基礎文法問題

問題：９つのWord Classes（品詞）を英語で書いてください。

出典：https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/word-classes-and-phrase-classes

問題：下記の表はある品詞の説明文です。空欄にその品詞名を入れてください。

(                            )s are words such as the, my, this, some, twenty, each, any, which are used before nouns.

(                           )s include the following common types.

出典：https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/determiners

問題：代表的adverbを含むclauseをadverbのType別に2つ下記に書いて下さい。

   最初の行にそのTypeの代表的なadverbを含む例文が記載されています

出典：https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/adverbs-types

       https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/adverbs_2

（参考）

Conjunctive adverbs (also called linking adverbs or connecting adverbs) are a specific type of conjunction.

Conjunctionと混同されやすいConjunctive Adverb

• to show contradictions (however, on the other hand)
• to continue the same point (additionally, moreover)
• to introduce examples (for example, for instance)
• to show cause and effect (consequently, as a result)
• to add emphasis (in fact, certainly)
• to show a time relationship (meanwhile, now)
• to organize a sequence or list (next, finally)

出典：https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Conjunctive-Adverbs.htm

Warning:

We can use then and consequently to join clauses or sentences. We usually use but not however to connect two clauses in the same sentence:

There was no room for them but they got on the train.

There was no room for them. However, they got on the train.

出典：https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/adverbs-types

問題：Verbは下の表に示した３種類です。下記の英文はModal Verbともう一種類の頭文字がAのVerbについての説明です。(               )にそのVerbの名称を入れてください。

Modal verbs have meanings connected with degrees of certainty and necessity:

   We’ll be there around 7.30. (speaker is quite certain)

   A new window could cost around £500. (speaker is less certain)

   I must ring the tax office. (speaker considers this very necessary)

Semi-modal verbs have some meanings related to the main modal verbs.

The semi-modal verbs are dare, need, ought to, used to.

There are three ( A                           ) verbs in English: be, do and have. 

( A                               )verbs come before main verbs.

出典 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/verbs-types

( A                            ) Verbsの文例

I am working.

Rob is using the computer.

We were all wondering about that.

Kevin was teaching in America in 1995.

These books are sold in supermarkets.

Martin was arrested and held overnight.

Stephen has finished fixing the car.

George and Alice have seen the show already.

Amanda had already eaten when we arrived.

They had not expected to see us there.

I do not like sausages at all.

Do you like prawns?

You do like prawns, don’t you?

（参考）Main Verbsと文型の関係

出典 https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/verbs-types

Transitive Verbsは３種類ある

Verbs which take an Indirect Object and a Direct Object are known as DITRANSITIVE verbs.

Verbs which take only a Direct Object are called MONOTRANSITIVE verbs.

The verb tell is a typical ditransitive verb, but it can also be monotransitive.

出典：https://www.ucl.ac.uk/internet-grammar/function/ditr.htm

Ditransitive verbs take two objects: a direct object and an indirect object or a direct object and an object complement.

Ditransitive verbs that take a direct object and an object complement are referred to as Attributive Ditransitive verbs

出典：https://www.oxfordreference.com/display/10.1093/acref/9780192800879.001.0001/acref-9780192800879-e-255

https://linguisticsgirl.com/attributive-ditransitive-english-verbs/

問題：下記の表の文型欄の(            )に正しい文型記号を入れてください

問題：下記の英文はLinking VerbとS+V+CのC(Subject Complement)についての説明文です。これらを読んで次ページの表の4行目の空欄を埋めて下さい。

Some main verbs are called linking verbs. These verbs are not followed by objects. Instead, they are followed by phrases which give extra information about the subject (e.g. noun phrases, adjective phrases, adverb phrases or prepositional phrases). Linking verbs include:

He’s a cousin of mine. (noun phrase)

This coat feels good. (adjective phrase)

She remained outside while her sister went into the hospital. (adverb phrase)

A face appeared at the window. It was Pauline. (prepositional phrase)

出典：https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/verbs-types#verbs-types__10

A subject complement is the information that follows a linking verb to describe, identify, or rename the subject of the clause.

A subject complement can either be a predicate noun, a predicate pronoun, or a predicative adjective.

出典 https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Subject-Complements.htm

A linking verb can also be followed by a prepositional phrase that acts as an adjective to describe the subject. These usually describe the subject’s location, though they can be used to provide other descriptions as well.

• “John is in the other room.” (John is physically located in the other room.)
• “I will be away from the office this week.” (I will not be present in the office this week.)
• “They are against this plan.” (They do not agree with or support this plan.)

出典：https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Linking-Verbs.htm

出典：https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/discourse/adjuncts/

 A linking verb can also be followed by a prepositional phrase that acts as an adjective to describe the subject. These usually describe the subject’s location, though they can be used to provide other descriptions as well. For example:

（参考）be verbは３種類ある

出典：https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/be#be__15

          https://www.grammar-monster.com/irregular_verbs/verb-to-be-in-English.html

         https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/be

“to be verbs can be auxiliary verbs that help create other tenses or linking verbs that help describe the subject of a sentence.

出典：https://www.grammarly.com/blog/to-be/#:~:text=The%20verb%20to%20be%20means%20to%20exist%2C%20occur%2C%20or%20show,verb%2C%20or%20a%20linking%20verb.

Adverbial adjunctsとは？

”an adjunct can indicate place, time, manner, degree, frequency, or reason. ”

出典：https://www.studysmarter.co.uk/explanations/english/discourse/adjuncts/

問題：Object Complementになるのは下記の５種類です。

   文例を参考にしながら空欄を埋めて下さい。

文例

The committee elected him treasurer.

The jury judged the defendant not guilty.

Janet’s father wants her to go to Harvard.

He saw her drive off with a young man in the passenger seat.

Maria heard him coming up the stairs towards her room, and felt scared.

All that running around left me exhausted.

I hate the color that they painted this room

出典：https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Object-Complements.htm

問題：主要なConjunctionは２種類です。

下記の英文は主要な２種類のConjunctionのうちの１種類についての説明文です。

(                                  )にそのConjunctionの名称を入れ、更にその種類に属する７つのconjunctionを下の表に記入してください。

There are seven (                       ) conjunctions in English.

(                          ) conjunctions are used to join two or more words, phrases, or

independent clauses.

The two elements being joined must be grammatically equal or similar in both importance and structure.

出典 出典：​​https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Coordinating-Conjunctions.htm

問題：下記の英文はもう一つの主要な２種類のConjunctionについての説明文です。

(                                  )にそのConjunctionの種類の名称を入れてください。

(                               ) conjunctions are used to create complex sentences containing one independent clause, or main clause, and one dependent, or subordinate, clause.

出典 https://www.thefreedictionary.com/Subordinating-Conjunctions.htm

主な(                               ) conjunctions

1.after

2.(al)though

3.as

4.as soon as

5.because

6.before

7.(considering)

8.(given that)

9.if

10.once

11.provided that

12.since

13.so

14.that

15.unless

16.until

17.when

18.whereas

19.while

問題：下記はSentenceの種類についての解説文です。(                )に適切な一語を入れてください。

① (                          ) Sentence

A (                            ) sentence is an independent clause with no conjunction or dependent clause.

We’re going on holiday tomorrow. (one main clause)

I can cook very well

② (                             ) Sentence

A (                               ) sentence has two or more main clauses linked by coordinating conjunctions, such as and, but

She did a nursing degree and she did really well,but she’s decided to study medicine now.

③ (                          ) Sentence

(                                 ) sentences have a main clause and one or more subordinate clauses, introduced by a subordinating conjunction

You can call me if you have any problems.

I got up earlier than usual because I had to get the 6.30 train.

Although it hurt when she bent her wrist, she could still move her fingers.

出典：https://dictionary.cambridge.org/ja/grammar/british-grammar/sentences

問題：Compound Sentenceの２つのmain clauseの主語が同じ場合あるいはComplex Sentenceのmain clauseとdependent clause(subordinate clause)の主語が同じ場合sentenceを簡略化する「一般的な」ルールを①②から選んでください。

１）Compound Sentenceで２つのmain clauseの主語が同じ場合

  ① 先ずCoordinating Conjunctionを省略する。次に後のmain clauseのsubjecを    省略する。最後に後のmain clauseをParticiple Clauseにする

  ② Coordinating Conjunctionはそのままとし後のmain clauseのsubjectを省略    するだけ

２）Complex Sentenceのmain clauseとSubordinate clauseの主 語が同じ場合

  ① 先ずSubordinating Conjunctionを省略する。次にSubordinate clauseの  

    subjectを省略する。最後にSubordinate clauseをParticiple Clauseにする

  ② Subordinating ConjunctionはそのままとしSubordinate clauseのsubjectを省

    略するだけ

（参考）Compound Sentenceの簡略化の一般的な方法

              Coordinating Conjunctionは省略してはならない

    後のmain verbのsubjectを省略するだけ

出典：The Complete Guide to Grammar by Rosalind Fergusson & Martin H. Manser

           P211