Language Learning Strategies by R. Oxford
DIRECT STRATEGIESÂ (Memory, Cognitive, and Compensation Strategies)
Memory Strategies | - Creating mental linkages
| - Grouping
- Associating/Elaborating
- Placing new words into a context
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| - Applying images and sounds
| - Using imagery
- Semantic mapping
- Using keywords
- Representing sounds in memory
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| - Reviewing well
| - Structured reviewing
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| - Employing action
| - Using physical response or sensation
- Using mechanical techniques
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Cognitive strategies | - Practicing
| - Repeating
- Formally practicing with sounds and writing systems
- Recognizing and using formulas and patterns
- Recombining
- Practicing naturalistically
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| - Receiving and sending messages
| - Getting the idea quickly
- Using resources for receiving and sending messages
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| - Analyzing and reasoning
| - Reasoning deductively
- Analyzing expressions
- Analyzing contrastively (across languages)
- Translating
- Transferring
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| - Creating structure for input and output
| - Taking notes
- Summarizing
- Highlighting
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Compensation strategies | - Guessing intelligently
| - Using linguistic clues
- Using other clues
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| - Overcoming limitations in speaking and writing
| - Switching to the mother tongue
- Getting help
- Using mime or gesture
- Avoiding communication partially or totally
- Selecting the topic
- Adjusting or approximating the message
- Coining words
- Using a circumlocution or synonym
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INDIRECT STRATEGIESÂ (Metacognitive, Affective and Social Strategies)
Metacognitive Strategies | - Centering your learning
| - Overviewing and linking with already known material
- Paying attention
- Delaying speech production to focus on listening
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| - Arranging and planning your learning
| - Finding out about language learning
- Organizing
- Setting goals and objectives
- Identifying the purpose of a language task (purposeful listening/reading/speaking/ writing)
- Planning for a language task
- Seeking practice opportunities
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| - Evaluating your learning
| - Self-monitoring
- Self-evaluation
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Affective strategies | - Lowering your anxiety
| - Using progressive relaxation, deep breathing, or meditation
- Using music
- Using laughter
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| - Encouraging yourself
| - Making positive statements
- Taking risks wisely
- Rewarding yourself
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| - Taking your emotional temperature
| - Listening to your body
- Using a checklist
- Writing a language learning diary
- Discussing your feelings with someone else
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Social strategies | - Asking questions
| - Asking for clarification or verification
- Asking for correction
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| - Cooperating with others
| - Cooperating with peers
- Cooperating with proficient users of the new language
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| - Empathizing with others
| - Developing cultural understanding
- Becoming aware of others’ thoughts and feelings
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