[1] https://trends.google.com/trends/explore?date=all&geo=US&q=probiotics "Digestive health a top trend heading into 2019" "Probiotic Market Growth" "Why Gut Health Is The Next Big Wellness Trend"

[2]https://www.google.com/search?q=kombucha&source=lnms&tbm=shop&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwiJ7625jpDoAhXVhXIEHcMOA-EQ_AUoAXoECB4QAw&biw=1298&bih=758#spd=11659309927118014188

[3] e.g. Brain Superkraut and kombucha influencers saying "Better gut health will result in feeling better, improved mental health, clearer skin, and lower risks of a whole host of diseases." and claims that " The new research shows how kefir and probiotics can lower anxiety and depression.

[4] Claims for kombucha: Support gut health & aid digestion, promote overall well being, provide immune support, and improve vitality https://gtslivingfoods.com/faq/raw-kombucha/ 

[5] supplements manufacturers suggest that of course you need a daily dose! (ad copy here: https://www.amazon.com/Digestive-Advantage-Daily-Probiotic-Capsules/dp/B01ND16K2I)

[6] e.g. Kombucha, like other fermented foods, contains healthy acids and living probiotics - both of which are key ingredients to a healthy gut!

[7] https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1931312811002940 The human microbiome includes "bacteria, archaea, eukaryotic viruses, bacteriophages, and eukaryotic microbes... that call the human body home and interact with the human host to prime immunity and to maintain host health.”

[8] But the major introduction of the naïve human fetus to the world of microbes occurs during labor, when the water breaks and the microbes ascend the birth canal, even as the baby is descending face backward. 

[9]  Vaginally delivered infants have microbes that resemble their own mother's vaginal microbiota while C-section babies have bacterial communities similar to those found on the skin surface e.g dominated by Staphylococcus, Corynebacterium, and Propionibacterium spp.

[10] The microbiota composition of an adult may therefore in part reflect the history of exposure to microbes and environmental factors in early life. This concept is supported by experiments with mice and familial studies in humans that indicate that the environment in early life may account for, at least in part, microbial composition in the adult.

[11] In a very fun study…a team of researchers looked at the poo and saliva of 2 people for a year - and looked at what life events changed things.  Travel from the developed to the developing world in one often led to a nearly two-fold increase in the Bacteroidetes to Firmicutes ratio, which reversed upon return. Another subject got a gut infection… which lead to a permanent decline of most gut bacterial taxa, which were replaced by genetically similar species.

[12] Limited animal and human research findings imply that exercise may have a beneficial role in preventing and ameliorating such diseases by having an effect on gut immune function and, recently, microbiome characteristics.

[13] Bacteroides was associated with a long-term diet rich in animal protein, several amino acids and saturated fats, and Prevotella was associated with carbohydrates and simple sugars

[14] Bacteria constitute, with 10^14 citizens, the most dominant and most diverse group of microorganisms present in the human colon.

[15] https://www.britolab.org/people 

[16] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4191858/ There are other human microbiome sites as well, including skin, oral, and vaginal, but the gut is the most popular and diverse neighborhood!"

[17] https://depts.washington.edu/ceeh/downloads/FF_Microbiome.pdf  "The majority live in our gut, particularly in the large intestine"

[18] When combining data from 12 different published studies of the human microbiota (Table 1), including three studies of multiple individuals that sequenced multiple body sites from the same person over time (HMP, Costello_whole_body, and Dense_timeseries; see Table 1),This clustering was "driven by taxa that have previously been shown to characterize the different body sites". The results "demonstrate that differences in the human microbiota across body sites are sufficiently large that samples from each site

cluster together even when experimental protocols differ substantially"

[19]  Digest fiber… fortify our gut: “commensals can also contribute to the fortification of the intestinal barrier by various mechanisms, including the promotion of epithelial cell maturation and angiogenesis”

[20] Carbohydrate fermentation is a core activity of the human gut microbiota, driving the energy and carbon economy of the colon. Dominant and prevalent species of gut bacteria, including SCFA-producers, appear to play a critical role in initial degradation of complex plant-derived polysaccharides, collaborating with species specialised in oligosaccharide fermentation (eg, bifi- dobacteria), to liberate SCFAs and gases which are also used as carbon and energy sources by other more specialised bacteria

[21] Diet-derived fibers are metabolized and fermented to SCFAs such as acetate, propionate, and butyrate by intestinal bacteria

[22]  a large part of the SCFAs is used as a source of energy. In humans, SCFAs provide ∼10% of the daily caloric requirements

[23] The barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells is an important first line of defense and ensures appropriate permeability characteristics of the epithelial layer. Butyrate is known to repair and enhance barrier function of intestinal epithelial cells... (partly by upregulating genes that make mucins)

[24] SCFAs have been shown to increase the AMPK activity in liver and muscle tissue. Activation of AMPK triggers peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator (PGC)-1α expression, which is known to control the transcriptional activity of several transcription factors such as peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)α, PPARδ, PPARγ, liver X receptor (LXR), and farnesoid X receptor (FXR), all important in regulation of cholesterol, lipid, and glucose metabolism...SCFAs have been shown to reduce plasma concentrations of cholesterol in rodents and humans

[25] The SCFA butyrate, a main end product of microbial fermentation of dietary fibers in the human intestine, plays an important role in the maintenance of intestinal homeostasis and overall health status….butyrate plays a regulatory role on the transepithelial fluid transport, ameliorates mucosal inflammation and oxidative status, reinforces the epithelial defense barrier, and modulates visceral sensitivity and intestinal motility.

[26] The intestinal microflora synthesizes vitamin K, which is a necessary cofactor in the production of prothrombin and other blood clotting factors. Treatment with antibiotics, particularly in individuals eating a diet low in vitamin K, can result in low plasma prothrombin levels and a tendency to bleed. Intestinal bacteria also synthesize biotin, vitamin B12, folic acid, and thiamine.

[27] This study systematically explored the genomes of 256 common gut bacteria for the presence of biosynthetic pathways for eight B vitamins, namely biotin, cobalamin, folate, niacin, pantothenate, pyridoxine, riboflavin, and thiamin…. "it seems likely that bacteria provide human intestinal cells with sufficient B-vitamins to avoid deficiencies during short periods of vitamin-poor diet. ...(But there are limitations:) According to our estimation, the gut microbiota would not be able to provide the host with the daily recommended intake of B-vitamins

[28]   the gut microbiota were estimated to contribute over a quarter of the suggested dietary intake for four vitamins --(including folate, niacin, and pyridoxine)

[29] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK7670/  

[30] The transcriptional responses of the host to bacterial colonization are in part evolutionarily conserved, as shown by reciprocal microbiota transplantations between mice and zebrafish.  

[31] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5744394/

[32]  The vitamin and fatty acid relationships have been identified in humans, too: see for example,

https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12864-019-5591-7.

[33] https://www.niaid.nih.gov/research/yasmine-belkaid-phd

[34] Mice raised in germ-free environments, without any exposure to microbes, and then colonized at specific life stages with different microbial communities are referred to as gnotobiotic animals, and provide an excellent system for controlling host genotype, microbial community composition, diet, and housing conditions

[35] https://academic.oup.com/bioscience/article/54/8/777/238268

[36] Study of the vaginal microbiome of reproductive-aged women (N=396): a total of 282 taxa were observed in the vaginal microbiota of these women

[37] At birth, they are removed from the mother by Caesarean section and live in the isolators with germ-free foster mothers.

[38]  the instensines and livers of germ-free mice show massive alterations in the expression of a range of genes with metabolic and non-metabolic functions

[39] The first comparisons of GF rodents with “microbiota-colonized animals” resulted in the observation that there were gross physiological differences between GF and the specific pathogen–free (SPF) state, including an enlarged cecum, principally due to an accumulation of undegraded mucus (15), and reduced gastrointestinal motility (16), due to the loss of the critical digestive functions of the inhabiting microbiota. In parallel, GF rodents display an aberrant intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) morphology that includes longer villi and shorter crypts in comparison with that observed in conventionalized mice

[40] The earliest comparisons of germ-free and colonized mice revealed a profound effect of microbial colonization on the formation of lymphoid tissues and subsequent immune system development…. individual commensal species influence the makeup of lamina propria T lymphocyte subsets that have distinct effector functions

[41] e.g. https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1002/eji.200535244

[42] GF animals exhibit major defects in the development of primary and secondary lymphoid organs—including the GALT, spleen, and thymus—which is associated with a decreased frequency of CD4+ and CD8+ intestinal T cell subsets as well as reduced numbers of intraepithelial lymphocytes that express the αβ T cell receptor (TCR)

[43] Lymph node development: pg 481 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1949649/pdf/amjpathol00317-0091.pdf

[44]  In the absence of the microbiota, myeloid-cell development in the bone marrow is reduced, which results in the delayed clearance of systemic bacterial infection.; (importance of myeloid cells for white cell development described here: https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fimmu.2014.00423/full)

[45] For example, isolated lymphoid follicles in the small intestine do not develop in germ-free mice

[46] The total number of CP/ILF structures found in germ free mice matches that of

conventionally reared mice … CP formation is independent of gut bacteria whereas maturation of the

structures, i.e. generation of ILF, requires signals deriving from the intestinal microflora

[47] Germfree mice infected orally with as few as 10 mouse virulent S. enteritidis quickly developed severe diarrhea and died within 5 to 8 days as a result of a spreading systemic disease.

[48] In contrast to germ-free mice, in a normal lab mouse—despite the ability of a small oral challenge by S. enteritidis to bring about a widespread systemic infection, the slow rate of evolution of the disease allowed sufficient time for the development of a high level of acquired resistance to the challenge infection by the host. As a result, the host has a better chance of controlling the infection before it can reach lethal proportions, so that the LD50 by the oral route is extremely high.

[49] The microbiota contributes to the health of the host by colonizing the mucosal entry sites of pathogens, where it occupies biological niches and prevents invasion of the ecosystem by foreign elements — a concept known as colonization resistance

[50] gnotobiotic mice are relatively immunocompromised due to lack of microbial stimulation promoting immune maturation

[51] This complex, bilateral interaction between the host and its microbiota has a crucial role in human health.

[52] https://www.pnas.org/content/104/17/7116

[53] This sensing initiates an intracellular signaling cascade that culminates in the activation of a variety of proinflammatory and immune response genes.1, 6 Proinflammatory cytokines provide augmentary signals through the upregulation of co-stimulatory and adhesion molecules, which are essential for the activation of adaptive immune cells and the subsequent development of protective immune responses against the infectious nonself antigens

[54]  We show that flagellin administration induces RegIIIγ in epithelial cells along the entire length of the small intestine of antibiotic-treated mice. The extensive upregulation of RegIIIγ was likely caused by systemic stimulation of TLR5 and secretion of IL-22. .

[55] B cells are directly activated by flagellin through either cross linking of BCRs or signaling through TLR5, depending on the form of flagellin that is involved. B cells require TLR5 signaling, in addition to T-cell help, for T-dependent antibody production65 or production can occur in presence of cytokines, such as TNF-α.66 Monomeric flagellin activates TLR5 signaling in B cells and promotes a long-lasting, T-dependent antibody response.

[56] A cohort study looking at medical records from 1488 adult inpatients found that 20% of hospitalized patients receiving at least 24 hours of antibiotic therapy developed an antibiotic-associated ADE (Adverse Drug Events)

[57] Also seen in kids: https://www.jpeds.com/article/S0022-3476(19)31101-1/fulltext This meta-analysis of 82 studies looks at incidence of side effects in children, resulting from antibiotic treatment for acute otitis media. Adverse events included diarrhea and candidal diaper rash

[58] despite the well-documented resilience of the commensal microbiota, treatment with antibiotics is associated with persistent changes in microbial composition and with potential long-term consequences for host immunity 

[59] For instance, C. difficile is a normal gut resident that can cause disease when antibiotics compromise the stable adult gut communities;

[60] . Overall use of antibiotic agents is associated with a 3-fold increased risk of community-acquired CDI, but we also detected substantial variation in risk associated with different antimicrobial classes, with fluoroquinolones, CMCs, and clindamycin associated with the greatest enhancement of risk.

[61] The microbiota of infants is affected by antibiotic use, whether they were breastfed and the method of delivery, although whether differences in the microbiota in early life affect the composition of the adult microbiota is not well understood28,29. However, differences in composition driven by factors in infancy may affect susceptibility to immunological diseases into adulthood, such as asthma and atopic diseases29.

[62] Researchers took more than 300 Canadian babies. They compared those who developed wheezing and skin atopy at age 1 year with those who remained well. The authors found that early exposure (in the first year of life) to antibiotics was linked with the presence of wheeze and atopy, " antibiotic exposure in the first year of life (OR, 5.6; P = 0.009) and atopic dermatitis at 1 year (OR, 6.4; P = 0.005) as factors that increased a subject’s risk of being classified in the AW group compared to controls") - which together are a strong marker for the later development of asthma.

[63] antibiotic use within the first 6 months of life is associated with an increased susceptibility to allergy and asthma at 6 years of age… antibiotic exposure during the first year of life is associated with the development of wheezing and eczema at 8 years of age, even after taking into account early-life respiratory infections

[64] Gut microorganisms perform a diverse set of functions with far-reaching impacts on human health, such as extracting energy from a wide array of host-indigestible carbohydrates, producing vitamins, promoting immune homeostasis and preventing colonization of the gut by pathogens

[65] CLAIM: "It has been established that there is a link between the anti-inflammatory properties of probiotics and anxiety or depression, suggesting that drinking probiotic-rich Kombucha may help alleviate some of the symptoms of depression and could help promote positive mental health."

[66] https://apc.ucc.ie/ted_dinan/

[67] https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27491067

[68] https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201277

[69] https://academic.oup.com/nutritionreviews/article-abstract/7/9/283/1835397?redirectedFrom=PDF

[70] See figure on the last page 5A-D https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27491067

[71] Behavioral tests started 1 week after microbiome transfer; lasted several weeks. See experimental design chart, figure 4 https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27491067 

[72] . The rats that received the depression FMT exhibited (B) anhedonia like behaviour, indicated by a decrease in the 24 hour 1% sucrose preference test (p = 0.022) and an increase in anxiety like behaviour measured by (C) a decrease in open arm visits in the elevated plus maze (EPM) (p = 0.029) and ) and (D) a decrease in time spent in the open field (p = 0.013) and compared to rats that received the healthy FMT.

[73] Fecal microbiota transplantation of GF mice with ‘depression microbiota’ derived from MDD patients resulted in depression-like behaviors compared with colonization with ‘healthy microbiota’ derived from healthy control individuals.  https://www.nature.com/articles/mp201644

[74] Serotonin release happens in conjunction with lots of things -- but eating carb-rich foods is a classic (https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/abs/10.1002/j.1550-8528.1995.tb00215.x)

[75] In cell culture studies, gut microbiota have been found to make precursors to neurotransmitters, such as tryptamine (112), and neurotransmitters including GABA (9), serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine

[76] ... bacteria have been shown to produce and/or consume a wide range of mammalian neurotransmitters, including dopamine, norepinephrine, serotonin, or gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA). 

[77] Several bacterial strains are known to produce serotonin directly

[78] https://microbiomejournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s40168-019-0704-8

[79] Other mechanisms of how gut bugs could influence the immune system- 1) Microbiome fart out signals that stimulate the vagus nerve; 2) Cytokines - microbiomes might get into the blood (or secrete molecules that enter the blood) and stimulate cytokines that could cross the blood brain barrier. 3) When microbiomes break down dietary fibre, they produce these short chain fatty acids - these acids can directly affect cells in the gastrointestinal tract - triggering the release of various compounds that could affect hunger.

[80] The enteric nervous system (ENS) is the largest component of the autonomic nervous system and is uniquely equipped with intrinsic microcircuits that enable it to orchestrate gastrointestinal function independently of central nervous system (CNS) input

[81] The ENS produces more than 30 neurotransmitters and has more neurons than the spine.

[82] The enteric (intrinsic) nervous system (ENS) in most regions of the gut consists of two main ganglionated layers; myenteric and submucosal ganglia, containing numerous types of enteric neurons and glial cells. Axons arising from the ENS and from extrinsic neurons innervate most layers of the gut wall and regulate many gut functions. The majority of ENS cells are derived from vagal neural crest cells (NCCs), which proliferate, colonize the entire gut, and first populate the myenteric region.

[83] The vagus nerve represents the main component of the parasympathetic nervous system, which oversees a vast array of crucial bodily functions, including control of mood, immune response, digestion, and heart rate. It establishes one of the connections between the brain and the gastrointestinal tract and sends information about the state of the inner organs to the brain via afferent fibers

[84] The limited existing human studies of depression and gut microbiota report depression-specific findings regarding proportions of microbiota; however, the sample sizes are small, and no consensus has emerged concerning which bacterial taxa are most relevant to depression. Therefore, the effect size of depression-related microbial differences is presently unclear.

[85] ...opposite correlations for closely related OTU’s in our dataset were both striking and surprising. This may indicate that certain phylogroups interfere with particular mode-modulating pathways, but that the effect of the interference represents a fine tuned balance.3 Furthermore, the lack of statistically signif- icant univariate correlations may also indicate that interaction networks are important. These findings, however, must be verified in larger cohorts due to the risk of overseeing effects in small cohorts.

[86] Despite profound interindividual variability, levels of several predominant genera were significantly different between the MDD and HC groups. Most notably, the MDD groups had increased levels of Enterobacteriaceae and Alistipes but reduced levels of Faecalibacterium. A negative correlation was observed between Faecalibacterium and the severity of depressive symptoms.

[87] A growing body of literature supports and characterizes a gut-brain axis, and elucidates a possible role of gut microbiome dysfunction in major depression.

[88] https://www.shape.com/healthy-eating/diet-tips/irish-sea-moss-benefits-carrageen

[89] https://www.walmart.com/ip/Near-Sour-Pickle-Raw-Fermented-Probiotic-Natural-Gluten-Free-Vegan-3-12oz/726741408

[90] https://www.bmj.com/content/361/bmj.k2179 “probiotic supplementation in the first several years of life did have a significant impact on development of eczema”

[91] Analysis of 12 RCTs revealed that in general, oral administration of probiotics improved the recognized clinical signs of chronic and aggressive periodontitis such as probing pocket depth, bleeding on probing, and attachment loss, with a concomitant reduction in the levels of major periodontal pathogens. Continuous probiotic administration, laced mainly with Lactobacillus species, was necessary to maintain these benefits. https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/14787210.2016.1194198 

[92] Vouloumanou- 2009 review- “probiotics may have a beneficial effect on the severity and duration of symptoms of RTIs but do not appear to reduce the incidence of RTIs… Reduction in the severity of subsequent RTIs was found in five of six trials that reported relevant data

[93] 2015 Cochrane review- Hao et al. “12 RCTs, which involved 3720 participants”-
“Probiotics were better than placebo in reducing the number of participants experiencing episodes of acute URTI, the mean duration of an episode of acute URTI, antibiotic use and cold-related school absence. This indicates that probiotics may be more beneficial than placebo for preventing acute URTIs. However, the quality of the evidence was low or very low.”

[94] See table 1 with very specific strains https://journals.lww.com/jcge/Abstract/2015/11001/Recommendations_for_Probiotic_Use_2015_Update_.17.aspx

[95] Moderate-quality evidence suggests that probiotics are associated with a lower risk of C difficile infection and very low–quality evidence suggests that probiotics are associated with fewer adverse events vs placebo or no treatment.

 https://opus.lib.uts.edu.au/bitstream/10453/131431/1/00005407-201808070-00022.pdf

[96] Bacteroides were significantly reduced between weeks 0 to 4 in probiotic treated subjects. Ruminococcus (family Lachnospiraceae), tended to be more abundant at week 8 than week 4 within the placebo group and at week 8 than week 0 within the probiotic group.

[97] S. boulardii alone does not alter the microbiota, in this study the combination of S. boulardii with Amoxicillin-Clavulanate modified the microbiota changes caused by an antibiotic.

[98] randomized, double-blind trial involving 827 children. A combination probiotic didn’t prevent development of moderate-to-severe gastroenteritis in kids who came to the ER with gastroenteritis (also, no change in diarrhea duration in sick patients)

[99] This has led to multiple suggested prophylactic and therapeutic health indications and claims, such as prevention or treatment of acute, antibiotic-associated and Clostridium difficile–associated diarrhea; amelioration of inflammatory bowel disease and irritable bowel syndrome (IBS); and reduction of risk for neonatal late-onset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis…. Regretfully, despite the fact that some clinical trials related to the above health claims are of high methodological quality and validity12–16, for most of the above indications, there are also studies of similarly high methodological quality featuring negative or opposing results, collectively leading to conflicting, ambiguous and debatable overall conclusions.

[100] 943 kids- prospective, randomized, double-blind trial, of children with gastroenteritis: those who received a 5-day course of L. rhamnosus GG did not have better outcomes than those who received placebo.

[101]  It is estimated that the gut microbiota is composed of more than 100 trillion cells and 5 million unique genes, outnumbering our own cells and genes6 . Although the gut microbiota is composed of thousands of species, the majority of them belong to six bacterial phyla: Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, Proteobacteria, Fusobacteria and Verrucomicrobia

[102] Paper: catalogue of nearly 5000 species of human gut bacteria (200,000 genomes and up to 171 million protein sequences), from samples all across the world

[103] https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11234 Using data from the Human Microbiome Project, this paper reported several examples of "functionally relevant inter-individual variation at the species and strain levels" occurring throughout the microbiome.

[104] See Table 1 of clinical trials and what has worked (not Ted's trials though; Ted coauthored this paper) https://www.annualreviews.org/doi/10.1146/annurev-pharmtox-010919-023628

[105] Negative results in one of Ted's clinical trials: The potential psychobiotic Lactobacillus rhamnosus (JB-1) fails to modulate stress or cognitive performance in healthy male subjects  https://cora.ucc.ie/bitstream/handle/10468/3316/1864.pdf?sequence=1

[106] Ted's clinical trial: Repeated measures, placebo controlled trial of 22 men using Bifidobacterium longum 1714 as a translational psychobiotic: report some detectable effects on modulation of stress, electrophysiology and neurocognition in healthy volunteers https://www.nature.com/articles/tp2016191

[107] Ted's review on strategies to find psychobiotics- live bacteria conferring mental health benefits.—

"Only by adequate preclinical evaluation coupled with good clinical studies will effective algorithms emerge for identifying likely psychobiotics. Not all prebiotic, probiotic or synbiotics will have psychobiotic potential, and not all that show preclinical promise will be suitable for further development."

[108] Yogurt is the food produced by culturing one or more of the optional dairy ingredients specified in paragraph (c) of this section with a characterizing bacterial culture that contains the lactic acid-producing bacteria, Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophilus

[109] Prior sanctions were granted for the use of harmless lactic acid producing bacteria, such as Lactobacillus acidophilus, as optional ingredients in specified standardized foods. These bacteria are permitted for use in cultured milk (which includes buttermilk) (§ 131.112), sour cream (§ 131.160), cottage cheese (§ 133.128), and yogurt (§ 131.200), provided that the mandatory cultures of Lactobacillus bulgaricus and Streptococcus thermophillus are also used in the yogurt.

[110] https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Namrata_Iyer; https://www.linkedin.com/in/namrata-iyer-634b564a/ 

[111]  https://www.nature.com/articles/nature11234: In healthy volunteers, “Oral and stool communities were especially diverse in terms of community membership”

[112] Like all healthy ecosystems, richness of microbiota species characterizes the GI microbiome in healthy individuals. Conversely, a loss in species diversity is a common finding in several disease states.

[113] https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GAFPvneHJHM

[114] Crop diversification can improve resilience in a variety of ways: by engendering a greater ability to suppress pest outbreaks and dampen pathogen transmission, which may worsen under future climate scenarios, as well as by buffering crop production from the effects of greater climate variability and extreme events.

[115] https://www.mayoclinic.org/healthy-lifestyle/nutrition-and-healthy-eating/in-depth/high-fiber-foods/art-20050948#

[116] Changes in fiber intake positively correlated with next-day abundance changes among 15% of gut microbiota members

[117]  Consuming a carbohydrate- or fat-restricted low-calorie diet for a year , or a high-fat and a low-fibre, or low-fat and high-fibre diet for 10 days can induce statistically significant changes in the gut microbiota…

[118] Changes in our diet can rapidly change the gut microbiota. Generally, a high-fibre diet which is low in saturated fat and sugar is associated with a healthier gut microbiome, characterised by a greater diversity of organisms.

[119] animal studies have shown that consuming an unhealthy diet for only three days a week has detrimental effects on the gut microbiota, even when a healthy diet is eaten for the other four days.

[120] Microbiota accessible carbohydrates (MACs) found in dietary fiber, play a key role in shaping this microbial ecosystem…taxa driven to low abundance when dietary MACs are scarce are inefficiently transferred to the next generation and are at increased risk of becoming extinct within an isolated population.

[121]  mediterranian diet: the NU-AGE MedDiet is characterised by changes in the consumption pattern of specific dietary components—namely, an increase in the consumption of fibres (vegetables, fruits), carbohydrates (wholegrains), plant proteins (legumes), polyunsaturated fatty acids (fish) and vitamins such as vitamin C (fruits) and a concomitant decrease in the consumption of fats, alcohol, sodium and sugar (sweets). This study took more than 1200 elderly people, and put half on the diet. Those who went on the diet for a year had changes to their gut bugs associated with improved cognition.