Further context:

The long history of anti-Asian hate in America, explained (with comments from this report's author) racism-coronavirus-xenophobia

A reading list to understand anti-Asian racism in America (with suggestions from this report's author )

Beyond the Headlines

Review of National Anti-Asian Hate Incident Reporting/Data Collection Published over 2019-2021

 Prepared by Dr. Janelle Wong, Asian American Studies Program, University of Maryland

6/7/2021

Since the start of the pandemic, attention to anti-Asian hate incidents has grown. This report reviews data from four major, but distinct, types of reporting 1) official law enforcement crime statistics; 2) community-based reporting sites; 3) national surveys; and 4) media coverage analysis.

8 Key Takeaways from research roundup:
There are some notable nuances in anti-Asian incident reporting that should be understood along with the media headlines. Definitions, details on methodology, source data and support for these eight key takeaways are included in the summary that follows. Strengths and weaknesses of different sources are also assessed in the summary.

Note on terminology - “hate crime” refers to incidents classified by law enforcement as a “hate crime” or referred to in survey questions explicitly as a “hate crime.” The term “hate incident” or “anti-Asian harassment” is used in other cases, in alignment with the terminology used in the data source referenced.

  1. Multiple sources of data show an increase in hate incidents targeting Asian

Americans after the start of the pandemic and the vast majority of incidents consist of “verbal harassment” and “shunning.”

  • Official law enforcement statistics show that in the largest jurisdictions’ reports of anti-Asian hate crimes more than doubled between 2019 and 2020, the last year for which data were available at the time of this report.
  • Survey data largely confirm this trend.  For example, relatively comparable survey samples of Asian Americans show that in 2008, 11% of Asian Americans claimed to have ever experienced a hate crime and in 2021, 27% claimed to have ever experienced a hate crime. A 2021 AAPI Data/Survey Monkey Poll shows that 12% of Asian Americans experienced a hate crime over the entirety of 2020 and 10% of Asian Americans said they had experienced a hate crime in just the first three months of 2021. (Respondents were asked “Have you ever been a victim of a hate crime? That is, have you ever had someone verbally or physically abuse you, or damage your property specifically because of your race or ethnicity?”)
  • One contrasting source is survey data from the Pew Research Center showing that experiences with discrimination reported by Asian Americans were similar before and after the start of the pandemic.  In April of 2019, 11% of Asian Americans said they had “regularly” “experienced discrimination or been treated unfairly because of their race or ethnicity” and this proportion remained consistent in June 2020 (11%) and April 2021 (7%).  Among those who said they experienced discrimination “from time to time,” the proportion of respondents remained consistent from April 2019 (76%) to April 2021 (73%). These data show that experiences with discrimination were prevalent before the start of the pandemic. Importantly, according to an April 2021 Pew survey, 81% of AsianAmericans believe that violence against Asian Americans is increasing.
  • StopAAPIHate, a community-based reporting site, has shown increasing reports of anti-Asian incidents since March of 2020. The majority of these incidents consist of “verbal harassment” (65%) and “shunning” (18%), while just over 12% consist of physical assaults.  Similar patterns were reported by the Virulent Hate Project at the University of Michigan (systematic analysis of media coverage).

  1. Data sources show reported anti-Asian hate crimes and incidents increased after 2019 from a relatively low, though obviously unacceptable, baseline. While any incident is one too many, anti-Asian incidents made-up about 7% of all reported hate crimes in 2020, and even in jurisdictions reporting the most dramatic year-over-year increases in hate crimes, like New York City, the rate was lower than the proportion of Asian Americans in the population.
  • Between 2019-2020, the largest increases in reported anti-Asian hate crimes were in New York City (3 to 28 anti-Asian crimes, an increase of 833%) and Sacramento (1 to 8 anti-Asian crimes, an increase of 700%); note that in 2020, after this spike, reported anti-Asian hate crimes accounted for 11% of all reported hate crimes in New York City and 14% of all hate crimes in Sacramento.  In 2020, official law enforcement statistics show that in the 26 largest jurisdictions, reported anti-Asian hate crimes made-up 6.3% of all reported hate crimes.

  1. Racist incidents against other non-white groups demonstrate the endemic nature of hate faced by Asian Americans and other groups.
  • Official law enforcement data show that in 2019, anti-Black hate crime reports dropped, but because Black people make-up a disproportionate share of hate crime victims, Black people were still the most targeted racial group. In 2019, 58% of reported hate crimes were motivated by anti-Black bias; 14% by anti-Latino bias and 4% by anti-Asian bias. This comports with historical data from Dr. Yan Zhang and colleagues on violent hate crimes showing that over that period (1992-2014), there were 329 violent anti-Asian hate crimes, 5,463 violent anti-Black hate crimes and 1355 violent anti-Hispanic  hate crimes.
  • Survey data from 2021 AAPIData/SurveyMonkey show that 27% of Asian American reported ever experiencing a hate crime or hate incident. Meanwhile, 34% of Black, 27% of Latinx, 25% of Native American and 24% of Pacific Islander respondents indicated ever experiencing a hate crime or hate incident. A 2021 Civis Analytics study shows that 25% of American Indian/Alaskan Natives, 17% of Asian Americans, 16% of Black African/Americans, and 12% of Hispanics/Latinos/as indicated they had experienced “COVID-19-related discrimination since March of 2020.”
  • In 2021 there is some indication of converging rates of hate crimes and incidents among minority communities from AAPI Data/Survey Monkey and Pew Research Center.

  1. Commercial businesses, public streets/transit are frequent locations for both hate crimes reported to law enforcement and hate incidents reported by community-based reporting sites (like StopAAPIHate)
  • A large percentage of incidents reported to StopAAPIHate take place in public streets and parks (38% of incidents) and in businesses (32% of incidents)
  • Over two-thirds (67.45%) of the incidents of anti-Asian harassment reported by the news media occurred in three locations: businesses, streets, and public transit according to the University of Michigan Virulent Hate Project
  • A National Asian/Pacific Islander American Chamber of Commerce and Entrepreneurship (National ACE) study of Asian American business owners conducted in the fall of 2020 shows among Asian American and Pacific Islander respondents (n=782), about half (54%) indicated that anti-Asian sentiment was a challenge related to the COVID-19 pandemic.

  1. Younger Asian American people are more likely than older people to report hate incidents to community-based reporting systems (hotlines, online) and on surveys. Those covered in the media are more likely to be younger than older as well.
  • While there is a great deal of attention to vicious physical attacks on older Asian Americans in the media, physical assaults are much less common than verbal harassment and the vast majority of incidents reported are by people under 60 years old.
  • Survey data show those Asian Americans 18-34 years old are the age group most likely to say they have experienced a hate crime in 2020 and 2021.
  • Over the course of the pandemic, 7% of people reporting to StopAAPIHate were over age 60.  The Virulent Hate Project at the University of Michigan shows that about 3% of Asian American victims identified in news coverage were seniors.
  • Survey data from AAPI Data/Survey Monkey show that in the first months of 2021, 8% of Asian Americans 65 and older say they experienced a hate crime, compared to 14% of those 18-34 years old.  Older Asian Americans are more comfortable reporting a hate crime to law enforcement authorities than younger people. About 47% of those over 65 say they would be comfortable, versus 22% of those 18-34 and 35% of those 35-64.

  1. All racial groups are uncomfortable reporting a hate crime to law enforcement, with Asian Americans more uncomfortable with reporting
  • Survey data from AAPI Data/SurveyMonkey show Asian Americans (30%) are the least likely of all racial groups to feel comfortable reporting an incident to law enforcement, with more than half of all racial groups also saying they do not feel comfortable with reporting hate crimes to law enforcement (just 36% of Pacific Islander, 45% of Black, 42% of Latinx, and 46% of Native American respondents said they would feel comfortable reporting a hate crime to law enforcement authorities). Only a small proportion of any racial group believed that justice would be served if they reported, and some feared unwanted attention or being attacked again.
  • Alternative reporting mechanisms, including 1) community-based reporting sites and 2) surveys lead to higher incident reports. There is some indication that these community-reporting hotlines are raising both awareness and addressing reluctance to report among Asian Americans as more than more than 500 incidents that took place in 2020 were retroactively reported to StopAAPIHate in 2021.

  1. Different sources of data show distinct patterns with regard to gender, with some sources showing more women reporting and some sources showing men indicating more experiences with hate incidents
  • Community-based hotlines show that Asian American women are more likely to report hate incidents than men, with 65% of reports issued by women
  • The Virulent Hate Project at the University of Michigan shows that news coverage in which the victim’s gender was identified also show Asian American women were the victims of 65% of harassment incidents covered in the media
  • Official hate crime statistics analyzed by Zhang et al. (2021) show men (67%) are more likely than women (33%) to report violent anti-Asian hate crimes (1992-2014)
  • Survey data from AAPI Data/SurveyMonkey shows that Asian American men are slightly more likely than Asian American women to report ever having experienced an anti-Asian hate incident (31% vs 25%, respectively), and in the first three months of 2021 (12% vs. 8%)

8. The majority of perpetrators in anti-Asian hate crimes and hate incidents

identified as white, though data are often missing on race of perpetrator

  • Viral videos featuring Black perpetrators have been circulating on social media. It is critical to contextualize social media and news coverage of such incidents as research shows that the media and crime news overreport and overrepresent Black suspects.  
  • Official law enforcement statistics compiled by Dr. Yan Zhang and colleagues in a study published in 2021 show that compared to the proportion of offenders in anti-Black and anti-Latinx hate crimes the proportion of offenders in violent anti-Asian hate crimes are more likely to be non-white, but that 75% of offenders in anti-Asian hate crimes are white. These data were from 1992-2014.
  • Systematic analysis of media reports of contemporary anti-Asian incidents by the University of Michigan Virulent Hate Project shows that the majority of perpetrators are identified as male and white in upwards of 75% of news stories when the perpetrator’s race is known in physical or verbal assaults/harassment. 

OVERVIEW of Data from Different Sources

  1. Official government crime and law enforcement statistics
  2. Community-based reporting systems (ie “StopAAPIHate”)
  3. Survey data from AAPIData/SurveyMonkey, Pew and Civis Analytics
  4. Systematic analysis of news

Note on terminology - “hate crime” refers to incidents classified by law enforcement as a “hate crime” or referred to in survey questions as a  “hate crime.” The term “hate incident” or “anti-Asian harassment” is used in other cases, in alignment with the terminology used in the data source referenced.

  1. Official government crime statistics

Definition: “criminal offense against a person or property motivated in whole or in part by an offender’s bias against a race, religion, disability, sexual orientation, ethnicity, gender, or gender identity.” Must meet official legal definition of “crime” + hate motivation must be determined; crimes range from intimidation to murder

  • Justice Department and FBI are required to produce annual report on hate crime statistics, based on the Uniform Crime Reporting System (includes data from more than 18,000 city, university and college, county, state, tribal, and federal law enforcement agencies)
  • Law enforcement agencies are not required to submit data to the FBI for their annual crime report. In 2019, more than 3,000 did not submit and of those that did submit, only 14% reported a hate crime.
  • Annual reports do include data on many of largest U.S. cities

Main strengths: ability to track trends with consistent definition of hate crime and comparisons year over year

Main weakness: most individuals, across racial groups, are reluctant to report a hate crime to law enforcement agencies (see survey data section below); local agency participation is voluntary and very low; only includes incidents that meet legal definition of crime are included

Historical trends show anti-Asian Asian hate crimes historically make-up among the lowest numbers of hate crimes. The Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism (Cal State San Bernardino) notes that “Anti-Black hate crime dropped to the lowest proportion of all hate crimes since recordation began, to 26% after peaking in 1996 at 42%. Blacks are still the number one target, at twice the level they represent in the American population.”

In this table data are reported for highest reporting groups only; see Asian American data in following table

2019 FBI Uniform Crime Report (most recent available as of 5/25/21)

  1. In 2019  [total] “hate crimes rose to the highest level in more than a decade; killings motivated by hate reached their highest annual total since the FBI began reporting bias-motivated incidents in the 1990s”
  2. 2019 Victims: 58% motivated by anti-Black bias; 14% by anti-Latino bias; 4.4% anti-Asian bias
  3. While hate crimes against Black people declined from a relatively high number, hate crimes against Asians increased from relatively low number
  4. Perpetrators (across ALL hate crimes) known in 88% of cases- 53% white, 24% Black, 1% Asian
  5. These data comport with a 2021 study of violent hate crimes conducted by Yan Zhang and colleagues. Zhang and co-authors used the NIBRS Incident-Level Extract files constructed by Inter University Consortium for Political and Social Research (ICPSR), which contain one record for every crime incident, and merge variables from the offense, victim, and offender segments together. Their dataset covers 1992-2014 and includes 10,981 violent hate crime incidents against these three racial/ethnic groups in the dataset - 478 anti-Asian, 8628 anti-African American, and 1875 anti-Hispanic hate crimes.
  6. In terms of race of perpetrator, the 2021 Zhang et al. study of violent hate crimes found that 75% of violent anti-Asian hate crimes were perpetrated by Whites. About 25% of the offenders in anti-Asian crimes were non-white versus 1% of the offenders in anti-Black hate crimes and 19% of the offenders in anti-Hispanic hate crimes. Almost all of the offenders in violent anti-Black hate crimes were white.  Zhang analyzed data from 1992-2014.hite offenders in anti-Asian hate crimes than i

The table below shows 75% of offenders in violent anti-Asian hate crimes were identified as White, Asian American victims more likely than Black or Hispanic victims to be attacked at commercial businesses or schools/colleges

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12103-020-09602-9

California State University San Bernardino Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism

Data on largest 26 US jurisdictions based on law enforcement data 2019-2020

California State University San Bernardino Center for the Study of Hate and Extremism 2020 - Special report on Anti-Asian hate crimes

  • Between 2019-2020, reported hate crimes against Asian Americans in the 26 largest jurisdictions saw an increase 146%, from 55 to 135 reported anti-Asian hate crimes (out of 2110 total hate crimes or 6.3%  in those cities in 2020), overall reported hate crimes rose 2% in those cities; in the 16 largest jurisdictions, overall reported hate crimes declined (-6%) and reported anti-Asian hate crimes rose 145% from 49 to 120 (out of 1773 total hate crimes, making up 6.7% of all hate crimes in those cities in 2020).
  • In the 26 largest jurisdictions, overall reported hate crimes rose 2% in 2020. This relatively low increase was  in part due to pandemic restrictions and “no mass casualty hate attacks last year as was the case in 2019 and prior years.”
  • In 2020, reported anti-Asian hate crimes represented 6.7% of all reported hate crimes in 16 largest jurisdictions
  • Between 2019-2020, the largest increases in reported anti-Asian hate crimes were in New York City (3 to 28 anti-Asian crimes, an increase of 833%) and Sacramento (1 to 8 anti-Asian crimes, an increase of 700%); in 2020, Anti-Asian hate crimes accounted for 11% of all hate crimes in NYC and 14% of all hate crimes in Sacramento, CA
  • Washington, DC reported anti-Asian hate crimes fell from 2019 (6) to 2020 (1)
  • These trends continue into 2021, with year-over-year comparisons from the first quarter of 2020 and 2021 showing increases in reported anti-Asian hate crimes from 36 to 95 (an increase of 165%) in the 16 largest US jurisdictions

2. Community-based Reporting Systems

StopAAPIHate is the most cited source; others include Asian Americans Advancing Justice affiliates’ StandAgainstHatred, and non-Asian-American-specific collection efforts like the Southern Poverty Law Center’s #ReportHate site

Definition: “hate incidents” are referenced, but not defined. Encompasses wide range of experiences, included verbal harassment, online harassment, physical assault, and shunning

.The following focuses on data from StopAAPIHate These data are collected via an online form, including retroactive reporting -in 2021, more than 500 incidents were retroactively reported for 2020 perhaps as awareness of the topic/hotline increased

Main Strengths: forms are available in multiple Asian languages; online format is very accessible to most (a friend or family member can fill out for affected individual) and private; includes incidents that do not meet legal threshold of “crime”


Main Weakness: definition of “hate incident” ranges widely, may vary greatly across individuals; depends on willingness to report and ability to navigate to site, data from same source not available prior to 2020, so lack of comparison with pre-pandemic; difficult to disentangle whether change is due to 1) increased incidents or 2) rise in awareness and associated increase in reporting; self-selected reporting leads to both undercount and potential biases in terms of which individuals most comfortable reporting

2020: Incidents = 4,193

2021 (Jan - March): Incidents = 2,410

Total = 6,603

  • Majority of reported incidents (65%) are verbal harassment and name calling, followed by shunning (“deliberate avoidance”) (18%). Verbal harassment and shunning incidents account for 83% of all incidents reported.

  • Physical assaults increased from 10.2% of the total hate incidents in 2020 to 16.7% in 2021.

  • Majority of those reporting are between ages 26 and 45; More seniors (60 years old and older) reported hate incidents in 2021, increasing from 6.3% in 2020 to 7.0% in 2021.

  • California and New York account for over 50% of reported incidents, Marylanders have reported 1.6% of the incidents in the database.

StopAAPIHate May 5 report

 

StopAAPIHate May 5 report

StopAAPIHate May 5 report

3. National Survey Data with Asian American or AAPI oversamples

Definition:

This question first appeared in 2008 on the National Asian American Survey (N=4,510 total responses):  “Have you ever been a victim of a hate crime? That is, have you ever had someone verbally or physically abuse you, or damage your property specifically because of your race or ethnicity?”

National surveys are academic polls of a carefully designed sample of Asian Americans. This sample is contacted regardless of whether they have experienced a hate incident or not and are asked a host of questions, some related to discrimination and bias-related experiences.

Main Strengths:  Not subject to the reporting biases of either law enforcement data or community-based reporting systems (StopAAPIHate.com). Both law enforcement and community-based reporting systems represent only individuals who have identified and defined their experience as a hate incident and have chosen to report it.  As such, survey data represent an important source of information on anti-Asian bias, because these data query a wider swath of those who identify as Asian American and include those who have and have not experienced anti-Asian incidents. In addition, these data are weighted to more closely represent known population parameters including national origin, immigration status, age, and other demographics. One can also compare the same question wording over time.

Main Weaknesses: These data are subject to sampling biases in terms of who chooses to participate in the survey.  However, researchers have developed techniques to maximize representativeness via triangulation of sampling techniques, including geographic, listed name, and in-language sampling. Difficult to compare different data samples over time due to differences in mode (telephone vs. online).

In surveys, those participating in English versus an Asian language are more likely to report discrimination and hate crimes.

Rate of Asian American respondents reporting discrimination typically  higher for English vs. Asian  language interviews

2016 NAAS Asian language interviews

2016 NAAS English language interviews

Have been threatened or harassed

6%

11%

People act as if you don't speak English

28%

28%

People have intentionally mispronounced name

44%

73%

People act as if they are  afraid of you

4%

10%

2008 NAAS

Asian language

2008 NAAS English

Ever experienced a hate crime

7%

11%

2016 National Asian American Survey, n=4,333 (phone - cell and landlines)

2008 National Asian American Survey, n=5,159 (phone - cell and landlines)

Surveys of Asian Americans and hate crimes conducted in 2021 were completed in English only and via online mode (not phone or mixed mode).

  • While AAPI Data conducts many in-language surveys, the 2021 AAPI Data/SurveyMonkey poll was conducted just two days after the March 16, 2021

shootings in Atlanta, a time frame that did not allow for translations

  • At present, Pew Research surveys are only conducted in English and online, similar to the Civis Analytics surveys

NOTE -Those taking surveys in English are more likely to report discrimination and hate incidents than those taking surveys in an Asian-language - this is likely due to fewer interactions with non-Asian Americans among those who are Asian-language dominant, as well as differences in how U.S.-born and immigrant individuals interpret interpersonal interactions. As such, surveys conducted in English tend to indicate HIGHER, not lower levels of discrimination than surveys conducted in multiple-languages.

2021 AAPI Data/SurveyMonkey Experiences with Racial Discrimination

“This SurveyMonkey poll was conducted online March 18-25, 2021 among a total sample of 16,336 adults ages 18 and over, including 2,017 Asian or Asian Americans, Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islanders living in the United States. Respondents for these surveys were selected from more than two million people who take surveys on the SurveyMonkey platform each day.  SurveyMonkey used a third-party panel provider to obtain additional sample with quotas for Asian or Asian American and Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander respondents. The modeled error estimate for the full sample is plus or minus 1.5 and for the following subgroups: Asian American or Pacific Islander +/-  3.5 percentage points. Data have been weighted for age, race, sex, education, citizenship status, and geography using the Census Bureau’s American Community Survey to reflect the demographic composition of the United States age 18 and over. An additional smoothing parameter for political party identification based on aggregates of SurveyMonkey research surveys is included.” (https://www.surveymonkey.com/curiosity/aapi-data-2021-discrimination/)

  1. Experience with hate incidents among Asian Americans

  1. Convergence in 2021 across groups - in 2021 (first 3 months, about 10% of all non-white groups say they experienced a hate crime or hate incident)

  1. Women and older survey respondents less likely to say they have experienced a hate incident; Women most often worried about hate incidents, and older people worry less often

  1. Reporting Barriers: Asian Americans least likely to feel comfortable reporting an incident to law enforcement, and all groups reluctant to report

Older AAPI respondents are more likely to feel comfortable reporting a hate crime or incident  to law enforcement than younger AAPI respondents

2019, 2020, 2021 Pew Research Surveys

“Pew Research Center conducted this study to understand the extent of discrimination experienced by Asian Americans and other groups amid the coronavirus outbreak, as well as their perceptions of violence against Asian people. For this analysis, we surveyed 5,109 U.S. adults, including 352 Asian adults, from April 5 to 11, 2021, using Pew Research Center’s American Trends Panel (ATP), an online survey panel that is recruited through national, random sampling of residential addresses. This way nearly all U.S. adults have a chance of selection. The survey is weighted to be representative of the U.S. adult population by gender, race, ethnicity, partisan affiliation, education and other categories. Read more about the ATP’s methodology. All racial groups shown in this analysis refer to single-race, non-Hispanic populations. Hispanics are of any race. Asian adults were interviewed in English only.” https://www.pewresearch.org/fact-tank/2021/04/21/one-third-of-asian-americans-fear-threats-physical-attacks-and-most-say-violence-against-them-is-rising/

Civis  Analytics

All Civis Analytics data cited was collected through online web panels. According to the organization, “Surveys were fielded using nested quotas which holistically account for the combinations of demographic variables like age, gender, race, and education; data was then weighted to ensure our sample is highly representative of the national population. Data pertaining to Asian American advocacy, hate crimes, perception of discrimination and interest in organizational support comes from two surveys fielded between Mar. 26, 2021 through Mar. 29, 2021, and from Apr. 2, 2021 through Apr. 5, 2021, to a total sample size of 4,199 respondents. Data about discrimination specific to COVID-19 comes from surveys fielded weekly since March 2020, to a weekly sample of 118,493 respondents, including 5,685 Asian Americans. Data about preferred terms of Asian American racial identity was collected from five weekly surveys, from Oct. 2, 2020 through Nov.1, 2020 fielded to 11,084 respondents.” https://www.civisanalytics.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AAPI-Research-from-Civis-Analytics.pdf?utm_source=email&utm_medium=outreach&utm_campaign=aapi_research

Source:https://www.civisanalytics.com/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AAPI-Research-from-Civis-Analytics.pdf?utm_source=email&utm_medium=outreach&utm_campaign=aapi_research

4. Systematic Analysis of News Stories Covering Anti-Asian Bias Incidents

The Virulent Hate Project at the University of Michigan used news media to track incidents of coronavirus-related, anti-Asian racism: “Using an established set of search terms, we searched two news media databases--ProQuest and NewsBank--to collect news articles that mentioned the topic of anti-Asian racism that were published between January 1 and December 31, 2020. We read through the news articles, identified unique incidents of racism and activism, and entered these incidents into a database. We assigned tags for each incident based on the information made available in the news article, with particular focus on gathering details about the type, date, and location of the incidents; the demographics of the victims and perpetrators; and the deployment of specific stereotypes in anti-Asian rhetoric. Using these methods, we collected and analyzed 4,337 news articles that addressed the topic of coronavirus-related, anti-Asian racism in the United States during 2020.” https://virulenthate.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/Virulent-Hate-Anti-Asian-Racism-In-2020-5.17.21.pdf

The New York Times also conducted an analysis of media reports of anti-Asian attacks. Reporters collected data from 110 episodes covered in media between March 2020 and April 3, 2021 “in which there was clear evidence of race-based hate.”

Main Strengths:  Can corroborate trends found in other sources of data, documentation

Main Weakness: Media coverage may not correspond to actual levels of events, media attention spurs additional coverage

Virulent Hate Project at the University of Michigan

  1. Types of harassment - 16% of incidents reported were physical harassment

  1. Victim demographics

  1. Race of perpetrator

The New York Times

https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/04/03/us/anti-asian-attacks.html