What are Bacterial Diseases:

Bacterial diseases are human illness caused by bacteria. Being Bacteria microorganism and tiny forms of life that can be visualized with an electronic microscope. Viruses, some fungi and some parasites are also microorganisms.

Not all types of bacteria are harmful for health. They even necessary for good health. But most of them cause bacterial infections and disease. The good ones need to survive our life, to digest our food (in our intestines) and to live on our skin and in our mouth. Bacterial diseases occur when harmful bacteria get into the body and reproducing same grow in tissues that are normally sterile. Harmful bacteria may also eject toxins that damage the cell.

Table: Harmful Bacteria with Negative affect.

Fig: Prototype of Good and Harm Bacteria.

Table: Good Bacteria with Positive affect.

Good & Bad Effects of Bacteria:

Like all things in nature, Bacteria are associated with positives and negatives impact on human health. They are required to live all forms of life but  they have capacity to destroy it as well.                        

Aid Digestion                                                                        

• Good bacteria in the digestive tract---intestinal flora---assist in the digestion of food and minerals and aid in the production of vitamins.                                                                                                                                 

Protection Against Toxins                                                                        

• When the number of negative bacteria increases, positive bacteria change gradually conditions for their survival and growth. Thus prevent most of the toxins produced by bad bacteria from invading the body.

Food Production

•  Some foods in bakery are made  by bacteria multiply and emit enzyme. The end product shapes the food that is yogurt, cheese.

Aid Immune System                                                                        

• Probiotic (good) bacteria assist for better the immune system. Their eject enzyme helpful in fighting illness and disease. They are currently under research as a possible cure for diseases such as cancer.

Bacterial Disease

• Salmonella bacterium causes diarrhea. It can also be caused by eating foods that affected by diarrhea-causing bacteria such as dried foods and foods keeping open at room temperature for long periods.

• Bacteria cause many cases of gastroenteritis, sometimes called stomach flu.

• The most common bacterial disease is tooth decay. Dental plaque, the sticky yellow layer on our teeth, consists primarily of masses of mutans streptococci. This bacteria ferment (split) the sugar we eat and produce acids that can reduce the enamel of the teeth and create cavities in the teeth.

• Anthrax is an infectious disease caused by bacteria. Bacillus anthracis bacteria causes spores in human body, a form of the germ covered by a protective shell. tiny amount of anthrax spores can be aerosolized and inhaled by humans and result in bitterness and mortality.

• Gonorrhea is a sexual disease caused by bacteria called Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The bacteria can be transmitted from one person to another through vaginal or anal sex, although the person who is infected has no symptoms.

• Other serious bacterial diseases include cholera, diphtheria, bacterial meningitis, and syphilis.

Food Poisoning

• Food poisoning comes from eating foods that contain germs like bad bacteria or toxins. Bacteria like Salmonella, Listeria, Campylobacter, E. coli are responsible for it. People infected with food pollution may be symptom-free or may have symptoms ranging from mild intestinal discomfort to severe dehydration and bloody diarrhea.

Signs Of Bacterial Diseases:

Tuberculosis

Bacteria mycobacterium tuberculosis is responsible for the infection in lungs and tuberculosis disease. It produces acidic toxin that affects for high fever.

Diphtheria

This is caused by the bacteria corynebacterium diphtheriae. It attacks the respiratory membranes and blocks the respiratory passage and result complexity in breathing.

Whooping Cough

Bacillus Pertussis causes this disease. The symptoms is mild fever and an irritating cough. Cough gradually increase and appear as paroxysmal (whooping).

Cholera

Cholera caused by vibrio comma bacteria. It is transmitted through contaminated food and water. Symptoms of this disease are vomiting, muscular cramps, diarrhoea and dehydration.

Diarrhoea

This disease results from the food poisoning. Responsible bacteria for these diseases are Escherichia coli, Shigella, Camylo bacteria and Salmonella.

Leprosy

It is caused by a bacterium named Mycobacterium leprae and caused the chronic infection on the tissues and skin. The symptoms for Leprosy are Scabs, Ulcers, Nodules, Deformities of Fingers and damaging of skins. The infected part of the body become Senseless.

Tetanus

A complex harmful bacteria is responsible for this disease: Clostridium Tetani. The bacteria attack the body via damage skin or through  injured body part. The disease is symbolized with pain in attacking parts or muscles. It takes about one or two weeks for bacteria to show first symptoms.

Pneumonia

It is caused by Streptococcus pneumoniae. It is inflammatory disease of lungs and  characterized by sudden chest pain, cough, rapid shallow breathing and high temperature.

Typhoid

Typhoid is caused by Salmonella typhi which is found in the intestine of humans. This disease spreads through water, milk and food. Food items are mixed with discharges either directly or through flies and personal hygiene. Common symptoms of this disease are headache, fever, diarrhoea, gastric pain, disorder of immune system like ulceration etc.

Plague

Generally, Plague is the disease of rat. But is also affected to human body. It is caused by linear shaped bacteria Pasteurella and results rat flea.

Anthrax

It is a serious infectious disease caused by Bacillus anthracis. It is common for animals. It is commonly occurs in wild and domestic lower animals including goat, sheep, cattle, camel etc. But it can also occur in humans when they are close to infected animals.

Gonorrhoea

This disease is affected by the bacteria Neisseria gonorrhoeae. It also denotes a sexual disease also since it is transmitted through sexual touch and infected the mucous membrane of the urinogenital part.

Syphilis

It is another sexual disease caused by a bacteria named Treponema Pilludum. It also transferred from affected body to another body by sexual contacts.

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Bacterial Diseases Risk Factors:

Bacteria live in the deepest parts of the ocean and lower surface of Earth. They can be founded food, water, soil,animals and also plants. Alike, human body is the home for a variety of bacteria.

Bacterial diseases are infected and can result in many serious or life-threatening problems, such as bloodstream harming (bacteremia), renal failing, and and toxic shock problem. Bacterial diseases has limitation on age and days rather anyone can be effected in any age. Despite there are a number of issues that can increase the risk of bacterial infection on human body. Risk factors for bacterial diseases include:

Factors those influence the risk of bacterial attack:

• Age: Babies are at greater threat for microbial meningitis than individuals in other age categories. However, individuals of any age are at threat. See the table above for which infection more generally impact on which age categories.

• Community Environment: Infectious diseases are spread usually quickly where a community people stay together. Crowd accommodation like students dormitories, military mess, orphanage center and even commercial hotels are at high risk for distributing bacterial disease.

• Several Medical Status: There are certain medical complexity and surgical procedures that cause infection from the use of polluted medical equipment. It may weaken the immune system and cause bacterial attack on human body.

• Nutritional status. Every human being requires a balanced diet that provides necessary nutritional value and natural vitamins for efficient and effective defense reaction. Immune function is affected by factors including hormonal status, age, and nutritional position. Lack of nutrition results in a weak immune system that increases the risk of disease.

• Travel to New Place: This factor is related with natural environment. Travelers reach from one place to another and try to adjust with new environment, temperature, daylight time, food habit etc. Their immune system try to survive in new environment. But at the beginning, it requires time. As a result , they can easily affected with bacterial disease.

• Bacterial Infection: Bacterial infections can also be done by a variety of bacteria at human body injury location. Old injury or some unwashed body parts with cutting injury can easily affected by bacteria and initialize an infection.Hospitalized patients suffering from long day injury problem can be affected with bacterial infection.

• Increase of Probiotics: Probiotics are any food supplement with live bacteria that replace the good bacteria generally available in the gastrointestinal tract. Probiotic strain is unique of its genus and species. So, the condition and its effects are different for every case and can not remove by common medicine.

Bacterial Diseases treatment:

Bacterial diseases are cured with antibiotics. Antibiotics work by eliminating the harmful bacteria or by avoiding them from growing and spreading. Different kinds of medications are effective for treating specific types of harmful bacteria. Antibiotics can be taken by mouth or through injection based on the type and harshness of bacterial disease seriousness and other factors.

Common types of antibiotics are:

1. Aminoglycosides
2. Cephalosporins (cephems)
3. Macrolides
4. Quinolones
5. Penicillins (penams)
6. Tetracyclines

Treatment of bacterial infections also includes:

• Good nutrition
• Rest
• Change food habit
• Prescribed medications
• Hospitalization

Protection of the distribute of harmful bacteria that cause bacterial illness is subject to frequent hand cleaning and covering the nasal area with a cloth or tissue during sneezing or coughing. It is also necessary to restrict the contact with a person having bacterial infection.

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Forms Of Bacterial Infections

Bacteria are associated with many illnesses and conditions. Some of the more common ones are listed below.

Respiratory Infections

Upper respiratory tract infections. Upper respiratory tract infections are a leading cause of time lost from work and school

(Madoff 2004). Bacteria account for up to 25% of upper respiratory tract infections. Group A streptococci are responsible for 95% of

the cases of strep throat in the United States (Goldmann 2003; O'Brien 2002). Strep throat is most common in children and

adolescents (aged 3 years to 18 years). Other pathogens include Haemophilus influenzae (Echave 2003; Robinson 2001).

Otitis media. Middle ear infections are the most common bacterial infections in children in the United States. By the age of 3

years, two-thirds of American children have had at least one episode of otitis media, and the other third has had three or more

episodes. S. pneumoniae is the most frequent cause (Leibovitz 2004).

Lower respiratory tract infections. Common lower respiratory tract infections include acute, chronic, and health care–associated

pneumonia and bronchitis (Garcia Ordonez 1999; Hedlund 1995). S. pneumoniae is the most frequent cause of community-acquired

lung infections and pneumonia. Lower respiratory tract infections can occur in both healthy and immunocompromised individuals.

Tuberculosis (TB). An estimated 15 million people in the United States are infected with Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Dai 1998;

Skamene 1991). Of these, however, far fewer will actually develop clinically evident disease. Whether TB infection will progress to

disease depends on a person's nutritional status. TB occurs disproportionately in poorer populations. Infection is more likely to

occur in people aged 15 to 25 years, those older than age 60 years, people with HIV, or people who have been incarcerated for

longer than 6 months (Fleischmann 2002). In prisons in particular, overcrowding and the frequent movement of prisoners between

cells is a factor in the spread of infection (Lobacheva 2005). It is important to note that the antibiotics used as first-line treatments in

TB, such as Isoniazid, are known to cause vitamin B6 deficiencies (NIH 2005).

Gastrointestinal Infections

Infectious diarrhea is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide (Marignani 2004; Reinert 1993). In the United States, 100

million people are affected by acute diarrhea every year. Most diarrhea is viral (not bacterial) in origin, but bacteria remain an

important cause. Nearly half of patients with acute diarrhea must restrict activities, 10% consult physicians, 250,000 require

hospitalization, and approximately 3000 die. Common bacterial pathogens that cause diarrhea include Campylobacter species,

Salmonella, Shigella, and E. coli O157:H7.

Campylobacter jejuni. Campylobacter jejuni (C. jejuni) is the most common cause of bacterial diarrhea in the United States. The

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) estimates that more than 1 million Americans are affected yearly. Previously,

most cases of bacterial diarrhea were caused by Salmonella, but the increased use of antibiotics in poultry- and cattle-feed has

been linked to the increasing incidence of drug-resistant C. jejuni (Butzler 2004; Moore 2005; Takkinen 2003). Transmission is via

exposure to contaminated food (especially chicken) and water, or contact with infected animals (especially cats and puppies)

(Kasper 2004).

Salmonella. Salmonellosis is the second most frequent cause of bacterial disease in the United States. In 2002, more than 44,000

cases were reported to the CDC. Mild infections often are undiagnosed or unreported, so incidence may be 30 or more times

greater than reported (Gold 2000). Infections with Salmonella species include diarrhea, fever, and abdominal cramps (Murray1998).

The elderly, infants, and people with impaired immune systems are at greater risk of severe disease. Transmission is via exposure

to contaminated food (especially eggs) or water, or contact with infected animals (reptiles) (Conte 2002; Howard1994).

Shigella. Shigella species infection causes a watery or bloody diarrhea with abdominal pain, fever, and malaise. An estimated

448,240 cases occur in the United States yearly. Groups at highest risk in the United States are children in child care centers,

individuals in custodial institutions, and international travelers (Gold 2000; Madoff 2004).

Escherichia coli O157:H7. E. coli O157:H7 is associated with a severe diarrheal disease called hemolytic uremic syndrome. It has

caused several nationally prominent outbreaks of food poisoning. An estimated 73,000 cases are reported in the United States

annually (Conte 2002). Transmission is through contaminated hamburger meat, apple cider, and fruits and vegetables (Madoff

Skin Infection

Skin infections include impetigo, boils, carbuncles, cellulitis, and complications from burns (Gelfand 1984; Gold 2000). Common

pathogens include Staphylococcus aureus, group A streptococci, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Baggett 2004; Toshkova 2001;

Wysocki 2002). Impetigo, a skin infection caused mostly by group A streptococci, can cause severe kidney inflammation,

sometimes resulting in kidney failure.

Health Care–Associated Infection

Hospital-acquired and health care–related infections are an increasing threat to patient safety and health in the United States

(Weinstein 1991; Weinstein 1998). In the United States, infections encountered in the hospital or a health care facility affect more

than 2 million patients, cost $4.5 billion, and contribute to 88,000 deaths in hospitals annually (Malone 2002; Tasota 1998).

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are the most common, followed by pneumonias, skin and soft tissue infections, and invasive

bloodstream infections. Surgical wound infections account for 20% to 30% of cases, but contribute to as many as 57% of extra

hospital days and 42% of extra costs. Staphylococcus epidermidis, S. aureus, Enterococcus faecium, Enterococcus faecalis, E.

coli, Enterobacter species, and P. aeruginosa are common pathogens in wound infections (Goldmann 1996; Weinstein 1991).