Topic:

Mathematical Formula/information:

Population density

Population/Area

Dependence ratio

Rule of 70 (doubling time of a population)

70/Percent growth rate

Percent increase

(New-original)/Original X 100

Percentage

Part/Whole X 100

Net Primary Productivity (NPP)

Gross primary productivity (GPP) - Respiration

Gross Primary Productivity (GPP)

GPP = Rate of photosynthesis by plants

GPP can also be expressed as:

GPP = Total solar energy captured by plants − Energy lost due to respiration by plants

chemical equations for photosynthesis

carbon dioxide + water → glucose + oxygen

6CO2 + 6H2 O → C6 H12 O6 + 6O

state the word and chemical equation for aerobic respiration

glucose + oxygen → carbon dioxide + water

C6 H12 O6 + 6O2 → 6CO2 + 6H2 O

The 10% Rule

The 10% rule states that roughly only 10% of energy transfers between trophic levels in a food chain, with the rest being lost as heat.

Calculate estimated biodiversity using the Simpson’s index of diversity

Simpson’s index of diversity

∑ = sum of (total)

n = the number of individuals of each type present in the sample (types may be species and/or higher taxa such as genera, families, etc.)

N = the total number of all individuals of all types present in the sample

This formula will be given in the question papers

calculate estimated population size using the Lincoln index

Lincoln index:

N = estimate of population size

n1 =  number of individuals captured in first sample    

n2 =  number of individuals (both marked and unmarked) captured in second sample

m2 =  number of marked individuals recaptured in second sample

This formula will be given in the question papers

estimate percentage frequency using quadrat data

# of quadrants that contain the species/

# of total quadrants used in the study

estimate percent cover using quadrat data

3.05, page 3: Percent cover is a subjective approach to quantifying the abundance of organisms within an area. Using the area of the frame quadrat, an estimation is made on what percentage of the frame is occupied by the organism of study.

Percent cover is also determined by the abundance, or ACFOR, scale.

A = abundant (greater than or equal to 30 percent)

C = common (20 – 29 percent)

F = frequent (10 – 19 percent)

O = occasional (5 – 9 percent)

R = rare (1 – 4 percent)

estimate abundance using quadrat data

3.05, page 3:

Step 1: Find the mean number of species (adding the total number of species from each quadrant and dividing by the total number of quadrants)

Step 2: Calculate the area of the quadrant and the area of the field (L X W of each)

Step 3: Divide the area of the field/the area of the quadrat

Step 4: Calculate the estimated number of species by multiply the mean of species (from STEP 1) by the area (from STEP 3)

POTENTIALLY helpful to know

Mathematical Formula or information

Population growth rate as a percent

Births - Deaths/Number of people x 100

Rate of change

Final - Initial/Final time - Initial time

Percent change

Final -Initial/Initial x 100