgender youth are elevated as well. Studies have also shown that gay, lesbian, and bisexual youth are almost twice as likely as their heterosexual peers to abuse drugs and alcohol.
With high rates of suicide and mental health conditions, it’s vitally important that the LGBT community is understood and supported. We analyzed over 160,000 records from the CDC’s annual Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System and spoke personally with members of the LGBT community to get an in-depth sense of the struggles they face and how their experiences in society have come to bear on their mental health. Read on to find out how LGBT people are navigating the difficult issues of mental health, addiction, and more.
Roughly four out of 10 people who identify as bisexual report having been diagnosed with depression – a rate even higher than the one-in-three gay and lesbian Americans who have experienced depression, and more than double the rate of those who identify as straight. Our interviews with community members show that their sexual orientation or gender identity can significantly influence their experiences with depression. The secrecy of personal struggles exacerbate these symptoms, while the opportunity to be open and supported in their identity often helped relieve their condition.
10) Disaggregating the Data for Bisexual People
Center for American Progress, 2018
https://cdn.americanprogress.org/content/uploads/2018/09/04103516/BiCommunityStats-factsheet2.pdf
A note about bisexual erasure
Prior studies have linked discrimination with poor health outcomes for LGBTQ respondents. In this analysis, bi+ people were less likely to report experiences of discrimination than gay and lesbian people but were more likely to report poor health outcomes. Bi+ people may be less likely to experience enacted stigma, or unfair treatment, if they have a partner of a different gender or if they have not disclosed their sexual orientation to others. However, they may still experience felt stigma, such as feelings of shame or isolation, around their sexual orientation. They may be made to feel that their sexual orientation is not legitimate and that they must adhere to one of two monosexual identities, a phenomenon known as bisexual erasure.9 While LGBTQ social networks are a vital support for many gay and lesbian people, bisexual erasure may preclude bi+ people from fully participating in the LGBTQ community. Further research can help clarify how the gender of their partners, disclosure of their sexual orientation, and being perceived as straight affect the experiences of bi+ people.
The present data demonstrate that bi+ people’s experiences do not always align with their monosexual peers’. Disaggregating research on the LGBTQ community by sexual orientation can help health care providers, researchers, and policymakers design policies and resources that address the unique needs of bi+ people
11) Bisexual-Specific Minority Stressors, Psychological Distress, and Suicidality in Bisexual Individuals: the Mediating Role of Loneliness
Ethan H. Mereish, Sabra L. Katz-Wise, Julie Woulfe, 2017
13) A Closer Look: Bisexual Older Adults
Movement Advancement Project with SAGE, the Bisexual Resource Center and BiNet USA, 2017
https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/A%20Closer%20Look%20Bisexual%20Older%20Adults%20FINAL.pdf
INTRODUCTION
America’s population is aging: by 2050, the number of people over the age of 65 will double to 83.7 million (from 43.1 million in 2012). And while the public perception of lesbian, gay, bisexual, and transgender (LGBT) people is largely one of a young community, there are actually more than 2.7 million LGBT adults ages 50 or older living in communities across the country. Many LGBT older adults are bisexual. This report takes a closer look at bisexual older adults: who they are, their unique disparities and resilience, and recommendations for competently serving the community of bisexual older adults. Bisexual people make up more than half of the adult LGB population, although among older adults, fewer people identify as bisexual. According to a 2015 YouGov poll, 1% of respondents ages 65 and older said they identified as bisexual, while 3% said they identified as gay or lesbian. See the infographic below. Many bisexual older adults are parents and partners. Perhaps unsurprisingly, among respondents to the National Health Aging, and Sexuality/ Gender Study, bisexual women were most likely of all LGBT people to have ever been in a different-sex marriage (70%) and very likely to have had children (52%).
Invisibility and Social Isolation
Research finds that bisexual older adults face unique challenges compared to their gay and lesbian peers. For example, the social isolation faced by LGBT older adults is compounded for bisexual older adults, who are less likely to be “out” about their sexual orientation. According to Pew Research, only 18% of bisexual respondents ages 45 and older said that the most important people in their life knew they were bisexual, compared to 32% of respondents under 45. Among gay and lesbian adults, around 70% of both older and younger adults reported that the important people in their lives knew their sexual orientation.7 Social isolation can lead to poorer mental and physical health, to elder abuse, and to other negative outcomes for older adults.
Economic Insecurity
Bisexual older adults have faced years of discrimination: legal discrimination such as the lack of marriage equality and the criminalization of same-sex relationships, and interpersonal discrimination like housing and employment discrimination. The cumulative impact of this discrimination over a lifetime is an increased risk for poverty. Bisexuals ages 65 and older have shocking poverty rates: 47% of bisexual older men and 48% of bisexual women live at or below 200% of the federal poverty level. And transgender older adults have similar rates to bisexual older adults. One study found that 48% of transgender older adults live at or below 200% of the federal poverty level.10 This is higher than for older LGBT adults as a whole. Nearly one-third of LGBT older adults ages 65 and older live at or below 200% of the federal poverty level, lower than for bisexual and transgender older adults, but still high when compared to only a quarter of non-LGBT older adults who live at or below 200% of the federal poverty level (this percentage rises to 40% of LGBT older adults 80 and older.) Importantly, research shows that older bisexual people with the same educational attainment as their gay and lesbian peers still had significantly lower income levels, though all groups fair worse than their heterosexual counterparts due to a lifetime of employment discrimination.
Health
An analysis of the Caring and Aging with Pride study of LGBT older adults found that bisexual older adults have significantly poorer physical health than gay, lesbian, and heterosexual older adults, including increased limitations due to physical problems, lower physical functioning, general health, vitality, and bodily pain. Bisexual older adults also reported poorer mental health than gay, lesbian, and heterosexual older adults, including increased role limitations due to emotional problems, and poorer social functioning, and mental health.One survey of LGBT older adults found that one-third of bisexual respondents have moderate to severe depression, likely because of inadequate emotional support and more negative interactions with family members.
Bisexual older people are also more likely to exhibit more sexual risk behaviors than other older adults or younger bisexual people. For example, a large-scale study found that older bisexual men used condoms at lower rates than younger bisexual men.
14) Ageing and bisexuality: Case studies from the ‘Looking Both Ways’ project
Dr Rebecca L. Jones, Dr Kathryn Almack, Dr Rachael Scicluna, 2016
https://bisexualresearch.files.wordpress.com/2016/07/looking-both-ways-report-online-version.pdf
15) The Coming Out Experience
A survey of LGBT americans, Pew Research Center, 2013
https://www.pewsocialtrends.org/2013/06/13/chapter-3-the-coming-out-experience/
How Many of the Important People in Your Life Know?
The vast majority of LGBT respondents (86%) say they have told one or more close friends about their sexual orientation or gender identity. And some 54% say all or most of the important people in their life know that they are lesbian, gay, bisexual or transgender.
There are large differences here across LGB groups. Lesbians and gay men are more likely than bisexuals to have told at least one close friend about their sexual orientation (96% of gay men and 94% of lesbians, compared with 79% of bisexuals). And they are much more likely to say that most of the people who are important to them know about this aspect of their life: 77% of gay men and 71% of lesbians say all or most people know, compared with 28% of bisexuals.
Among bisexuals, there are large differences between men and women in the share who say the people closest to them know that they are bisexual. Roughly nine-in-ten bisexual women (88%) say they have told a close friend about their sexual orientation; only 55% of bisexual men say they have told a close friend. Similarly, while one-third of bisexual women say most of the important people in their life know they are bisexual, only 12% of bisexual men say the same. Furthermore, 65% of bisexual men say that only a few or none of the important people in their life know they are bisexual.
16) Study finds slight shift in attitudes toward bisexuals, from negative to neutral
Indiana University, published on phys.org, 2016
https://phys.org/news/2016-10-slight-shift-attitudes-bisexuals-negative.html
While positive attitudes toward gay men and lesbians have increased over recent decades, a new study led by researchers at IU's Center for Sexual Health Promotion shows attitudes toward bisexual men and women are relatively neutral, if not ambivalent.
The study, led by Brian Dodge, associate professor in the Department of Applied Health Science and associate director of the Center for Sexual Health Promotion at Indiana University's School of Public Health-Bloomington, was recently published in PLOS ONE, an open-access, peer-reviewed online journal. Dodge and his colleagues are presenting the data today at the Annual Meeting of the American Public Health Association in Denver, Colorado.
The study is only the second to explore attitudes toward bisexual men and women—those with the capacity for physical, romantic and/or sexual attraction to more than one sex or gender—in a nationally representative sample. It is also the first to do so with a sample of gay, lesbian and other-identified individuals (pansexual, queer and other identity labels), in addition to those who identify as heterosexuals. The nationally representative sample was taken from the Center for Sexual Health Promotion's 2015 National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior, one wave of data from an ongoing population-based survey of adults and adolescents in the U.S.
“While recent data demonstrates dramatic shifts in attitude (from negative to positive) toward homosexuality, gay/lesbian individuals and same-sex marriage in the U.S., most of these surveys do not ask about attitudes toward bisexuality or bisexual individuals," Dodge said. "And many rely on convenience sampling strategies that are not representative of the general population of the U.S."
The study looked at five negative connotations, found in previous studies, associated with bisexual men and women, including the idea that they are confused or in transition regarding their sexual orientation, that they are hypersexual and that they are vectors of sexually transmitted diseases.
The research showed that a majority of male and female respondents, more than one-third, were most likely to "neither agree nor disagree" with the attitudinal statements. In regard to bisexual men and women having the capability to be faithful in a relationship, nearly 40 percent neither agreed nor disagreed.
Those who identified as "other" had the most positive attitudes toward bisexuality, followed by gay/lesbian respondents and then heterosexuals.
Age played a factor in the results, with participants under the age of 25 indicating more positive attitudes toward bisexual men and women. Income and education also played a role: Higher-income participants were more likely to report more positive attitudes toward bisexual men and women, in addition to participants with higher levels of education.
Overall, attitudes toward bisexual women were more positive than attitudes toward bisexual men.
"While our society has seen marked shifts in more positive attitudes toward homosexuality in recent decades, our data suggest that attitudes toward bisexual men and women have shifted only slightly from very negative to neutral," Dodge said. "That nearly one-third of participants reported moderately to extremely negative attitudes toward bisexual individuals is of great concern given the dramatic health disparities faced by bisexual men and women in our country, even relative to gay and lesbian individuals."
Bisexual men and women face a disproportionate rate of physical, mental and other health disparities in comparison to monosexuals—those who identify as exclusively heterosexual and exclusively homosexual, Dodge said. Although research has not determined the cause, Dodge said that negative attitudes and stigma associated with bisexuality could play a role.
Data from the National Survey of Sexual Health and Behavior shows that approximately 2.6 percent of adult men and 3.6 percent of adult women in the U.S. identify as bisexual. For females, that number is more than double the number of women who identify as lesbian, 0.9 percent. When it comes to adolescents, 1.5 percent of male adolescents (age 14 to 17) and 8.4 percent of female adolescents identify as bisexual.
Dodge said he hopes the results emphasize the need for efforts to decrease negative stereotypes and increase acceptance of bisexual individuals as a component of broader initiatives aimed at tolerance of sexual and gender minority individuals.
"After documenting the absence of positive attitudes toward bisexual men and women in the general U.S. population, we encourage future research, intervention and practice opportunities focused on assessing, understanding and eliminating biphobia—for example, among clinicians and other service providers—and determining how health disparities among bisexual men and women can be alleviated," he said.
17) Is bisexuality invisible? A review of sexualities scholarship 1970–2015
Surya Monro, Sally Hines, Antony Osborne, published on The Sociological Review, 2017
https://bisexualresearch.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/bisexual-erasure-final.pdf
18) Snapshot: Bisexual In America
Movement Advancement Project, 2015
https://www.lgbtmap.org/bisexual-snapshot-graphic
19) Bi-negativity: the stigma facing bisexual men
Mickey Eliason, article in Journal of Bisexuality, 2001
https://drive.google.com/drive/folders/1VtNJa-hXY7aVoBFhr3wRIBB_f4NmvDZJ
20) Health Disparities Among Bisexual People
The Human Rights Campaign Foundation with BiNet USA and the Bisexual Resource Center
21) 2019 Bi+ Youth Report
The Human Rights Campaign Foundation, 2019
22) Understanding Issues Facing Bisexuals Americans
BiNet USA, The Bisexual Resource Center and Movement Advancement Project, 2014
https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/understanding-issues-facing-bisexual-americans.pdf
23) Different For Bis – All the latest bi research
Bi Community News, 2017
https://bicommunitynews.co.uk///5896/different-bis-latest-bi-research/
24) Invisible Majority: The Disparities Facing Bisexual People and How To Remedy Them
Movement Advancement Project, 2016
https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/invisible-majority.pdf
25) Differences in Mental Health Symptoms Across Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, and Questioning Youth in Primary Care Settings
Journal of Adolescent Health, Annie Shearer, Joanna Herres, Ph.D., Tamar Kodish, Helen Squitieri, Kiera James, Jody Russon, Ph.D., Tita Atte, M.P.H., C.P.H., Guy S. Diamond, Ph.D., 2016
https://www.jahonline.org/article/S1054-139X%2816%2900052-5/abstract
26) Dimensions of Sexual Orientation and the Prevalence of Mood and Anxiety Disorders in the United States
Wendy B. Bostwick, PhD, MPH, Carol J. Boyd, PhD, MSN, Tonda L. Hughes, PhD, RN,
and Sean Esteban McCabe, PhD, MSW
https://drive.google.com/file/d/10tVN8DrU7721rpKlzYeYA0gz9BZ7oogy/view
27) LGBT In Britain: Home and Communities
Stonewall UK and YouGov
https://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/lgbt_in_britain_home_and_communities.pdf
28) Why bisexuals stay in the closet
Emily Alpert, The Los Angeles Times, 2013
https://www.latimes.com/local/la-xpm-2013-jul-14-la-me-bisexuality-20130715-story.html
29) SCHOOL REPORT: The experiences of lesbian, gay, bi and trans young people in Britain’s schools in 2017
Stonewall UK, 2017
https://www.stonewall.org.uk/sites/default/files/the_school_report_2017.pdf
30) Bisexual teens at highest risk of bullying, truancy, suicide
Illinois News Bureau, Sharita Forrest, 2011
https://news.illinois.edu/view/6367/205215
31) "Not A Legitimate Sexual Orientation": Attitudes toward bisexual men and women as a risk factor for HIV/AIDS
American Public Health Association, Brian Dodge, PhD, Mackey Friedman, PhD, MPH, Vanessa Schick, PhD, Gabriel Goncalves, BS, Debby Herbenick, PhD, MPH, Randolph D. Hubach, MPH, Michael Reece, PhD, MPH, 2013
https://apha.confex.com/apha/141am/webprogram/Paper293050.html
32) Why Bisexual Men Are Still Fighting to Convince Us They Exist
Splinter, Samantha Allen, 2017
https://splinternews.com/why-bisexual-men-are-still-fighting-to-convince-us-they-1793857998
33) “I feel tolerated, but very rarely more than that” – Being Bi on the Scene
Biscuit, 2017
34) Biphobia in the LGBT community
Varsity, Joel Lucyszyn, 2017
https://www.varsity.co.uk/features/13617
35) Bisexual women's understandings of social marginalisation: 'The heterosexuals don't understand US but nor do the lesbians'
University of the West of England, Nikki Hayfield, Victoria Clarke, Emma Halliwell, 2014
https://uwe-repository.worktribe.com/output/814060
36) Bisexual Invisibility: Impacts and Recommendations
San Francisco Human Rights Commission, LGBT Advisory Committee, 2011
37) 2016 NATIONAL LGBT MOVEMENT REPORT: A Financial Overview of Leading Advocacy Organizations in the LGBT Movement
Movement Advancement Project, 2016
https://www.lgbtmap.org/file/2016-national-lgbt-movement-report.pdf
38) 2018 TRACKING REPORT: LGBTQ Grantmaking by U.S. Foundations
Funders for LGBTQ Issues
https://lgbtfunders.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/2020.04.02_FINAL_2018TrackingReport_08.pdf
39) Bisexuals need not apply: a comparative appraisal of refugee law and policy in Canada, the United States, and Australia
Sarah Rehaag, published on The International Journal of Human Rights, 2010
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/13642980902758226
40) Invisible Majority: Bisexual People Seeking Asylum “Not Worthy of Belief”
Delaram Rezaei Khonakdar,The Oxford Research Center in the Humanities, 2019
Related articles:
40.1) "I was the first bisexual person granted asylum in the U.S.," a first-person account for #BiWeek
Apphia Kumar, article on glaad.org, 2017
https://www.glaad.org/blog/i-was-first-bisexual-person-granted-asylum-us-first-person-account-biweek
40.2) Ignorant judges and officials are sending bisexual asylum seekers to their death
Joe Morgan, article on gaystarnews.com, 2018
40.3) Bisexual asylum seeker facing imminent deportation from UK to Jamaica
Owen Duffy, article on The Guardian, 2015
40.4) Asylum seeker faces deportation to homophobic Zimbabwe because officials don’t think she ‘seems bisexual’ enough
Patrick Kelleher, article on PinkNews.co.uk, 2020
40.5) Why are bisexual asylum seekers almost completely invisible?
Zeynab Peyghambarzadeh, article on the blog of ILGA Europe, 2019
https://www.ilga-europe.org/blog/why-are-bisexual-asylum-seekers-almost-completely-invisible
40.6) This is what it’s like to be bisexual in Uganda
Joe Morgan, article on gaystarnews.com, 2018
https://www.gaystarnews.com/article/like-bisexual-uganda/
40.7) Bisexual asylum seeker wins Home Office fight to remain in UK
Owen Duffy, article on The Guardian, 2016
41) Adapting to Injustice: Young Bisexual Women's Interpretations of Microaggressions
Sara McClelland, Jennifer Rubin and Jose Arturo Bauermeister, published on Psychology of Women Quarterly, 2016
42) Ambiguous Identity in an Unambiguous Sex/Gender Structure: The Case of Bisexual Women
Amber Ault, The Sociological Quarterly, Vol. 37, No. 3, Summer 1996
https://drive.google.com/file/d/15psi5xbQEs52Z2BiO7LiPbX8r2Tn6KZU/view?usp=sharing
43) The Epistemic Contract of Bisexual Erasure
Kenji Yoshino, Yale Law School Faculty Scholarship, 2000
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1poIbCeicOjNmydAm4VwTn3ochxjT_Y5r/view?usp=sharing
44) Why Us? Toward an Understanding of Bisexual Women's Vulnerability for and Negative Consequences of Sexual Violence
Nicole Johnson, Journal of Bisexuality, 2017
45) Historicising Contemporary Bisexuality
Lachlan MacDowall, Journal of Bisexuality, 2009
https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/15299710802659989
46) Mental Health Facts on Bisexual Populations
American Psychiatric Association, 2020
https://drive.google.com/file/d/1AUPPO2unUswQXsBNztde27tT4304H2i7/view?usp=sharing
47) I Can’t Give Blood and Neither Can The Women I’ve Slept With
Zachary Zane, article on Bustle.com, 2016
https://www.bustle.com/articles/166704-i-cant-give-blood-and-neither-can-the-women-ive-slept-with
48) Stop Medicalising Bisexual Men
Jacob Engelberg, article on bisexualresearch.com, reviewed by Dr Julia Shaw
https://www.bisexualresearch.com/interviews/bimenarenotyourexperiment
49) High Risk, Few Resources: Bisexual Kids Lack Help When They Need It Most
Heron Greenesmith, article on Rewire News Group, 2018
https://rewirenewsgroup.com/article/2018/04/04/high-risk-resources-bisexual-kids-lack-help-need/
50) Bisexual women are more likely to face abuse – and no one is asking why
Lois Shearing, article on Independent.co.uk, 2018
51) Young bisexual men are the least likely to have come out, triple j survey finds
Article by Avani Dias, 2018
52) BISEXUAL PEOPLE HAVE HIGHER RISK OF DEVELOPING MENTAL HEALTH ISSUES, SAYS REPORT
Olivia Petter, article on Independent.co.uk, 2017 (note: it refers to this study)
53) The Myth of Bisexual (and “Straight-Passing”) Privilege
Kravitz M., article on Medium, 2020 (note: this article has multiple links to various studies)
https://medium.com/an-injustice/the-myth-of-bisexual-and-straight-passing-privilege-450d549f2823
54) Man is sued for being gay nine years after separation in Spain’s Valencia City
Alex Trelinski, article on The Olive Press, 2020
(note: despite what the title says, the man identifies as bisexual, which is confirmed in the article)
55) Bisexual men more prone to eating disorders than gay or straight men, study finds
Dan Avery, article on nbcnews.com, December 2020
https://www.nbcnews.com/news/amp/ncna1251626?__twitter_impression=true
56) Bisexual Women Are More Likely to Suffer from Opioid Misuse, Study Says
Zachary Zane, article on Out, December 2018
57) The Truth About Bisexual College Students And Hunger
Heron Greenesmith, article on the Huffpost, April 2018
58) Disability Among Lesbian, Gay, and Bisexual Adults: Disparities in Prevalence and Risk
Karen I. Fredriksen-Goldsen, PhD, Hyun-Jun Kim, PhD, and Susan E. Barkan, PhD, January 2012
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3490559/
59) Bisexual women most vulnerable to poor health and wellbeing
University of Queensland, December 2018
https://medicalxpress.com/news/2018-12-bisexual-women-vulnerable-poor-health.html
60) Bisexual men, women have worst access to health care, UCLA study says
Lauren Torres, article on Q Voice News, October 2018
61) The health and wellbeing of Australian lesbian, gay and bisexual people: a systematic assessment using a longitudinal national sample
Francisco Perales, December 2018
https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1111/1753-6405.12855
62) Women most at risk of experiencing partner abuse in England and Wales: years ending March 2015 to 2017
Office for National Statistics, May 2018 (note: the part relevant to bisexuality starts on point n.6 of the study)
63) Bisexual woman wants parents arrested after they sent her to be tortured in brutal Chechen ‘conversion clinic’
Emma Powys Maurice, article on PinkNews, January 2020
63.1) Bisexual woman went to authorities after her family forced her into ‘violent’ conversion therapy. They’re refusing to investigate
Emma Powys Maurice, article on PinkNews, September 2020