Personal Pronoun:

Change of Pronoun:

(Reported speech)                                         (Reporting speech)

1st person                Change according to                Subject

2nd person                Change according to                Object

3rd person                No change

“If no object in reporting speech then considers a suitable object”.

Change of Tense:                (Reported speech)

Verb (I)        >        Verb (II)                 Verb (II)        >        Had+Verb (III)

Is/am                >        Was                         Was/Were        >        Had been

Are                >        Were                         Will                >        Would        

Has/have        >        Had                         Shall                >        Should

“Present/future tense in Reporting speech then No change in tense”

“Universal truth/ Constant reality in Reported speech then No change in tense”

Changes:                         (Reported speech)

Tonight        >        That night                 Last night        >        The previous night Today                >        That day                 Yesterday        >        The previous day Tomorrow        >        The next day                 Next week        >        The following week This                >        That                        These                >        Those

Here                >        There                        Ago                >        Before

Now/Just        >        Then                        Can                >        Could

May                >        Might                        Thus                >        So

Hence                >        Thence

1-Assertive Sentences:

Comma        >        That

Said to                >        Told                              (when object is present in reporting speech)

2-Interrogative Sentences:

Said to                >        asked/inquired

                >        Inquired of                       (if object is present in reporting speech)

(Reported speech start with)                         

Wh                        >        Wh                        

Helping verb                >        if/whether

3-Imperative sentences:

Comma        >        To

                >        Not to                                      (if reported speech is negative)        

Said to                >        Forbade, Prohibited        

Requested, Ordered, Advised, Begged, Invited, Suggested, Proposed.

Said to                >        Proposed/ Suggested         (if Let use as proposal/ suggestion)

                >        To let                                 (if Let use as persuade)        or

Let                >        Might be allowed

“Remove the Please/ Don’t/ Not / Never etc.”

4-Optatives Sentences:

Comma        >        That

Said to                >        Prayed, Wished, Blessed, Bade, Cursed

5-Exclamatory Sentences:

Comma        >        That

Said to                >        Exclaimed with joy

                >        Exclaimed with sorrow

                >        Exclaimed with wonder

Confused, Blessed, Declared, Cried out, Prayed, Wished

No need of “Hurrah”, “Alas”,” What”, “How” etc.

What/How + Adjective        >        very + Adjective

What/How + Noun                >        great + Noun