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CHAPTER 5:              CHEMICALS FOR CONSUMERS

Answer

A: SOAP AND DETERGENT

Activity 1

  1. Sodium, potassium
  2. RCOO-Na + or RCOO-K+
  3. Sodium palmitate, potassium palmitate,potassium stearate,
  4. calcium and magnesium
  5. saponification
  6. sodium hydroxide l
  7. surface tension

 Activity 2

1. Procedure: Arrangement in correct sequence: HBCADFIGE

2. Potassium hydroxide

3. To reduce the solubility of soap

4.  Palm oil + sodium hydroxide                    soap + glycerol

5.  corn oil/coconut oil/ olive oil

Activity 3

 Match the questions with the correct answers.

1

 State an example of detergent.

   scum

2

What is hard water?

Biological enzyme

3

Name the additive that removes organic stain.

Optical whitener

4

What is the advantage of using detergent as a cleaning agent?

Sodium alkylbenzene sulphonate

5

Name the three materials used  to prepare detergent.

Alkylbenzene,sulphuric acid and sodium hydroxide

6

State the observations when a little soap is dissolved in hard water.

Calcium of magnesium salts of detergent are soluble.

7

An additive that prevents the fading of color.

Works effectively in hard water.

8

An additive that reduces the formation of foam.

Foam control agent

9

Explain why detergent can be used in hard water.

Water that contains calcium ion or magnesium ions

     

Activity 4

Surface tension

Hydrophobic

Hydrophilic

Scrubbing

Smaller droplets

Emulsion

Activity 5

Differences between Soap and Detergent

SOAP

DETERGENT

DEFINITION

sodium

 sulphonic

EXAMPLES

Sodium

potassium

PREPARATION

sodium hydroxide and fat/oil

Sodium alkyl sulphate

SOURCES OF RAW MATERIAL

 natural

synthetic

EFFECTIVENESS

 hard

FORMATION OF SCUM IN HARD WATER

scum

magnesium

EFFECT TO ENVIRONMENT

Biodegradable

Non-biodegradable.

Activity 6  

Type of additive

Example

Function.

To remove protein stains such as blood.

Whitening agent

To convert stains into colorless substances.

To add brightness and whiteness to white fabrics.

Sodium tripolyphosphate

To enhance the cleaning efficiency of detergent by softening the water

Suspension agent

To add to the bulk of the detergent and enable it to be poured easily.

To control foaming in detergent.

fragrance

              -

Activity 7

1

Procedure

Two beakers are filled with hard water. Soap is added to one of the beaker and detergent is added to another. Dirty cloths are placed into the beakers and agitated.

Observations :

Detergent in hard water

Soap in hard water

1. Cloth is cleaned fast

1. Cloth is cleaned slowly

2. No formation of scum

2.Scums forms

3. The water turns dirty

3. Water is less dirty

Conclusion :

Detergent cleans stains more effectively compared to soap

2. a) saponification

    b) ester

    c) COO-

3.   Concentrated potassium hydroxide

4.  i)       hydrophobic

    ii)       Hydrophilic ‘head’ dissolves in water

       Hydrophobic ‘tail’ dissolves in grease

       Detergent ions reduce the surface tension of water.

Activity 8

1.    prevent spoilage,  to improve ,  taste ,  texture

  1. Types of food additives: Preservative, Antioxidant, Flavoring, Stabilizer, thickener, Dye.

3.

Types of food additives

Functions

Examples

Preservatives

Antioxidants

Flavorings

Sugar, salt, vinegar, MSG, aspartame.

Stabilizers

Lecithin, mono and di-glycerides.

Thickeners

Acacia gum,pectin,gelatin xantha gum

Dyes

Tartrazine,brilliant blueFCF,azo dyes

   

 4.  

ADVANTAGES

DISADVANTAGES

  1. Make food stay fresh longer, look nicer and taste better.
  2. Make seasonal crops and fruits available throughout the year.

  1. Some food additives are associated with diseases like cancer, asthma, allergies and hyperactivity.
  2. It makes food less nutrititous.

    5a) sugar, salt, spice, permitted modified starch

   b)

Food additives present

 Type of food additives

sugar

Preservative/flavoring

salt

Preservative/flavoring

vinegar

flavoring

 starch modified

thickener

    6a) i) aspartame       ii)  honey

b) i) To add or restore the color in food

   ii)  to enhance its visual appeal and to match consumer expectation

ACTIVITY 9

Traditional medicines

         Complete the table below using the words in the box.

Lemon grass, lemon, garlic, aloe vera ,  ginseng , tongkat ali, ginger , quinine,

pegaga, misai kucing, hempedu bumi,selasih,

Plant

Uses/function

garlic

For preventing flu attack or asthma attack.

For reducing high blood pressure.

ginger

For treating stomach pain due to wing in stomach

For supplying heat energy to keep the body warm.

Aloe vera

For treating itchy skin

For treating burns on the skin.

lemon

For treating boils or abscesses on the skin

For preventing flu attack

For treating skin diseases

quinine

For treating malaria

For preventing muscle cramps

ginseng

As tonic to improve the overall health of human beings

For increasing energy, endurance and reducing fatigue

Lemon grass

Has antibacterial and antifungal properties

For treating coughs

Tongkat ali

As a tonic for after birth and general health

To increase male libido

Misai kucing

To treat gout, diabetes and rheumatism

Hempedu bumi

To treat diarrhoe,fever and diabetes

selasih

To treat coughs colds and bronchitis.

Activity 10

a )         To relieve mild to moderate pain such as headache,muscle and joint  

           paint,backache and period pains

b)         antibiotic.

            To treat tuberculosis,whooping cough and some forms of pneumonia

c)         Sedate,calm or relax or induce sleep.

        To treat pschyhiatraic illness such as schizophrenia.

Activity 11

 Refer to F5 text book page 200 -201

Activity 12

  1. a. insulin

b. streptomycin , penicillin

c. tranquilizer

d. codeine

  1. a. gonorrhea

b. streptomycin, penicillin

c. all the antibiotic prescribed by the doctor must be consumed

d. to ensure all the bacteria are killed

  1. a. to relieve pain without causing numbness or affecting conciousness.

      b. gastric patient and children

      c. to cause brain and liver damage if given to children with flu or chicken pox.

      d. paracetomol

4.   A type of hormone used to cure diabetes mellitus.

5.  

Traditional medicine

Modern medicine

Usually not processed

Processed in laboratory

Derived from plant and animal

Synthesized based on substances found in nature.

 

6. a. To kill or inhibit the growth of bacteria.

    b. this is because these antibiotic are broken down by the acid in the stomach.

Activity 13

1.    

Medicine

function

example

Side effects

Stimulant

To reduce fatigue

metithylphenidate

Physical and psychological dependence

Antidepressant

To reduce tension and anxiety

barbiturate

addiction

Antipsychotic

To treat psychiatric illness

chlorpromazine

dizziness

2.

chemicals

Proper management

detergent

Use biodegradable detergent

Food additive

Avoid consuming to much salt and sugar

medicines

No self medication

    3.   Tomato sauce, salt,xanthan gum

    4.    falvoring agent::         tomato sauce and salt

                    Thickener         :         xanthum gum

                   

Activity 14

a(i)

R

a(ii)

Stomach pain due to wind in the stomach

a(iii)

Extract the juice from the rhizome and drink

b(i)

X : Analgesics

Y : Antibiotics

Z : Psychotherapeutic medicine

(ii)

Can cause bleeding in the stomach

(iii)

The bacteria will attack the patient with the same disease again

iv)

Calm down the patient’s emotion