Read the text and for questions 1-8 choose the ONE and BEST answer. Item 0 is an example :

The origin of New Year’s resolutions

Those pledges to do more exercise and drink less alcohol recall promises that were made four millennia ago.

THIS new year, as every year, millions of people will have made resolutions promising improvements in their lives. Alcohol will have been forsworn, exercise embraced, hobbies sought. But even though it may make sense to respond to the indulgences of Christmas with catharsis, the tradition of new-year resolutions is far older than the establishment of the Christian festival or even the placing of the New Year in the middle of winter.

The Babylonians were the first civilisation to leave records of new-year festivities, some 4,000 years ago. Their years were linked to agricultural seasons, with each beginning around the spring equinox. A 12-day festival to celebrate the renewal of life, known as Akitu, marked the beginning of the agrarian year. During Akitu people keen to curry favour with the gods would promise to repay their debts and to return borrowed objects. In a similar vein, the ancient Egyptians would make sacrifices to Hapi, the god of the Nile, at the beginning of their year in July, a time when the Nile’s annual flood would usher in a particularly fertile period. In return for sacrifice and worship they might request good fortune, rich harvests and military successes.

The Romans continued the habit, but also changed the date. The Roman year originally had ten months, starting in March around the spring equinox, plus another 60-odd winter days that were not included in the named months. Around 700BC, two more months were added, but it was not until 46BC, when Julius Caesar proposed a reformed calendar, that January was officially established as the beginning of the year. Since this was the date on which the city’s newly elected consuls began their tenure, it marked a shift in calendric emphasis from agrarian cycles to civil rotations. Roman new-year festivities included the worship of Janus, the god of beginnings and endings, after whom the month of January is named. But their pagan legacy annoyed Christians, and in medieval Europe some attempts were made to celebrate the New Year on dates of religious significance, such as Christmas, or the Feast of the Annunciation in March. Resolutions also changed. Prayer vigils and confessions were used to pledge allegiance to a set of religious values. At the end of the Christmas feasts, some knights were said to have taken an oath known as “The Vow of the Peacock”, in which they placed their hands on a peacock (a bird considered noble) in order to renew their commitment to chivalry. This moral flavour to the pledges persisted. A 17th-century Scotswoman wrote in her diary of taking Biblical verses as starting points for resolutions (“I will not offend anymore”).

By the time the phrase “new-year resolutions” first appeared, in a Boston newspaper in 1813, the pledges were losing their religious gravitas. An article published a few years earlier in Walker’s Hibernian Magazine, or, Compendium of Entertaining Knowledge, an Irish publication, satirises the practice. It states that physicians had solemnly pledged to “be very moderate in their fees” and statesmen to “have no other object in view than the good of their country”. Yet the making of unrealistic pledges has remained a tradition. According to polls, around half the population of Britain and America now make resolutions—though fewer than 10% keep them. Fear of divine retribution might have been a useful thing.

Adapted from : https://www.economist.com/blogs/economist-explains/2018/01/economist-explains-4 

0. According to the author, vows to drink less alcohol:

a) are new.

b) have just begun in 2018.

c) have existed from ancient times.

1. The origin of New Year resolutions

a) is linked to the excesses over the Christmas period.

b) has nothing to do with religious festivities.

c) is due to the placement of New Year in winter.

2. In Akitu festivals,

a) people would work on the land.

b) all people would make New Year’s resolutions.

c) people fond of Gods would make promises to better themselves.

3. Choose the best answer:

a) Egyptians would offer sacrifices to their Gods in exchange of some personal benefits.

b) Egyptian gods would grant fortune, good harvest and military success to all those who offered them human sacrifices.

c) Every Egyptian promised to be a better citizen in July.

4. Julius Caesar chose January as New Year :

a) because it was associated to harvests.

b) because he was keen on Janos.

c) to mark the transition towards a less agriculturally-based society.

5. Christians were angry because :

a) New Year’s resolutions had considerably changed.

b) the celebration of New Year had pagan origins.

c) the celebration of New Year should take place on Christmas Day.

6. In Medieval times, New Year resolutions :

a) were still influenced by religion.

b) were always made in front of noble animals.

c) were all inspired from the Bible.

7. Choose the right answer :

a) The term New Year’s resolution was first coined in the eighteenth century.

b) By 1800s, New Year resolutions were mostly religious.

c) Some people would make fun of New-Year-resolution making.

8. In the last sentence of the text, the author implies that :

a) People today stick to their resolutions for fear that God might punish them.

b) In the past, people’s religious beliefs made them stick to their resolutions.

c) A high percentage of people stick to their resolutions.

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