A Primer on Redistricting for the U.S. House of Representatives Positions
Prepared by: Ruth E. Nimmo, IndivisibleHoCoMD
Updated: February 22, 2019
Introduction
Advocates for fair representation in elected positions of our government should understand the legal underpinnings of what will be a redistricting process following the 2020 Census in the U.S. This paper provides information available from public sources to create foundational knowledge of requirements and issues that impact notions of what is “fair”. Where practical, sources are quoted verbatim and an internet link to the source is provided to assist the reader who may want to delve more deeply into the topic.
National Conference of State Legislatures (NCSL) – Nov. 24, 2018
“Federal requirements in brief:
All states, of course, must comply with federal laws. The most important federal principle is one person, one vote. Over time, court rulings have established that the equal protection clause of the U.S. Constitution applies to redistricting, giving rise to the one-person, one-vote rule that underpins modern redistricting. In the case of U.S. House districts, one person, one vote has been interpreted to mean the population as reported by the census must be divided equally between a state’s congressional districts, down to a person. In the case of legislative districts, the court’s interpretation has a bit of flexibility.
States can establish an acceptable level of “deviation” from exact population equality for districts. Many do not do so, in which case the goal is to draw districts as close to the same population as possible, with the amount of variance determined by legislative leadership. See NCSL’S Redistricting Law 2010 book for details. (The 2020 version will be published in May 2019.)
The 14th Amendment and the Voting Rights Act, taken together, lead to the second federal principle: plans may not discriminate based on race, color or language minority. Again, see NCSL’s web pages for details.
As of this writing in November 2018, there is no federal court guidance on partisanship; while there may be a level that is determined to be unconstitutional in the future, so far none has been established.”
“These traditional districting principles (or criteria) have been adopted by many states:
These emerging criteria have been considered and adopted in a few states since 2000:
This future criterion has been adopted by Ohio for legislative districts beginning in 2021:
What Process States Use For Redistricting
According to the Brennan Center for Justice at New York University Law School, as of January 30, 2019 states use a variety of processes for redistricting:
Maryland General Assembly on Reapportionment and Redistricting (2012)
The U.S. Constitution and the state constitution requires Maryland to redraw its congressional and legislative district lines every 10 years following the census to maintain equal population. The Supreme Court ruled in Wesberry v. Sanders that Article I, Section 2, of the U.S. Constitution requires congressional districts to be as equal in population as practicable. The 14th Amendment and Article III, Section 4 of the Maryland Constitution requires legislative districts be of substantially equal population.
Maryland’s constitution also lays out the process by which legislative districts are redrawn. Article III, Section 5 requires the Governor to conduct public hearings and introduce a legislative district plan on the first day of the legislative session in the 2nd year following each census. This will occur on January 11, 2012. The plan takes effect on the 45th day of the legislative session unless the General Assembly enacts its own plan before the deadline.
The Governor is not legally required to draft a congressional plan, however, the Governor traditionally introduces a congressional plan to the General Assembly for consideration. This year, a special session is anticipated to finalize congressional districts in time for the 2012 election cycle.”
Source: http://mgaleg.maryland.gov/Other/Redistricting/Redistricting.htm
Additional Sources
https://projects.fivethirtyeight.com/redistricting-maps/maryland/
http://www.scotusblog.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/08/16-1161-ac-Bernard-Grofman.pdf
https://truthout.org/articles/support-for-redistricting-reform-crossed-party-lines-in-2018/