Pharm 110

Study Guide for FINAL

Chapters 7, 10, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 27, 33, 34, 36

Chapter 7

1. The primary function of this organ is metabolism of medications.  
2. The primary function of this organ is excretion of medications.
3. What are the signs and symptoms of allergic reaction to antibiotics?

1. Hypersensitivity vs. anaphylactic reaction.
2. Hypersensitivity would most likely occur on the _____ dose.

4. Define nosocomial infection.

1. What is the best method of prevention?

5. Define narrow vs broad spectrum antibiotics.

1. What are the advantages and disadvantages?

6. Define bactericidal vs bacteriostatic.  
7. Define normal flora.
8. Define superinfection.
9. There’s an epidemic of antibiotic resistant bacteria.

1. Why and how are these bacteria becoming resistant to antibiotics?
2.  What are important client teaching?

10. List the adverse effects of sulfonamides.

1. What are important nursing considerations?
2. What are important client teaching?
3. What is the common generic suffix.

11. What are some nursing considerations when administrating PCN?

1. When administering an IM injection?
2. What are its adverse effects?
3. What is the common generic suffix?

12. What classification of antibiotic is chemically and pharmacologically related to PCN?

1. What are the major adverse effects?
2. What is the associated risk(s) when clients are taking medications such as aminoglycosides and loop diuretics?
3. What is the common generic suffix?

13. Define cross sensitivity.

1. What should the nurse do when a client states, “I am allergic to…..”?

14. What are some nursing considerations and patient teaching when administering tetracyclines?

1. List the adverse effects.
2. What are the dietary restrictions?

1. What happens when tetracycline is consumed with these restricted food products?

3. What happens when tetracyclines are given to children?

1. It is contraindicated in children aged…?

4. What is the common generic suffix?

15. What should be continuously monitored when clients are taking aminoglycosides and why?

1. What are additional nursing considerations when clients are taking aminoglycosides?
2. List the adverse effects.
3. What is the common generic suffix?

16. List the adverse effects of Fluoroquinolones.

1. What is the common generic suffix?

17. List the adverse effects of Vancomycin.  

1. What lab should be continuously monitored?

18. What are some nursing considerations when administering carbapenems?

1. What should the nurse assess before administration?
2. Who are contraindicated?

19. Antituberculosis medications are used as prophylaxis and as a treatment for TB.

1. Explain the difference in each treatment.
2. Why are clients prescribed multiple anti-TB medications?
3. What is an important factor in treating and preventing TB?
4. List the important client teachings.
5. What supplement is usually prescribed to clients taking isoniazid (INH) and why?

20. What is phenazopyridine (Pyridium), when is it used, and what are some important client teachings?
21. Differentiate between bactericidal and bacteriostatic affects of antibiotics.
22. The development of antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria has been growing.

1. What are antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria?
2. What are some reasons behind the development?
3.  What are some important clients teaching?

Chapter 10

1. What are opioid drugs? What is its main use? Other uses?
2.  Is narcotic/opioid analgesic a CNS stimulant or CNS depressant?

1. List some commonly used opioids.

1. What two medications cause the highest risk of respiratory depression?
2. What are the benefits of administering combination medications such as Vicodin and Tylenol #3?  

2. List the common side effects and adverse effects (CNS, cardiovascular, respiratory, GI, etc)?

1. What is the most significant adverse effect? (think of ABC)

3. What are important client teaching?

3. Opioid has the potential to cause dependence and tolerance.

1. What type of condition would be expected to receive significantly higher dose of opioid compared to any other condition?

4. What narcotic analgesic is appropriate to give when a client is experiencing MI and why?
5. What is Patient Controlled Analgesia (PCA)?

1. What is the advantage?
2. What are important nursing considerations?

6. What is naloxone HCl (Narcan)?

1. When is it used? Route?
2. What are the effects?
3. What are some nursing considerations and expectations when administrating Narcan?

7. What are salicylates (aspirin) and their effects on the body?

1. List the different properties.
2. List the common side effects and adverse effects.

1. How does it affect the GI? Client teaching?

3. What are signs and symptoms of salicylate toxicity?

1. Does it cause CNS depression or stimulation?

4. Do to the antiplatelet properties, who should avoid taking aspirin and why?
5. What condition in children is contraindicated from receiving aspirin? And why?

8. What are NSAIDS?

1. List the common side effects and adverse effects?
2. Name the most commonly used medication.
3. NSAIDS have similar chemical and pharmacological properties compared to _________.

1. What is an important client teaching when a client states that he/she is taking both? And why?

9. What are the properties of acetaminophen (Tylenol)?

1. List the different properties.
2. List the common side effects and adverse effects.
3. What are the signs and symptoms of overdose?

1. First 24hrs? 24-48hrs? more than 48hrs?
2. Which organ is highly affected?

4. What are some nursing considerations when a client is believed to overdose on Tylenol?
5. What should the nurse anticipate administering? Antidote?

10. What is epidural catheter? When and why is it used?

1. What are some special considerations when opioids are administered? Dosage? constituents?

11. What is the most common headache?
12. When is Ergotamin tartrate (Ergostat) used?

1. List the signs of toxicity.

13. When is Imitrex used?

1. List the side effect and adverse effects.

Chapter 11 – Anesthesia

1. When is anesthesia used?
2. List and describe the different stages.

1. What is the optimal stage and plane to perform surgery?
2. Which stage should never be reached? Why? What part of the brain does it affect?

3. Pre-op assessment is very crucial.

1. List the important pre-op assessment. What are the rationales behind its importance?
2. What is the importance of assessing the vital sign?

4. Pre-anesthetics are administered for variety of reasons.

1. What is the benefit(s) of receiving benzodiazepine? Commonly used (drug name)?

1. List the common side effects.  

2. What is the benefit(s) of receiving anticholinergics? Commonly used (drug name)?

1. List the common side effects.  

3. What is the benefit(s) of receiving opioids? Commonly used (drug name)?

1. List the common side effects.

4. When Fentanyl (Innovar) is used in surgery, it is primarily used as an ______________.
5. From all of the above, what are important nursing considerations and client teaching when receiving pre-anesthetic medications?

5. Which benzodiazepine is used for conscious sedation.
6. Which sense is the last to go and first to come back?
7. What are the four common types of regional anesthesia?

1. List medications are commonly used.

1. What is the common generic suffix?
2. When systematically absorbed, the clients are at high risk of toxicity.

1. List the signs and symptoms of toxicity.

2. What or which part of the body is anesthetized?
3. Give an example of its appropriate individual use.
4. What type of regional anesthesia is commonly used during labor and delivery?  
5. What are the common side effects and adverse effects of spinal anesthesia?

1. Position? Intake of fluids?

8. List the two forms of general anesthesia.

1. List the advantages and the disadvantages.

9. During surgery, malignant hyperthermia can occur due to the effects of anesthesia and neuromuscular blocking agents.

1. Describe the pathophysiology of the condition.
2. Who is at risk?
3. What is the danger of this condition?
4. List the immediate interventions.

1. Antidote.

Chapter 16

1. What is the purpose of bronchodilators?

1. What are some important nursing consideration and client teaching when administering bronchodilators?
2. What are the signs and symptoms of overuse of bronchodilators?

2. What is leukotriene receptor antagonist?

1. How do they work?
2. What condition justifies they’re appropriate use?
3. What are some common medications under this class?

3. What is xanthine bronchodilator?

1. How do they affect the body?
2. What are the two medications under this class?
3. What are some important nursing considerations?

1. What is continuously monitored during therapy?

4. Client with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease or COPD should be taught to avoid are taught to avoid what type of beverages and why?

1. What medication should be avoided in clients with COPD?

5. What are the effects and the purpose of corticosteroids inhalants?

1. What are important client teaching when taking corticosteroids? And additional teaching when used with other bronchodilators? And Why?

6. What are the effects of acetylcysteine (Mucomyst) when used to treat respiratory illness?

1. What are some important nursing considerations when administering Mucomyst?

Chapter 17

1. What is amiodarone (Cordarone)?

1. What classification does it fall under?
2. What are signs of therapeutic effect?
3. What are the signs and symptoms of adverse effects? And what are some important considerations when administering this medication?

2. What is Calcium channel blocker?

1. Which Calcium channel blockers are approved for antiarrhythmic agent? and why?

3. Digoxin is the main medication under the classification of cardiac glysocides.

1. What does it do?
2. Are the important pre-administration nursing assessments?
3. What is continuously monitored during therapy?
4. What are the therapeutic effects of the medication?
5. What are the adverse effects?
6. What are the signs and symptoms of toxicity?

1. List some important nursing interventions?
2. What drug to drug interaction will predispose the client to digitalis toxicity? What should the nurse monitor and why?

7. What is some important client teaching when discharged with digoxin?

4. Which emergency cardiac medication is also known to be used for local anesthesia?

1. What is an important nursing assessment before administration? And why?
2. What are some important considerations when administering this medication?

5. What is the classification of quinidine? What is it’s therapeutic effects and side effects?

1. What are some nursing consideration r/o certain pt conditions, drug interactions, and effects of e- imbalance on quinidine?

Chapter 18

1. Acute anginal attacks are also known as “heart attacks.”  Under the Nitrate group, Nitroglycerin is commonly used for this “attack.”

1. What is the important client teaching when taking sublingual route during anginal attacks?
2. What are some general side effects of Nitro containing products and the important client teachings?
3. What are the important factors/considerations when transdermal nitroglycerin is used?
4. What are the important factors/considerations when nitroglycerin ointments are used?

Chapter 19

1. The most commonly used anticoagulants consist of Heparin, Lovenox, and Coumadin.

1. What are the important laboratory data that the nurse needs to continuously monitor during the anticoagulant therapy, and what are the therapeutic values?
2. What are the antidotes for treating overdose?
3. What are the appropriate routes in administrating anticoagulation?
4. What are the adverse effects?
5. What are the important nursing consideration and client teaching?
6. Which OTC medication should the nurse teach the client to avoid when taking anticoagulants?
7. Identify some medication that can decrease the effects of Coumadin?
8. What is the rationale in giving clients Heparin and Coumadin at the same time in the hospital?
9. What is Lovenox? When is it used?  

2. What is the properties/purpose of thrombolytic agents?

1. When are urokinase and streptokinase usually used?
2. What are the adverse effects?

3. What is Tissue Plasminogen Activator?

1. What is a common medication under this class?
2. When is it used?  

Chapter 20 – Diuretics & Antihypertensives

1. Antihypertensive medications help decrease blood pressure. There are many classifications that have this property.
2. What is the misconception that people generally have about hypertension?
3. What are some classifications of medications that can potentiate the hypotensive effects when given together?
4. What are the different types of diuretics?

1. What is the difference between K-sparing and non K-sparing?
2. List the classification(s) under the K-Sparing Diuretics.

1. List the common medications under this class.  

3. List the classifications under the Non K-sparing Diuretics.  

1. List the common medications under each class.

4. What are the common adverse effects of each classification?

1. Electrolyte imbalance?
2. Which classification of diuretics causes ototoxicity? What are the common medications under this class?
3. Which classification of diuretics causes gynecomastia? What are the common medications under this class?

5. What are the nursing considerations when administering diuretics?

1. Who should be taking K supplement and who should avoid it?
2. What should be continuously monitored if a Client is on Cardiac Glycosides, such as Digoxin?

1. Which electrolyte imbalance would you monitor for? Which classification of diuretics?
2. What effects does this have?
3. List the early signs and symptoms of complications.

6. What are some important client teaching (including diet) when taking diuretics?

1. Clients taking K-sparing vs Non K-sparing.  
2. List some foods that are high in K.

7. When would be the appropriate time to take diuretics? Why?
8. Which classification of diuretics will increase the risk of ototoxicity when given with aminoglycosides?

5. What is the effect of Beta-adrenergic blocking agents in the body?

1. Where does this classification of medications affect? Action? Receptors?
2. List the common adverse effects.
3. What the nursing considerations when administering beta blockers?

1. Before administration?
2. Stopping abruptly?

4. These medications are contraindicated for clients with what kind of disease.
5. What is the common suffix that is commonly seen in their generic names?

6. What are the effects of centrally acting antiadrenergic agents?

1. Where does this classification of medications affect? Action?
2. List the commonly used medication(s).
3. What are the adverse effects?
4. What are some nursing considerations?

1. Stopping abruptly?

7. What are the effects of peripherally acting antiadrenergic agents in the body?

1. Where does this classification of medication affect? Action?
2. What are the adverse effects?
3. What does “first dose” effect mean?

1. Who are at risk?
2. What are the symptoms?

8. What are the effects of ACE inhibitors in the body?

1. Where does this classification of medication affect? Action?
2. What are the adverse effects?  

1. Which adverse effects may decrease compliance?

3. Common suffix for recognition?

9. Clients taking any kind of antihypertensive medications should avoid what kind of medications? And why?

Chapter 27

1. Barbiturates are used as sedative and hypnotics.

1. What is the mechanism produced in the body when administered?
2. What is the “hangover” effect?
3. Which medication is used as injectable anesthetics frequently?
4. What are the common adverse effects? Toxicity? Withdrawal symptoms?

2. Benzodiazepines are used as hypnotics.

1. What are the common adverse effects?
2. What are the important nursing considerations/client teachings?

3. What is some important client teaching when administering sleep aids? Alternative measures to help sleep?

Chapter 34

1. What are sympathomimetics, sympatholytics, parasympathomimetics, and parasympatholytics?

1. What effects does each of these classes have on the body?
2. What is tincture of belladonna? What are the special considerations when administering this medication?
3. What is atropine? What are its side/adverse effects? Contraindications?
4. Describe the different actions of alpha-adrenergic blockers vs. beta-adrenergics blockers?

1. What are its adverse effects?
2. Nursing Consideration? Client teachings?

Chapter 36

1. Diabetes can be treated with insulin therapy or with oral hypoglycemic agents.  
2. What organ mainly controls or regulates the glucose concentration in our body?
3. List the main functions of insulin.
4. List the four preparations of Insulin: rapid acting, fast acting, intermediate acting, and long acting.

1. List the common insulin used under each category.
2. Indicate the time of action. Onset? Peak? Duration?

1. What are their importances?

3. What is the route of administration?  
4. Which insulin can be given IV?
5. What is the correct order of drawing 2 types of insulin into one syringe?
6. What is the correct and safe way of administering insulin? Locations?
7. List the adverse effects of insulin.

1. What is insulin reaction? Signs & symptoms?

5. List the hypoglycemic treatments.

1. Conscious/semiconscious vs conscious clients?
2. If a known diabetic client is found unconscious, what is the best treatment?
3. What is glucagon?

1. When is it used?
2. What is its effect on the body?
3. Route? Time to reach effectiveness?

4. What does the nurse monitor for during diabetic ketoacidosis?  

6. What is the action of sulfonylurea agents in the body?

1. List the common medications.

1. First generation, second generation…

2. What are its adverse effects?
3. Client teaching?

1. What do they need to avoid?

7. What is the action of Biguanides in the body?

1. List the common medication.
2. What are the adverse effects?

1. What are some nursing considerations when clients are to receive IV contrast? Why?

8. Name the commonly used combination antidiabetic medication.

1. What does it contain?

9. Overall, when diabetics clients are taking Antidiabetic agents or Insulin, which adverse effect common to all, should be monitored continuously?
10. Diabetes is a chronic condition. What is the overall nurse’s Major goal?