In lab setting, aerosolized pathogen remains stable and/or viable (infectious) in the air after significant time has passed

De Jong 1964

Viable virus after 2 hours

Sattar 1987

- rinderpest recovered after one hour in air (Table 1)

Wells 1936

Hemmes 1960

Sattar 1987

- lists various times infuenza has lasted in air, including 24 hours (Table 1)

Kormuth 2018

van Doremalen 2020

Viable virus at 3 hours

Clark 2011

van Doremalen 2020

Viable virus at 3 hours

Viable pathogen isolated from aerosol samples (cough/breath) in laboratory settings

Fabian 2009

Milton 2013

Lindsley 2015

Lindsley 2016

Pan 2017

Yan 2018

Leung 2020

Adenaiye 2021

Fennelly 2003

Fennelly 2012

Patterson 2018

Theron 2020

Dinkele 2021

Viable pathogen isolated from air samples in non-laboratory settings 

Lednicky 2020

Lednicky 2021

Santarpia 2021

SARS:

Xiao 2004

MERS:

Kim 2016

Outbreak investigations showing high likelihood of transmission over “long distances” (i.e. > 2m)

Riley 1978

Bloch 1985

Remington 1985

Chen 1989

Ehreleman 1995 

Moser 1979

Leclair 1980

Asano 1980

Josephson 1988

Gustafson 1982

Azimi 2021 

Eichler 2021 

Cai 2020

Günther 2020

Miller 2020 

Jang 2020

Li 2021

Katelaris 2021

Cheng 2021

Houk 1980

Kenyon 1996

SARS:

Olsen 2003

Yu 2004

Li 2005

MERS:

Cho 2016

Genetic material of pathogen detected in aerosol samples,  on air grates, in air vents and/or on low-/no- touch surfaces

Bischoff 2016

Fabian 2008

RNA out of breath sample

Stelzer-Braid 2009

multiple viruses found in breath samples, including flu

Blachere 2009

Lindsley 2010

Yang 2011

Noti 2012

Bischoff 2013

Nikitin 2014

Leung 2016

Yan 2018

Coleman 2018

Xie 2019

Sawyer 1994
Asano 1999

AC filter and multiple surfaces in a house

Yoshikawa 2001

Suzuki 2002

Suzuki 2003

samples from air purifier filters in houses of infected children

Suzuki 2004

Coleman 2021

Cheng 2021

Chia 2020

Ge 2020

Jin 2020

Kenarkoohi 2020

Lei 2020

Liu 2020

Lednicky 2020

Ma 2020

Moore 2021 Nissen 2020

Razzini 2020

Santarpia 2020

SARS:

Booth 2005

SARS found in air samples, confirmed by PCR, but not able to culture

MERS:

Kim 2016

Hao 2019

Nosocomial outbreaks (transmission events) despite use of droplet & contact precautions

Bloch 1985

Remington 1985

Wong 2010

Leclair 1980

Asano 1980

Anderson 1985

Josephson 1988

Menkhaus 1990 Gustafson 1982

Klompas 2021

Klompas 2021

Goldberg 2021

Oksanen 2021

Cheng 2021

Karan 2021

Saidel-Odes 2021

Kantor 1988

Hutton 1990

SARS:

Christian 2004  

Li  2004

Yu 2004

Wong 2004

MERS:

Cho 2016

Animal models showing isolation of pathogen from aerosol samples and/or transmission through the air

GUINEA PIGS:

Lowen 2006

Mubareka 2009

FERRETS:

Andrewes 1941

Koster 2012 

MICE:

Schulman 1962

FERRETS:

Richard 2020

Kutter 2021

HAMSTERS:

Sia 2020

Port 2021

Yinda 2021

MONKEYS:

Dabisch 2021

Zhang 2021

GUINEA PIGS:

Alsaadi 1973

Riley 1959

Riley 1961

Chambers 2002

Escombe 2007

Escombe 2009

Dharmadhikari 2012

SARS:

Kutter 2021

MERS:

Totura 2020

Human challenge trials (unethical with COVID)

OR

Human to animal transmission studies

Henle 1946

Alford 1996

Bischoff 2011

Nguyen van Tam 2020

Bueno de Mesquita 2020

Riley 1959

Riley 1961

Escombe 2007

Escombe 2009

Dharmadhikari 2012

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Cho et al

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Eichler et al

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Ge et al

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Goldberg et al

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Günther et al

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Guo et al

2020

https://doi.org/10.3201/eid2607.200885

Gustafson

1982

https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/6289235/

Hao et al

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https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/full/10.1002/ame2.12088

Hemmes et al

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https://www.nature.com/articles/188430a0

Henle et al

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https://www.jimmunol.org/content/52/2/145.short

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Hutton et al

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Jang et al

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Jin et al

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https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7428766/

Josephson et al

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https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3392417/

Karan et al

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https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab564/6305137

Katelaris et al

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Kenarkoohi et al

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https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0048969720348531?via%3Dihub 

Kenyon et al

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Kim et al.

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Klompas et al

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https://www.acpjournals.org/doi/full/10.7326/M20-7567 

Klompas et al

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https://academic.oup.com/cid/advance-article/doi/10.1093/cid/ciab218/6168040

Kormuth et al

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Koster et al

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Kutter et al

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Lednicky et al

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Lednicky et al

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Lei et al

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Leung et al

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Li et al

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Liu et al

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Ma et al

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Miller et al

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Moore et al

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Moser et al

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Mubareka et al

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