Some suggestions from recent years:

"Please Undo This Hurt," by Seth Dickinson, for how we cope with the horrifying reality of human pain:

"Terra Nullius," by Hanuš Seiner, for an unsettling angle on how our upbringing sets our course.

"Marley and Marley," by J.R. Dawson, on predestination and being limited by our circumstances.

"Flower, Mercy, Needle, Chain," by Yoon Ha Lee, imagines some metaphysical reality-bending weapons, and uses them to wonder a bit about what the existence of such weapons does to reality.

"Sinner, Baker, Fabulist, Priest; Red Mask, Black Mask, Gentleman, Beast," by Eugie Foster, imagines a world where everybody takes on a new role and identity every day.

A lot of Chiang would fit the bill very well indeed. Even the lightning-brief "The Great Silence" is stunning, asking what we even mean by looking for life outside humanity.

And I feel like Karen Joy Fowler should have something appropriate, but I'm not quite sure what. Maybe it's more general feel than any one thing specifically; her stories feel so introspective, and with such depth. Maybe "The Last Worders" ?

And two from F&SF which as far as I know aren't free online anywhere; links to ISFDB:

"Erase, Erase, Erase," by Elizabeth Bear, about, well, self-erasure.

"The Constant Narrowing," by Geoff Ryman, is a weird and chilling take on everday bigotry, and what kind of world it creates.