BIBLIOGRAPHY

This is the full bibliography for Technology Is Not Neutral: A short guide to technology ethics by Stephanie Hare, published on 22 February 2022 by London Publishing Partnership. 

The author thanks Kyra Araneta for her assistance in preparing this bibliography.

PRIMARY SOURCES

CIVIL SOCIETY STAKEHOLDERS

ACLU v. Clearview AI. https://www.aclu.org/cases/aclu-v-clearview-ai.

ACLU, American Civil Liberties Union, American Civil Liberties Union of Illinois, Chicago Alliance Against Sexual Exploitation, Sex Workers Outreach Project Chicago, Illinois State Public Interest Research Group, Inc., and Mujeres Latinas en Acción v. Clearview AI, Inc. https://www.aclu.org/sites/ default/files/field_document/aclu_v_clearview_complaint_final.pdf.

ACLU of California, “Making Smart Decisions about Surveillance: A Guide for Community Transparency, Accountability and Oversight”, April 2016. https://www.aclunc.org/docs/20160325-making_smart_decisions_about_surveillance.pdf.

Ada Lovelace Institute. “Beyond face value: public attitudes to facial recognition technology”, 2 February 2019. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/report/beyond-face-value-public-attitudes-to-facial-recognition-technology/. 

——————.  “Exit through the App Store?” Rapid Evidence Review, April 20, 2020. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/04/Ada-Lovelace-Institute-Rapid-Evidence-Review-Exit-through-the-App-Store-April-2020-1.pdf.

——————.  International monitor: public health identity systems, June 22, 2020. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/project/international-monitor-public-health-identity-systems/.

Athena Swan Charter, (This is a framework which is used across the globe to support and transform gender equality within higher education (HE) and research. Established in 2005 to encourage and recognise commitment to advancing the careers of women in science, technology, engineering, maths and medicine (STEMM) employment) https://www.advance-he.ac.uk/equality-charters/athena-swan-charter 

Big Brother Watch.“Face Off: The lawless growth of facial recognition in UK policing”, May 2018. https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/campaigns/stop-facial-recognition/report/.

——————. “Facial Recognition ‘Epidemic’ in the UK”, August 16, 2019. https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/2019/08/facial-recognition-epidemic-in-the-uk/.

——————.  “Britain’s Fight Against ID: From War IDs to Vaccine Passports”, February 21, 2021. https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/2021/02/britains-fight-against-id-from-wwii-to-covid-19/.

Big Brother Watch. “Who’s Watching You: The Dominance of Chinese State-Owned CCTV in the UK”, 7 February 2022. https://bigbrotherwatch.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2022/02/Whos-Watching-You_The-dominance-of-Chinese-state-owned-CCTV-in-the-UK.pdf 

BloombergNEF and the World Economic Forum, “Harnessing Artificial Intelligence to Accelerate the Energy Transition”, white paper, 1 September 2021. https://www3.weforum.org/docs/WEF_Harnessing_AI_to_accelerate_the_Energy_Transition_2021.pdf 

Bradshaw, Samantha, Hannah Bailey and Philip N. Howard, “Industrialised Disinformation: 2020 Global Inventory of Organized Social Media Manipulation”, Oxford Internet Institute,13 January 2021.  https://comprop.oii.ox.ac.uk/research/posts/industrialized-disinformation/#continue.

Briers, Mark, Holmes, Chris, and Fraser, Christopher. “Demonstrating the Impact of the NHS COVID-19 App: Statistical Analysis from researchers supporting the development of the NHS COVID-19 app”, Alan Turing Institute, February 9, 2021.  https://www.turing.ac.uk/blog/demonstrating-impact-nhs-covid-19-app.

British Academy, “The COVID Decade: understanding the long-term societal impacts of COVID-19”, March 22, 2021. https://www.thebritishacademy.ac.uk/publications/covid-decade-understanding-the-long-term-societal-impacts-of-covid-19/.

Campolo, Alex, Madelyn Sanfilippo, Meredith Whittaker, Kate Crawford, “AI Now Report 2017”, 2017. https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2017_Report.pdf.

Chiusi, Fabio. Algorithm Watch. “Digital contact tracing apps: do they actually work? A review of early evidence”, 8 July 2021. https://algorithmwatch.org/en/analysis-digital-contact-tracing-apps-2021/. 

Crawford, Kate, Meredith Whittaker, Madeleine Clare Elish, Solon Barocas, Aaron Plasek, Kadija Ferryman, “The AI Now Report: The Social and Economic Implications of Artificial Intelligence Technologies in the Near-Term”, July 2016. https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2016_Report.pdf.

Crawford, Kate, Roel Dobbe, Theodora Dryer, Genevieve Fried, Ben Green, Elizabeth Kaziunas, Amba Kak, Varoon Mathur, Erin McElroy, Andrea Nill Sánchez, Deborah Raji, Joy Lisi Rankin, Rashida Richardson, Jason Schultz, Sarah Myers West, and Meredith Whittaker. ​AI Now 2019 Report.​ New York: AI Now Institute, 2019. ​https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2019_Report.html.

Cornell University. ‘Information Ethics, Law and Policy’. https://infosci.cornell.edu/undergraduate/info-sci-majors/ba-information-science-college-arts-sciences/degree-requirements-0-3.

Corporate Observatory Europe and Lobby Control, “The Lobby Network: Big Tech’s Web of Influence in the EU”, August 2021.

Djanegara, Nina Toft and Privacy International. “Biometrics and Counter-Terrorism: Case Study of Iraq and Afghanistan”, May 2021. https://privacyinternational.org/sites/default/files/2021-06/Biometrics%20for%20Counter-Terrorism-%20Case%20study%20of%20the%20U.S.%20military%20in%20Iraq%20and%20Afghanistan%20-%20Nina%20Toft%20Djanegara%20-%20v6.pdf.

Electronic Frontier Foundation, “Section 230 of the Communications Decency Act”, EFF. https://www.eff.org/issues/cda230.

Feldstein, Steven. “The Global Expansion of AI Surveillance”, Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, September 17, 2019. https://carnegieendowment.org/2019/09/17/global-expansion-of-ai-surveillance-pub-79847.

Fussey, Pete and Daragh Murray. “Independent Report of the London Metropolitan Police Service’s Trial of Live Facial Recognition Technology”, July 2019. https://www.essex.ac.uk/news/2019/07/03/met-police-live-facial-recognition-trial-concerns.

——————. “Policing Uses of Live Facial Recognition in the United Kingdom” in Amba Kak (ed.), Regulating Biometrics: Global Approaches and Urgent Questions, AI Now Institute, September 2020. https://ainowinstitute.org/regulatingbiometrics.pdf.

Galton Institute. “Sir Francis Galton, eugenics and final years”.  https://www.galtoninstitute.org.uk/sir-francis-galton/eugenics-and-final-years/.

Hartzog, Woodrow. “BIPA: The Most Important Biometric Privacy Law in the US?” in Amba Kak (ed.), Regulating Biometrics: Global Approaches and Urgent Questions, AI Now Institute, September 2020.

Hayes, Ben and Marelli, Massimo. “Reflecting on the International Committee of the Red Cross’s Biometric Policy” Minimizing Centralized Databases”, in Amba Kak (ed.), Regulating Biometrics: Global Approaches and Urgent Questions, AI Now Institute, September 2020, pp. 70-77. https://ainowinstitute.org/regulatingbiometrics.pdf.

Future of Life Institute. “Asilomar AI Principles”, 2017. https://futureoflife.org/ai-principles/. 

Harvard and MIT, joint course, “The Ethics and Governance of Artificial Intelligence’. https://www.media.mit.edu/courses/the-ethics-and-governance-of-artificial-intelligence/.

Herdale, Giles, writing in Ada Lovelace Institute, “Facial recognition and policing – a test case of technology and consent”, 9 September 2019. https://www.adalovelaceinstitute.org/blog/facial-recognition-and-policing-technology-and-consent/.

Kindt, Els J. “Transparency and Accountability Mechanisms for Facial Recognition”, German Marshall Fund, February 3, 2021. https://www.gmfus.org/publications/transparency-and-accountability-mechanisms-facial-recognition.

Laskai, Lorand and Graham Webster, “Translation: Chinese Expert Group Offers ‘Governance Principles’ for ‘Responsible AI’”, New America Foundation, 17 June 2019. https://www.newamerica.org/cybersecurity-initiative/digichina/blog/translation-chinese-expert-group-offers-governance-principles-responsible-ai/.

Liberty, “Police Powers: Stop and Search – Advice and Information”. https://www.libertyhumanrights.org.uk/advice_information/stop-and-search/.

Louradour, Sébastien. “What to know about the EU’s facial recognition regulation – and how to comply”, World Economic Forum, April 22, 2021. https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2021/04/facial-recognition-regulation-eu-european-union-ec-ai-artificial-intelligence-machine-learning-risk-management-compliance-technology-providers/.

Marlow, Chad. “New Student ‘Safety’ Principles Place Students at Risk”, blogpost, April 5, 2019. https://www.aclu.org/blog/juvenile-justice/youth-incarceration/new-student-safety-principles-place-students-risk. 

Laurence Nardon (ed.), “Technology Strategies in China and the United States, and the Challenges for European Companies”, Etudes de l’Ifri, October 2020. https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/etudes-de-lifri/technology-strategies-china-and-united-states-and-challenges-european.

Open Data Institute. “Toolkits for the public and private sectors” https://theodi.org/service/tools-resources/.

Open Data Institute, ‘The UK National Data Strategy 2020: doing data ethically’, 17 November 2020.  https://theodi.org/article/uk-national-data-strategy-2020-ethics/.

Porter, Tony (then UK Surveillance Camera Commissioner), “Surveillance Camera Commissioner: annual report 2017-2018”, 22 January 2019. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/surveillance-camera-commissioner-annual-report-2017-to-2018.

Privacy International. “UK government Covid tracking app: what we found,”, 7 May 2020. https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3752/coronavirus-tracking-uk-what-we-know-so-far.

——————.  “One Ring to Watch Them All”, 25 June 2020. https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/3971/one-ring-watch-them-all.

——————.  “Digital National ID systems: Ways, shapes and forms,” 26 October 2021. https://privacyinternational.org/long-read/4656/digital-national-id-systems-ways-shapes-and-forms.  

Pugwash. https://pugwash.org/international-studentyoung-pugwash/.

Ranganathan, Nayantara. “The Economy (and Regulatory Practice) That Biometrics Inspires: A Study of the Aadhaar Project” in AI Now, Regulating Biometrics: Global Approaches and Urgent Questions (2021), pp. 52-61.

Richardson, Rashida, Schultz, Jason M. and Southerland, Vincent M. “Litigating Algorithms 2019 US Report: New Challenges to Government Use of Algorithmic Decision Systems,” AI Now Institute, September 2019. https://ainowinstitute.org/litigatingalgorithms-2019-us.pdf.

Richardson, Rashida. “Facial Recognition in the Public Sector: The Policy Landscape”, German Marshall Fund, February 3, 2021. https://www.gmfus.org/publications/facial-recognition-public-sector-policy-landscape.

Richardson, Rashida, Jason M. Schultz, and Vincent M. Southerland, “Litigating Algorithms 2019 US Report: New Challenges to Government Use of Algorithmic Decision Systems,” AI Now Institute, September 2019. https://ainowinstitute.org/litigatingalgorithms-2019-us.pdf.  

Rome Call for AI Ethics, signed by the Pontifical Academy for Life, Microsoft, IBM, FAO and the Ministry of Innovation, a part of the Italian Government (28 February 2020)

Royal Society, “The Online Information Environment”, 19 January 2022 ​​https://royalsociety.org/topics-policy/projects/online-information-environment/ 

Rudolph, Harrison, Moy, Laura M., Bedoya, Alvaro M. “Not Ready for Takeoff: Face Scans at Airport Departure Gates”, report from Georgetown Law Center on Privacy and Technology, December 21, 2017. https://www.airportfacescans.com.

Seaman, John. “China and the New Geopolitics of Technical Standardization”, Notes de l’Ifri, January 2020. https://www.ifri.org/en/publications/notes-de-lifri/china-and-new-geopolitics-technical-standardization.

Stanford University, ‘Ethics, Public Policy, and Technological Change’, https://pacscenter.stanford.edu/course/ethics-public-policy-and-technological-change/.

Surveillance Commissioner, “Surveillance Camera Commissioner Annual Report 2016/17”, January 2018, pp. 12-13. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/672286/CCS207_CCS0118716124-1_Annex_A_-_AR_2017-_web.pdf.

Twitter Inc. “Permanent suspension of @realDonaldTrump”, Twitter, January 8, 2021. https://blog.twitter.com/en_us/topics/company/2020/suspension.html.

Tyson, Alec, Johnson, Courtney and Funk, Cary. “US Public Now Divided Over Whether to Get COVID-19 Vaccine”, Pew Research Center, September 17, 2020. https://www.pewresearch.org/science/2020/09/17/u-s-public-now-divided-over-whether-to-get-covid-19-vaccine/.

University of Texas, ‘Ethical Foundations of Computer Science’, https://www.cs.utexas.edu/~ans/classes/cs109/syllabus.html.

Web Foundation, “Sir Tim Berners-Lee urges UN General Assembly to lead global push to connect to the world”, September 23, 2020. https://webfoundation.org/2020/09/sir-tim-berners-lee-urges-un-general-assembly-to-lead-global-push-to-connect-the-world/.

Whittaker, Meredith, Kate Crawford, Genevieve Fried, Elizabeth Kasiunas, Varoon Mathur, Sarah Myers West, Rachida Richardson, Jason Schultz, Oscar Schwartz, “AI Now Report 2018”, December 2018. https://ainowinstitute.org/AI_Now_2018_Report.pdf.

Young, Erin, Judy Wajcman, Anthony Giddens, Laila Sprejer. “Where are the women? Mapping the gender job gap in AI”, Policy Briefing: Full Report. The Alan Turing Institute, 8 March 2021. https://www.turing.ac.uk/research/publications/report-where-are-women-mapping-gender-job-gap-ai. 

COMPANY PUBLICATIONS

Accenture. “Accenture Unique Identity Services”, 2015, p. 5. https://www.accenture.com/t20150722T022551__w__/au-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Local/en-gb/PDF_3/Accenture-Unique-Identity-Services-v2.pdf.

Accenture, “Unique Identification Authority of India (UIDAI) Selects Accenture to Implement aMultimodal Biometric Solution for ‘Aadhaar’ Program”, press statement, July 28, 2010. https://newsroom.accenture.com/subjects/client-winsnew-contracts/unique-identification-authority-india-uidai-selects-accenture-to-implement-multimodal-biometric-solution-for-aadhaar-program.htm.

Accenture. “Accenture Border Services: Securing Society and Facilitating Travel and Trade”, undated but still on the company website as of 2022. https://www.accenture.com/ie-en/service-accenture-border-service.

Accenture. “Accenture Unique Identity Services”, 2015. https://www.accenture.com/t20150722T022551__w__/au-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Local/en-gb/PDF_3/Accenture-Unique-Identity-Services-v2.pdf.

Accenture. “Partnership between Accenture UK Border Agency, BAA, various suppliers”, May 23, 2015. https://www.accenture.com/t20150523T040252Z__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Industries_10/Accenture-UK-Heathrow-Abc-Credential-Final.pdf.

Accenture. “UNHCR: Identity Management System Uses Biometrics to Better Serve Refugees”. https://www.accenture.com/za-en/success-unhcr-innovative-identity-management-system.

Accenture. “Video Analytics: Operational, Marketing  and Security Insights from CCTV”, May 23, 2015. https://www.accenture.com/t20150523T055755__w__/us-en/_acnmedia/Accenture/Conversion-Assets/DotCom/Documents/Global/PDF/Technology_2/Accenture-Video-Analytics-Operational-Marketing-and-Security-Insights-from-CCTV.pdf.

Apple, “Answers to your questions about Apple and security: Why is Apple objecting to the government’s order”, 2016. https://www.apple.com/customer-letter/answers/. 

Apple, “Expanded Protections for Children: Frequently Asked Questions”, August 2021 v1.1. https://www.apple.com/child-safety/pdf/Expanded_Protections_for_Children_Frequently_Asked_Questions.pdf 

Apple/Google. “Contact Tracing: Bluetooth Specification, Preliminary – Subject to Modification and Extension”, April 2020. https://blog.google/documents/58/Contact_Tracing_-_Bluetooth_Specification_v1.1_RYGZbKW.pdf.

Axon. “First Report of the Axon AI and Policing Technology Ethics Board”, June 2019. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/58a33e881b631bc60d4f8b31/t/5d13d7e1990c4f00014c0aeb/1561581540954/Axon_Ethics_Board_First_Report.pdf.

BusinessWire. “Palm Vein Biometrics Market 2019 Global Industry – Key Players, Size, Trends, Segmentation and Foresight to 2028”, press release, April 9, 2019. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20210112005857/en/Global-Palm-Vein-Biometrics-Market-Growth-Trends-Forecasts-Report-2020-2025---ResearchAndMarkets.com.

Denso Wave. “QR Code development story”.https://www.denso-wave.com/en/technology/vol1.html.

Facebook. “Facebook Reality Labs.” https://tech.fb.com/ar-vr/.

Facebook. “Understanding Social Media and Conflict”. 20 June 2019. https://about.fb.com/news/2019/06/social-media-and-conflict/. 

Google. “What is reCAPTCHA?” https://www.google.com/recaptcha/about/.

IBM, “Five Technology Design Principles to Combat Domestic Violence”, 21 August 2020. https://www.ibm.com/policy/five-technology-design-principles-to-combat-domestic/. 

Idemia (a company called Safran became Safran Morpho, which became OT-Morpho, and is now known as Idemia), role in helping to create the Aadhaar system: https://www.morpho.com/en/media/aadhaar-unique-id-number-all-20151123.

Legassick, Sean and Verity Harding. “Why We Launched DeepMind Ethics and Society”, DeepMind blog, October 3, 2017. https://deepmind.com/blog/announcements/why-we-launched-deepmind-ethics-society.

Machupalli, Vidyasagar (Technical Offering Manager and Polyglot Programmer), “The hardest decision in the process of building a machine learning model is deciding on which algorithm to use”, IBM, 13 August 2019. https://www.ibm.com/cloud/blog/tutorial-upload-data-and-generate-an-ml-model-quickly-with-autoai.

Maurer, Roy. “HireVue Discontinues Facial Analysis Screening”, SHRM, February 3, 2021. https://www.shrm.org/resourcesandtools/hr-topics/talent-acquisition/pages/hirevue-discontinues-facial-analysis-screening.aspx.

Microsoft. (Brad Smith, President). “Face recognition: it’s time for action”, blog, December 6, 2018. https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2018/12/06/facial-recognition-its-time-for-action/.

Nippon.com.  “The Little-Known Story of the Birth of the QR Code”, February 10, 2020. https://www.nippon.com/en/news/fnn20191214001/the-little-known-story-of-the-birth-of-the-qr-code.html.

Nyst, Carly, Steve Pannifer, Edgar Whitley, Paul Makin, Dave Birch, “Digital Identity: Issue Analysis Executive Summary”, no. PRJ.1578, July 2016, Consult Hyperion for Omidyar Network.  http://www.chyp.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/07/PRJ.1578-Omidyar-Network-Digital-Identity-Issue-Analysis-Executive-Summary-v1_2-1.pdf.

Promon. “The Home Office’s Brexit App Lacks Basic Security, Allowing Hackers to Steal Passport Information and Facial IDs”, press release, November 14, 2019. https://promon.co/security-news/the-home-offices-brexit-app-lacks-basic-security-allowing-hackers-to-steal-passport-information-and-facial-ids/.

Teledyne FLIR. “What is the difference between active IR and thermal imaging?

”. https://www.flir.co.uk/support-center/oem/what-is-the-difference-between-active-ir-and-thermal-imaging/.

INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED BY THE AUTHOR

Ahmed, Dr. Na’eem (Consultant Radiologist, Director of NHS Workforce Supply, Modelling, Oversight, and Deployment, Selfless). “Health Equity: Everyone with the Same Access”, CogX Festival of AI, June 11, 2021.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNpP_PrymOg.

Altmann, Danny (Professor of immunology, Imperial College London) in “Could Covid-19 vaccine passports use biometrics?”, Osman Iqbal (producer), BBC Click, April 20, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09f63lz.

Binns, Simon (Chief Marketing Officer of FinGoPay) in “Could Covid-19 vaccine passports use biometrics?”, Osman Iqbal (producer), BBC Click, April 20, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09f63lz.

Bud, Andrew (Founder and CEO of iProov) in “Could Covid-19 vaccine passports use biometrics?”, Osman Iqbal (producer), BBC Click, April 20, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09f63lz.

Chesnut, Rob. Discussion of his book Intentional Integrity: How Smart Companies Can Lead an Ethical Revolution, CogX, October 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=4Dz9TbzL0w4.

Devlin, Kate (researcher in AI and HCI). “AI Illusion”, How the Light Gets In festival, September 16, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gep0qzReIUY.

Dixon, William (Head of Cyber, World Economic Forum). “The Moral Code: Privacy, Power and Trust”, CogX Festival of AI, June 11, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43lktKe31tg&t=1318s.

Fagone, Jason. “Women and Girls in Cybersecurity: Past, Present and Future”, Jat Gill (producer), Rory Cellan-Jones (presenter), BBC World Service, Tech Tent, May 4, 2018 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cswnl4.

Galopin, Bernie (Detective Superintendent, London Metropolitan Police). “Facial Recognition”, Jat Gill (producer), Rory Cellan-Jones (presenter), BBC World Service, Tech Tent, September 21, 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p07f7gy8.

Hicks, Mar. “Women and Girls in Cybersecurity: Past, Present and Future”, Jat Gill (producer), Rory Cellan-Jones (presenter), BBC World Service, Tech Tent, May 4, 2018 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cswnl4.

Killworth, Paul (Deputy Chief Scientific Advisor for National Security, HMG). “The Moral Code: Privacy, Power and Trust”, CogX Festival of AI, June 11, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43lktKe31tg&t=1318s.

King, Pippa (campaigner on biometrics in schools). “Facial Recognition”, Jat Gill (producer), Rory Cellan-Jones (presenter), BBC World Service, Tech Tent, September 21, 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p07f7gy8.

Kubecka, Chris (Distinguished Chair, Middle East Institute). “The Moral Code: Privacy, Power and Trust”, CogX Festival of AI, June 11, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=43lktKe31tg&t=1318s.

Lamb, Norman (MP and head of the Science and Technology Committee in the House of Commons). “Facial Recognition”, Jat Gill (producer), Rory Cellan-Jones (presenter), BBC World Service, Tech Tent, September 21, 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p07f7gy8.

Lawson, Hilary (philosopher). “AI Illusion”, How the Light Gets In festival, September 16, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gep0qzReIUY.

Mehtsun, Dr. Winta (Surgical Oncologist and Health Policy Researcher, Mass General Brigham). “Health Equity: Everyone with the Same Access”, CogX Festival of AI, June 11, 2021.  https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=jNpP_PrymOg.

Mersini-Haughton, Laura (cosmologist). “AI Illusion”, How the Light Gets In festival, September 16, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gep0qzReIUY.

Mitchie, Susan (Professor of Health Psychology, University College London) in “Could Covid-19 vaccine passports use biometrics?”, Osman Iqbal (producer), BBC Click, April 20, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09f63lz.

Mundy, Liza. “Women and Girls in Cybersecurity: Past, Present and Future”, Jat Gill (producer), Rory Cellan-Jones (presenter), BBC World Service, Tech Tent, May 4, 2018 https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/w3cswnl4.

Rees, Martin (Astronomer Royal of the United Kingdom). “AI Illusion”, How the Light Gets In festival, September 16, 2020. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gep0qzReIUY.

Tett, Gillian. Discussion of her book Anthro Vision: How Anthropology Can Explain Business and Life, CogX, June 14, 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HOchz_wT6oA.

Wiles, Paul (UK Biometrics Commissioner). “Facial Recognition”, Jat Gill (producer), Rory Cellan-Jones (presenter), BBC World Service, Tech Tent, September 21, 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/sounds/play/p07f7gy8.

INTERVIEWS CONDUCTED BY OTHERS

Andreesen, Marc. Interviewed by Tom Holland and Dominic Sandbrook on their podcast The Rest Is History, “Silicon Valley Part 2”, 7 September 2021.

Biden, Joe. Interviewed by the Editorial Board of The New York Times. “Joe Biden, former Vice President of the United States”, January 17, 2020. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2020/01/17/opinion/joe-biden-nytimes-interview.html.

Beauchamp, Thomas and Childress, James. Interviewed by the Ethics Centre, “Big Thinkers: Thomas Beauchamp and James Childress”, December 1, 2017. https://ethics.org.au/big-thinkers-thomas-beauchamp-james-childress/.

Blassingame, James (Capitol Police officer). Interviewed by Lisa Desjardins, “US Police Officer Gives First-Hand Account of Jan. 6 Attack”, June 9, 2021. https://www.pbs.org/newshour/show/u-s-capitol-police-officer-gives-his-account-of-the-jan-6-attack.

Bowie, David. Interviewed by Jeremy Paxman, BBC “Newsnight”, 1999. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=FiK7s_0tGsg.

Buolamwini, Joy. Interviewed by Kara Swisher. “She’s Taking Jeff Bezos to Task”, The New York Times, April 19, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/19/opinion/sway-kara-swisher-joy-buolamwini.html.

Garvie, Clare. Interviewed by Anderson Cooper, “Police Departments Adopting Facial Recognition Tech Amid Allegations of Wrongful Arrests”, 60 Minutes, CBS, May 16, 2021. https://www.cbsnews.com/news/facial-recognition-60-minutes-2021-05-16.

Hassibis, Demis. Interviewed by Jim Al-Khalili for the BBC, “Life Scientific”, November 5, 2019. https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m0009zbj.

Hayden, Michael. Interview is here: “The Johns Hopkins Foreign Affairs Symposium Presents: The Price of Privacy: Re-Evaluating the NSA”, 7 April 2014. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=kV2HDM86XgI.

Inskeep, Steve. “'First Platoon' Examines How War On Terror Birthed Pentagon's Biometrics ID System”, NPR, 14 January 2021. https://www.npr.org/2021/01/14/956705029/first-platoon-examines-how-war-on-terror-birthed-pentagons-biometrics-id-system. 

Khan, Sadiq (Mayor of London). Interviewed by Andrew Marr, “The Andrew Marr Show”, BBC One, 19 September 2021. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=6VZwTc5s4sQ&t=99s and https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p09wd8s6.

Rotblat, Joseph.  Interview, Voices of the Manhattan Project, US National Museum of Nuclear Science and History, interview conducted on October 16, 1989. https://www.manhattanprojectvoices.org/oral-histories/joseph-rotblats-interview.

Spärck Jones, Karen. Interviewed by Brian Runciman, British Computer Society (BCS), May 3, 2009. https://www.bcs.org/content-hub/computings-too-important-to-be-left-to-men.

Virilio, Paul. Interviewed by Philippe Petit. Politics of the Very Worst: An Interview with Philippe Petit, edited by Sylvère Lotringer, translated by Michael Cavaliere. New York: Semiotext(e), 1999, p. 89.

Yardley, Professor Lucy. Interviewed by Andrew Marr, “The Andrew Marr Show”, BBC, October 18, 2020.

OFFICIAL PUBLICATIONS

European Union

European Union Agency for Fundamental Rights, “Facial recognition technology: fundamental rights considerations in the context of law enforcement”, 27 November 2019. https://fra.europa.eu/en/publication/2019/facial-recognition-technology-fundamental-rights-considerations-context-law. 

European Commission, “Proposal for a Regulation laying down harmonised rules on artificial intelligence (Artificial Intelligence Act)”, April 21, 2021. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/library/proposal-regulation-laying-down-harmonised-rules-artificial-intelligence-artificial-intelligence.

European Data Protection Supervisor, “Artificial Intelligence Act: a welcomed initiative, but ban on remote biometric identification in public space is necessary”, April 23, 2021. https://edps.europa.eu/press-publications/press-news/press-releases/2021/artificial-intelligence-act-welcomed-initiative_en.

European Commission, “The Digital Services Act package”, 2021. https://digital-strategy.ec.europa.eu/en/policies/digital-services-act-package.

European Commission, Directorate-General for Communications Networks, Content and Technology, Ethics guidelines for trustworthy AI, Publications Office, 2019, https://data.europa.eu/doi/10.2759/177365

European Parliamentary Research Service, “The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: Issues and Initiatives”, March 2020. https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/STUD/2020/634452/EPRS_STU(2020)634452_EN.pdf. 

European Patent Office. “Masahiro Hara and team, Winners of the Popular Prize”, EPO, 2014. www.epo.org/mobile/news-events/events/european-inventor/finalists/2014/hara.html.

Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence

Global Partnership on Artificial Intelligence. https://www.gpai.ai.

International Committee of the Red Cross

International Committee of the Red Cross, “The ICRC Biometrics Policy,” October 16, 2019.  https://www.icrc.org/en/document/icrc-biometrics-policy.

NATO

“Summary of the NATO Artificial Intelligence Strategy”, 22 October 2021. https://www.nato.int/cps/en/natohq/official_texts_187617.htm 

OECD

OECD.AI, “National AI policies & strategies”, https://oecd.ai/en/dashboards 

OECD.AI, “OECD Network of Experts on AI (ONE AI)”, https://oecd.ai/en/network-of-experts 

United Kingdom

Age Appropriate Design Code (or the Children’s Code), 2021, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/childrens-code-hub/additional-resources/introduction-to-the-childrens-code/. 

“Automated Facial Recognition Technology (Moratorium and Review) Bill [HL], Private Members’ Bill (Starting in the House of Lords), originated in the House of Lords, session 2019-19. https://bills.parliament.uk/bills/2513.

British Computing Society (BCS), Chartered Institute for IT, “Scaling Up the Ethical AI MSc Pipeline”, Final report to the Office for AI covering frameworks and models of Industry- funded Masters Courses in Machine Learning and related AI skills, for Grant A1845 (May 2019) https://www.bcs.org/media/6553/scaling-up-ethical-ai-pipeline.pdf 

Dick, Cressida (Commissioner of London Metropolitan Police). Speech to the Lowy Institute think tank in Sydney, Australia, September 4, 2019.

Cabinet Office, Central Digital and Data Office, Office for Artificial Intelligence. “Guidance: Ethics, Transparency and Accountability Framework for Automated Decision-Making”, May 13, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ethics-transparency-and-accountability-framework-for-automated-decision-making/ethics-transparency-and-accountability-framework-for-automated-decision-making.

Central Digital and Data Office, “Algorithmic Transparency Standard”, 29 November 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/collections/algorithmic-transparency-standard. 

Centre for Data Ethics and Innovation. “The roadmap to an effective AI assurance ecosystem,” 8 December 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-roadmap-to-an-effective-ai-assurance-ecosystem 

Children’s Code (or the Age Appropriate Design Code), 2021, https://ico.org.uk/for-organisations/childrens-code-hub/additional-resources/introduction-to-the-childrens-code/.

Clement-Jones, Timothy. “We urgently need to tighten data protection laws to protect children from facial recognition in schools,” The House, 4 November 2021. https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/we-urgently-need-to-tighten-data-protection-laws-to-protect-children-from-facial-recognition-in-schools. 

Comptroller and Auditor General (National Audit Office). “The Government’s Approach to Test and Trace – interim report”, Department of Health and Social Care, December 11, 2020. https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-governments-approach-to-test-and-trace-in-England-interim-report.pdf.

Coronavirus Act 2020. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/2020/7/contents/enacted.

Court of Appeal (CA) judgement in the case of R (on the application of Edward BRIDGES) v The Chief Constable of South Wales Police, 11 August 2020.

https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/08/R-Bridges-v-CC-South-Wales-ors-Judgment.pdf.

Criminal Justice and Public Order Act 1994,  https://www.legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1994/33/section/60/enacted.

Department for Digital Culture, Media and Sport and Matt Warman MP. “Next steps outlined for UK’s use of digital identity”, September 1, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/next-steps-outlined-for-uks-use-of-digital-identity.

Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. “Policy Paper: UK digital identity and attributes trust framework”, February 11, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/the-uk-digital-identity-and-attributes-trust-framework/the-uk-digital-identity-and-attributes-trust-framework.

Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. “Data: A New Direction”, 10 September 2021. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1016395/Data_Reform_Consultation_Document__Accessible_.pdf. 

Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, Office for Artificial Intelligence and Chris Philip MP, “New UK initiative to shape global standards for Artificial Intelligence,” press release, 12 January 2022.  https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-uk-initiative-to-shape-global-standards-for-artificial-intelligence 

Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, Office for Artificial Intelligence. “AI activity in UK businesses,” 12 January 2022. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-activity-in-uk-businesses 

Department for Education, Department for Health and Social Care. “State of the Nation 2020: children and young people’s wellbeing”, October 10, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/effect-of-pandemic-on-childrens-wellbeing-revealed-in-new-report.

Department of Health and Social Care. “New payment for people self-isolating in highest risk areas”, press release, August 27, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-payment-for-people-self-isolating-in-highest-risk-areas.

Department of Health and Social Care. “NHS COVID-19 app updated to notify fewer contacts to isolate”, press release, 2 August 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/nhs-covid-19-app-updated-to-notify-fewer-contacts-to-isolate. 

Department of Health and Social Care. “Proposal for Mandatory COVID certification in a Plan B scenario”, 27 September 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/proposal-for-mandatory-covid-certification-in-a-plan-b-scenario/proposal-for-mandatory-covid-certification-in-a-plan-b-scenario. 

Department of Health and Social Care. “Carrying out mandatory COVID-19 status checks at your venue or event,” 13 December 2021. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/carrying-out-mandatory-covid-19-status-checks-at-your-venue-or-event 

Department of Health and Social Care, “UK to pilot world-leading approach to improve ethical adoption of AI in healthcare,” press release, 8 February 2022 https://www.gov.uk/government/news/uk-to-pilot-world-leading-approach-to-improve-ethical-adoption-of-ai-in-healthcare 

Department for International Trade, Export Control Joint Unit. “Exporting military or dual-use technology: definitions and scope”, March 22, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/exporting-military-or-dual-use-technology-definitions/export-of-technology-remote-access-and-the-use-of-cloud-computing-services.

Domagala, Natalia (head of data ethics, Central Digital and Data Office, Cabinet Office). “What skills do you need for working in data ethics?”, blog, 7 September 2021. https://dataingovernment.blog.gov.uk/2021/09/07/what-skills-do-you-need-for-working-in-data-ethics/. 

Equality and Human Rights Commission. “Facial recognition technology and predictive policing algorithms out-pacing the law”, March 12, 2020. https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/our-work/news/facial-recognition-technology-and-predictive-policing-algorithms-out-pacing-law.

Foreign Affairs Committee, “Never Again: The UK's Responsibility to Act on Atrocities in Xinjiang and Beyond,” 8 July 2021. https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/78/foreign-affairs-committee/news/156425/foreign-affairs-committee-publish-report-never-again-the-uks-responsibility-to-act-on-atrocities-in-xinjiang-and-beyond/. See also https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm5802/cmselect/cmfaff/198/19802.htm. 

Foreign, Commonwealth and Development Office and the Right Honourable Dominic Raab MP. “Foreign Secretary calls on Human Rights Council to address human rights violations in Myanmar, China, Belarus and Russia”, press release, February 22, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/foreign-secretary-calls-on-human-rights-council-to-address-human-rights-violations-in-myanmar-china-belarus-and-russia.

Freedom of Information Request, Request number F-2018-01186, Subject: Facial Recognition. https://www.psni.police.uk/globalassets/advice--information/our-publications/disclosure-logs/2018/operational-policing/a-f/facial-recognition.pdf.

Freedom of Information Request, Request number F-2018-02564, Subject: Facial recognition. https://www.psni.police.uk/globalassets/advice--information/our-publications/disclosure-logs/2018/operational-policing/a-f/facial-recognistion.pdf.

Freedom of Information Request, Request number F-2020-00188, Subject: Facial Recognition Technology. https://www.psni.police.uk/globalassets/advice--information/our-publications/disclosure-logs/2020/organisational-informal-and-governance/00188-facial-recognition-technology.pdf.

Freedom of Information Request, Pippa King, “Biometric facial recognition use in schools”, September 2021, https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/biometric_facial_recognition_use#incoming-1886816. 

GCHQ, “Pioneering a New National Security: The Ethics of Artificial Intelligence”, 25 February 2021. https://www.gchq.gov.uk/files/GCHQAIPaper.pdf. 

Gov.uk. “Coronavirus (COVID-19): declaration form for international travel”, April 2, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/coronavirus-covid-19-declaration-form-for-international-travel.

Gov.uk. “Coronavirus cases”, March 23, 2021. https://coronavirus.data.gov.uk/details/cases.

Gov.uk. “Create a coronavirus NHS QR code for your venue”. https://www.gov.uk/create-coronavirus-qr-poster.

Gov.uk. “Police powers to stop and search: your rights”. https://www.gov.uk/police-powers-to-stop-and-search-your-rights.

Government Digital Services. “Government Design Principles”, September 10, 2019. https://www.gov.uk/guidance/government-design-principles.

Government Digital Service. “Data Ethics Framework”, September 16, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/data-ethics-framework.

“The Health Protection (Coronavirus, Restrictions) (All Tiers) (England) Regulations 2020: UK Statutory Instruments, 2020 No. 1374. https://www.legislation.gov.uk/uksi/2020/1374/schedule/3.

Hennessy, Peter. “Examination of the witnesses (question numbers 1-19), Parliament website, June 3, 2009. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld200910/ldselect/ldconst/30/09060302.htm.

HM Government, “COVID-Status Certification Review: Report”, July 2021. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/999408/COVID-Status-Certification-Review-Report.pdf. 

HM Government, Covid-19 Response: Autumn and Winter Plan, September 2021. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/1017404/COVID-19-response-autumn-and-winter-plan-2021.pdf.

HM Inspectorate of Constabulary and Fire & Rescue Services. “Getting the Balance Right: An Inspection of How Effectively Police Deal with Protests”, March 2021. https://www.justiceinspectorates.gov.uk/hmicfrs/wp-content/uploads/getting-the-balance-right-an-inspection-of-how-effectively-the-police-deal-with-protests.pdf. 

Home Office. “Identity cards are to be scrapped”, May 27, 2010. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/identity-cards-are-to-be-scrapped.

Home Office, “Custody images: review of their use and retention”, 24 February 2017. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/custody-images-review-of-their-use-and-retention. 

Home Office. “New Biometrics and Surveillance Camera Commissioner Appointed”, March 9, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-biometrics-and-surveillance-camera-commissioner-appointed.

House of Commons. “Facial Recognition and the Biometrics Strategy, Volume 659: debated on Wednesday 1 May 2019.” https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-05-01/debates/16A45B3A-6F02-4542-B5F5-2146CA0C6AB8/FacialRecognitionAndTheBiometricsStrategy.

House of Commons, Commons Select Committee. “Issues with biometrics and forensics significant risk to effective functioning of the criminal justice system, July 18, 2019. https://www.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/news-parliament-2017/biometrics-commissioner-forensic-science-regulator-report-publication-17-19/.

House of Commons.  “Facial Recognition and the Biometrics Strategy, Volume 659: debated Wednesday 1 May 2019”, UK Parliament, Hansard. https://hansard.parliament.uk/commons/2019-05-01/debates/16A45B3A-6F02-4542-B5F5-2146CA0C6AB8/FacialRecognitionAndTheBiometricsStrategy.

House of Commons, Public Accounts Committee. “’Unimaginable’ cost of Test & Trace failed to deliver central promise of averting another lockdown”, March 10, 2021. https://committees.parliament.uk/work/906/covid19-test-track-and-trace-part-1/news/150988/unimaginable-cost-of-test-trace-failed-to-deliver-central-promise-of-averting-another-lockdown/.

House of Commons, Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee. “Covid-Status Certification” Second report of session, printed June 10, 2021. https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/6264/documents/69158/default/.

House of Commons, Public Administration and Constitutional Affairs Committee. “No justification for Covid passports, say Committee”, June 12, 2021. https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/327/public-administration-and-constitutional-affairs-committee/news/155788/no-justification-for-covid-passports-say-committee/.

House of Commons, Commons Select Committee. “Failure to Plan for Pandemic ‘Astonishing’”, July 23, 2020. https://old.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/public-accounts-committee/news-parliament-2017/whole-of-government-response-to-covid-19-report-published-19-21/. 

House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee. “Issues with biometrics and forensics present significant risk to effective functioning of the criminal justice system”, July 18, 2019. https://old.parliament.uk/business/committees/committees-a-z/commons-select/science-and-technology-committee/news-parliament-2017/biometrics-commissioner-forensic-science-regulator-report-publication-17-19/.

House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee, “Coronavirus: Lessons Learned To Date Report Published”, 12 October 2021. https://committees.parliament.uk/committee/135/science-and-technology-committee/news/157991/Coronavirus-lessons-learned-to-date-report-published/. 

House of Commons Library, “A History of English Lockdown Laws”, 30 April 2021. https://commonslibrary.parliament.uk/research-briefings/cbp-9068/. 

House of Lords, Select Committee on Artificial Intelligence “AI in the UK: ready, willing and able?”, Report of session 2017-2019. https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/ld201719/ldselect/ldai/100/100.pdf 

House of Lords, Select Committee on Democracy and Digital Technologies, “Digital Technology and the Resurrection of Trust”, Report of Session 2019-2021. https://committees.parliament.uk/publications/1634/documents/17731/default/. 

House of Lords, Biometric Recognition Technologies in Schools, Volume 815: debated on Thursday 4 November 2021. https://hansard.parliament.uk/lords/2021-11-04/debates/26FB2DF4-8D5A-456B-AFDA-73501D1CCBD3/BiometricRecognitionTechnologiesInSchools. 

House of Lords, “Surveillance Camera Code of Practice - Motion to Regret,” 2 February 2022. https://www.theyworkforyou.com/lords/?id=2022-02-02a.983.0&s=china#g989.0 

Information Commissioner’s Office. “Guidance to the General Data Protection Regulation”, May 25, 2018. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/guide-to-the-general-data-protection-regulation.

Information Commissioner’s Office. “‘Six Things to Consider When Using Algorithms for Employment Decisions”, blog, December 18, 2020. https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/six-things-to-consider-when-using-algorithms-for-employment-decisions/.

Information Commissioner’s Office. “The Information Commissioner’s position paper on the UK Government’s proposal for a trusted digital identity system”, April 22, 2021. https://ico.org.uk/media/about-the-ico/documents/2619686/ico-digital-identity-position-paper-20210422.pdf .

Information Commissioner’s Office. “ICO urges caution in using facial recognition in public places”, blog, June 18, 2021. https://www.ukauthority.com/articles/ico-urges-caution-in-using-facial-recognition-in-public-places/.

Information Commissioner’s Office. “The use of live facial recognition technology in public places”, opinion, 18 June 2021. https://ico.org.uk/media/2619985/ico-opinion-the-use-of-lfr-in-public-places-20210618.pdf 

Information Commissioner’s Office. “ICO issues provisional view to fine Clearview AI Inc over £17 million,” 29 November 2021. ​​https://ico.org.uk/about-the-ico/news-and-events/news-and-blogs/2021/11/ico-issues-provisional-view-to-fine-clearview-ai-inc-over-17-million/ 

County Court Approved Judgement (Oxford), Fairhurst vs Woodard. 12 October 2021. https://www.judiciary.uk/wp-content/uploads/2021/10/Fairhurst-v-Woodard-Judgment-1.pdf 

London Metropolitan Police, “Report to the Mayor of London about Facial Recognition Technology at London King’s Cross”, October 2019. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/040910_letter_to_unmesh_desai_am_report_re_kings_cross_data_sharing.pdf. 

London Metropolitan Police. “Statement from AC Helen Bell following events in Clapham Common”, March 14,  2021. https://news.met.police.uk/news/statement-from-ac-helen-ball-following-events-in-clapham-common-423210.

London Metropolitan Police. “Live Facial Recognition”. https://www.met.police.uk/advice/advice-and-information/facial-recognition/live-facial-recognition/.

London Metropolitan Police. “Amazon Ring internet-connected camera-enabled doorbells”, Freedom of information request reference no: 01.FOI.19.012185, January 2020. https://www.met.police.uk/foi-ai/metropolitan-police/disclosure-2020/january/amazon-ring-internet-connected-camera-enabled-doorbells/.

London Metropolitan Police. Statement about the issuing of the fine shown on BBC Click, October 2019, “Trial of facial recognition software, Freedom of information request reference no: 01.FOI.19.011711”.  https://www.met.police.uk/foi-ai/metropolitan-police/disclosure-2019/october-2019/trial-facial-recognition-software/.

May, Theresa (Home Secretary). “Home Office announces ID card scrap”, June 16, 2010. https://webarchive.nationalarchives.gov.uk/20130326205934/http://www.homeoffice.gov.uk/publications/media-centre/video-transcripts/idcards-scrapped-transcript/?version=1.

Mayor of London (Sadiq Khan), “Ethics Panel sets out future framework for facial recognition software”, 29 May 2019. https://www.london.gov.uk/press-releases/mayoral/future-framework-for-facial-recognition-software.

Mayor of London (Sadiq Khan), Office for Policing and Crime. “Retrospective Facial Recognition System, DMPC Decision – PCD 1008”, 19 August 2021. https://www.london.gov.uk/sites/default/files/pcd_1008_retrospective_facial_recognition_system.pdf. 

Medicines and Healthcare Products Regulatory Agency. “Don’t Relay on Temperature Screening Products for Detection of Coronavirus (COVID-10), says MHRA, July 3, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/dont-rely-on-temperature-screening-products-for-detection-of-coronavirus-covid-19-says-mhra.

National Audit Office, Department of Health and Social Care. “The government’s approach to test and trace in England – interim report”, December 11, 2020. https://www.nao.org.uk/wp-content/uploads/2020/12/The-governments-approach-to-test-and-trace-in-England-interim-report.pdf.

National Audit Office, Home Office. “Investigation into the Windrush Compensation Scheme”, May 21, 2021. https://www.nao.org.uk/report/investigation-into-the-windrush-compensation-scheme/.

National Physical Laboratory. “Metropolitan Police Service Live Facial Recognition Trials”, February 2020. https://www.met.police.uk/SysSiteAssets/media/downloads/central/advice/met/facial-recognition/met-evaluation-report.pdf.

NHS Covid-19 app support. “Risk-scoring algorithm: Technical information”, last updated 29 October 2020. https://covid19.nhs.uk/risk-scoring-algorithm.html. 

NHS Covid-19 app support. “NHS COVID-19 app statistics”. https://stats.app.covid19.nhs.uk. 

NHS Digital. “COVID Oximetry @home – digital and data services”, lasted edited December 2, 2020. https://digital.nhs.uk/coronavirus/covid-oximetry-at-home-digital-and-data-services.

NHS. “Get Your NHS Covid Pass Letter”

https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/coronavirus-covid-19/covid-pass/get-your-covid-pass-letter/

NHS. “Summary Care Record”. https://digital.nhs.uk/services/summary-care-records-scr.

NHSX. “App guidance for UEFA EURO 2020 ticket holders”. https://www.nhsx.nhs.uk/covid-19-response/nhs-app-guidance-for-uefa-euro-2020-matches-at-wembley-stadium/.

NHSX, “Covid Pass Verifier”, date, https://github.com/nhsx/covid-pass-verifier/blob/main/Documentation/COVID_Pass_International_Digital_QR_Code-Tech_Summary.pdf. 

Office for AI, Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy, Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport. “AI Roadmap”, 6 January 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/ai-roadmap 

Office for AI, Department for Digital, Culture, Media and Sport, and Department for Business, Energy, and Industrial Strategy. “National AI Strategy”, 22 September 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/publications/national-ai-strategy. 

Pun, Karwai. “Accessibility in government: Dos and don’ts on designing for accessibility”, UK government, September 2, 2016. https://accessibility.blog.gov.uk/2016/09/02/dos-and-donts-on-designing-for-accessibility/.

Prime Minister’s Office 10 Downing Street, “New package to support and enforce self-isolation”, September 20, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/new-package-to-support-and-enforce-self-isolation.

Raab, Dominic (Foreign Secretary). United Nations Human Rights Council, 46th session: Foreign Secretary’s statement”, February 22, 2021. https://www.gov.uk/government/speeches/foreign-secretary-addresses-the-un-human-rights-council.

South Wales Police and Gwent, “New facial recognition mobile app to identify vulnerable, missing and wanted individuals,” official blogpost, 7 December 2021. ​​https://www.south-wales.police.uk/news/south-wales/news/2021/december/new-facial-recognition-app-to-to-identify-wanted-individuals/. 

Surveillance Commissioner, “Surveillance Camera Commissioner Annual Report 2016/17”, January 2018, pp. 12-13. https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/672286/CCS207_CCS0118716124-1_Annex_A_-_AR_2017-_web.pdf.

Surveillance Camera Commissioner. “Guidelines for police on use of LFR”, December 3, 2020. https://www.gov.uk/government/news/surveillance-camera-commissioner-releases-guidance-for-police-on-use-of-live-facial-recognition.

Tully, Dr Gillian, Forensic Science Regulator, and Professor Paul Wiles, Commissioner for the Retention and Use of Biometric Material. Testimony to the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, March 19, 2019. https://parliamentlive.tv/Event/Index/f9d3913e-b5c2-41e6-8452-de80f49e85e9.

UK Statistics Authority. “Ethical Considerations in the Use of Machine Learning for Research and Statistics”, 26 October 2021. https://uksa.statisticsauthority.gov.uk/publication/ethical-considerations-in-the-use-of-machine-learning-for-research-and-statistics/. 

Vallance, Sir Patrick. Testimony to the House of Commons, Science and Technology Committee, “Oral evidence: UK Science, Research and Technology Capability and Influence in Global Disease Outbreaks, HC 136”, July 16, 2020. https://committees.parliament.uk/oralevidence/701/pdf/.

Wood, Steve (Deputy Commissioner for Policy, Information Commissioner’s Office). Written evidence submitted to the House of Commons Science and Technology Committee, March 19, 2019. http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/science-and-technology-committee/the-work-of-the-biometrics-commissioner-and-the-forensic-science-regulator/written/97934.pdf.

United States

Biometric Information Privacy Act (BIPA), state of Illinois, 2008.

https://www.ilga.gov/legislation/ilcs/ilcs3.asp?ActID=3004&ChapterID=57

“Document: Biden’s Strategy for Domestic Terrorism”, The New York Times, June 15, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2021/06/15/us/biden-s-strategy-for-combating-domestic-extremism.html.

Garvie, Clare. Testimony before the US Congress, 22 May 2019. https://www.c-span.org/video/?460959-1/house-hearing-facial-recognition-technology.

Government Accountability Office, Report to Congressional Requesters, “Facial Recognition Technology: Current and Planned Uses by Federal Agencies”, August 2021. https://www.gao.gov/assets/gao-21-526.pdf. 

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Whitehead, Hal. and Rendell, Luke. The Cultural Lives of Whales and Dolphins. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2021.

Whitley, Edgar A.  and Hosein, Gus. Global Challenges for Identity Policies. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2010.

Williams, Talitha. Power in Numbers: The Rebel Women of Mathematics. New York: RacePoint, 2018.

Wohlleben, Peter. The Hidden Life of Trees. London: Harper Collins, 2017.

Woolridge, Michael. Artificial Intelligence: Everything You Need to Know about the Coming AI. A Ladybird Expert Book. London: Penguin Random House, 2018.

——————. The Road to Conscious Machines. London: Pelican, 2020.

Wulf, Andrea. The Invention of Nature: The Adventures of Alexander Von Humboldt, the Lost Hero of Science. London: John Murray, 2015.

Yates, Joanne and Murphy, Craig N. Engineering Rules: Global Standard Setting since 1880. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2019.

Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London: Profile books, 2019.

Zuckerman, Gregory. A Shot to Save the World. London: Penguin Business, 2021.

CHAPTERS FROM BOOKS

Bryson, Joanna. “The Artificial Intelligence of the Ethics of Artificial Intelligence: An Introductory Overview for Law and Regulation.” In The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI, edited by Dubber, Markus D and Pasquale, Frank and Das, Sunit, 1-4. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.

DeLisi, Matt. “Revisiting Lombroso.” In The Oxford Handbook of Criminological Theory, edited by Francis T. Cullen and Pamela Wilcox, 5-21. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012.

Dignum, Virginia. “Responsibility and Artificial Intelligence.” In Markus D. Dubber, Frank Pasquale and Sunit Das, In The Oxford Handbook of Ethics of AI, edited by Dubber, Markus D and Pasquale, Frank and Das, Sunit, 215-231. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020.

Legg, Shane and Hutter, Marcus. “A Collection of Definitions of Intelligence.” In Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms: Proceedings of the AGI Workshop 2006. Volume 157 of Frontiers in Artificial Intelligence Applications, edited by B. Goertzel and P. Wang, 17-24. Amsterdam: IOS Press, 2007.

Popper, Karl. Address delivered on 3 September 1968 to a special session, “Science and Ethics: The Moral Responsibility of the Scientist” at the International Congress of Philosophy, held in Vienna. Further revised for publication in The Myth of the Framework: In defence of science and rationality by Karl R. Popper, edited by M. A. Notturno, (London and New York: Routledge, 1994).

CONFERENCE PAPERS/PROCEEDINGS/RAPID REVIEWS

Bernstein, Michael S., Levi, Margaret, Magnus, David, Rajala, Betsy, Satz, Debra and Waeiss, Charla. “ESR: Ethics and Society Review of Artificial Intelligence Research”, arXiv, submitted 22 June 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2106.1152.

Buolamwini, Joy and Timnit Oxford University Press,. “Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification”, Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 81:1-15, 2018, Conference on Fairness, Accountability and Transparency. https://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a/buolamwini18a.pdf.

Cameron-Blake, Emily Helen Tatlow, Thomas Hale, Toby Phillips,

Sagar Grewal, and Andrew Wood. “Variation in the Response to Covid-19 across the Four Nations of the United Kingdom”, April 2020. https://www.bsg.ox.ac.uk/research/publications/variation-response-covid-19-across-four-nations-united-kingdom. 

Ferguson, Neil M, Daniel Laydon, Gemma Nedjati-Gilani, Natsuko Imai, Kylie Ainslie, Marc Baguelin, Sangeeta Bhatia, Adhiratha Boonyasiri, Zulma Cucunubá, Gina Cuomo-Dannenburg, Amy Dighe, Ilaria Dorigatti, Han Fu, Katy Gaythorpe, Will Green, Arran Hamlet, Wes Hinsley, Lucy C Okell, Sabine van Elsland, Hayley Thompson, Robert Verity, Erik Volz, Haowei Wang, Yuanrong Wang, Patrick GT Walker, Caroline Walters, Peter Winskill, Charles Whittaker, Christl A Donnelly, Steven Riley, Azra C Ghani, “Report 9: Impact of non-pharmaceutical interventions (NPIs) to reduce COVID-19 mortality and healthcare demand”, Imperial College COVID-19 Response Team, 16 March 2020. https://www.imperial.ac.uk/media/imperial-college/medicine/mrc-gida/2020-03-16-COVID19-Report-9.pdf.

Hinch, Robert and Probert, Will and Nurtay, Anel and Kendall, Michelle and Wymant, Chris and Hall, Matthew and Lythgoe, Katrina and Bulas Cruz, Ana and Zhao, Lele and Stewart, Andrea and Ferretti, Luca and Parker, Michael and Montero, Daniel and Warren, James and Mather, Nicole and Finkelstein, Anthony and Abeler-Dömer, Lucie and Bonsall, David and Fraser, Christophe. “Effective Configurations of a Digital Contact Tracing App: A Report to NHS”, 16 April 2020 (updated 10 August 2020). https://github.com/BDI-pathogens/covid-19_instant_tracing/blob/master/Report%20-%20Effective%20Configurations%20of%20a%20Digital%20Contact%20Tracing%20App.pdf.

Hosein, Gus and Edgar Whitley. “Identity and Development: Questioning Aadhaar’s Digital Credentials” in Reetika Khera (ed.), Dissent on Aadhaar: Big Data Meets Big Brother (Delhi: Orient Black Swan, 2019).

Raji, Inioluwa Deborah and Joy Buolamwini. “Actionable Auditing: Investigating the Impact of Publicly Naming Biased Performance Results of Commercial AI Products”, January 2019. http://www.aies-conference.com/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/AIES-19_paper_223.pdf.

Raji, Inioluwa D, Morgan Scheuerman and Razvan Amironesei. “You Can't Sit With Us: Exclusionary Pedagogy in AI Ethics Education”, FAccT '21: Proceedings of the 2021 ACM Conference on Fairness, Accountability, and Transparency, Association for Computing Machinery, March 2021. https://doi.org/10.1145/3442188.3445914.

Raji, Inioluwa D and Genevieve Fried. “About Face: A Survey of Facial Recognition Evaluation”, Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence, 2021. https://arxiv.org/abs/2102.00813.

Patel, Jay, Fernandes, Genevie, Anchuri, Kavya. “Self-Isolation: Support, Monitoring, and Adherence: A scoping review of international approaches”, University of Edinburgh, January 20, 2021. https://static1.squarespace.com/static/56ebbd6827d4bdff1f7e7ae1/t/600ff28547f88841394166bb/1611657863707/Covid+Isolation+Review+GHGP+20012021.pdf.

Sclove, Richard E. “From Alchemy to Atomic War: Frederick Soddy's "Technology Assessment" of Atomic Energy, 1900-1915”, Science, Technology and Human Values, Volume 14, Issue 2, (1989) pp. 163-194. https://doi.org/10.1177/016224398901400203

Tomasev, Nenad and McKee, Kevin R and Kay, Jackie and Mohamed, Shakir. “Fairness for Unobserved Characteristics: Insights from Technological Impacts on Queer Communities” Proceedings of the 2021 AAAI/ACM Conference on AI, Ethics, and Society (AIES 2021), February 3, 2021. arXiv:2102.04257.

Wellerstein, Alex. “Patenting the Bomb: Nuclear Weapons, Intellectual Property, and Technological Control”, Isis, Volume 99, Number One (2008), pp. 57-87. https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/587556  

JOURNAL ARTICLES

Ballantyne, Nathan. “Epistemic Trespassing”, Mind 128, no. 510 (2019): 367-395.

Berberich, Nicolas, Toyoaki Nishida and Shoko Suzuki, “Harmonizing Artificial Intelligence for Social Good”,  Philosophy and Technology, Volume 33, December 2020, pp. 613–638. https://doi.org/10.1007/s13347-020-00421-8.

Brown, Rebecca and Kelly, Dominic and Wilkinson, Dominic and Savulescu, Julian. “The Scientific and Ethical Feasibility of Immunity Passports.” The Lancet 21, no. 3 (2020): 58-63. doi.org/10.1016/S1473-3099(20)30766-0

Caicedo-Lopez, Laura Helena and Miguel Contreras-Medina, Luis and Gerardo Guevara-Gonzalez, Ramon and Esteban Perez-Matzumoto, Andrés and Ruiz-Rueda, Arturo. “Effects of hydric stress on vibrational frequency patterns of Capsicum annuum plants.” Plant Signaling & Behavior 15, no. 7 (2020).

Calvo, Paco and Gagliano, Monica and M Souza, Gustavo and Trewavas, Anthony. “Plants are intelligent, here’s how.” Annals of Botany 25, no. 1 (2020): 11–28. , https://doi.org/10.1093/aob/mcz155

Camillus, John C.  “Strategy as a Wicked Problem”, Harvard Business Review, May 2008. https://hbr.org/2008/05/strategy-as-a-wicked-problem.

Cartmill, Matt. “ Animal Consciousness: Some Philosophical, Methodological, and Evolutionary Problems”, American Zoologist 40, no. 6 (2000): 835-846.  https://doi.org/10.1093/icb/40.6.835 

Dixon, Pam. “A Failure to “Do No Harm - India’s Aadhaar biometric ID program and its inability to protect privacy in relation to measures in Europe and the U.S.'' Health Technol 7, no. 4 (2017): 539–567. doi:10.1007/s12553-017-0202-6.

Douglas, Heather E. “The Moral Responsibilities of Scientists (Tensions between Autonomy and Responsibility”, American Philosophical Quarterly, Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan., 2003), pp. 59-68. https://www.jstor.org/stable/20010097. 

Editorial, “International AI Ethics Panel Must Be Independent”, Nature,  21 August 2019. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-019-02491-x.

Einstein,Albert. “On the moral obligation of the scientist”, Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, (1979) 35:3, 1, DOI: 10.1080/00963402.1979.11458589

Foot, Philippa. “The Problem of Abortion and the Problem of the Double Effect”, in Virtues and Vices and Other Essays in Moral Philosophy, 19 (1978).

Fussey, Peter. “Observing Potentiality in the Global City: Surveillance and Counterterrorism in London”, International Criminal Justice Review, 2007, Volume 17, Number 3, pp.171-192.

Fussey, Pete, Bethan Davies, and Martin Innes, ‘Assisted’ Facial Recognition and the Reinvention of Suspicion and Discretion in Digital Policing”, The British Journal of Criminology. (2021). Volume 61, Number 2, pp. 325-344.

Galison, Peter. “The Ontology of the Enemy: Norbert Wiener and the Cybernetic Vision.” Critical Inquiry 21, no. 1 (1994): 253-254.

Gardner, Z., Mooney, P., De Sabbata, S. et al. Quantifying gendered participation in OpenStreetMap: responding to theories of female (under) representation in crowdsourced mapping. GeoJournal 85, 1603–1620 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10708-019-10035-z.

Gimbel, John. "German Scientists, United States Denazification Policy, and the 'Paperclip Conspiracy'." The International History Review 12, no. 3 (1990): 441-65.

Han, Emeline and Mei, Melisa and Tan, Jin and Turk, Eva and Sridhar, Devi and M Leung, Gabriel and Shibuya, Kenji and Asgari, Nima and Oh, Juhwan and García-Basteiro, Alberto and Hanefeld, Johanna and Cook, Alex and Hsu, Li Yang and Teo, Yik Ying and Heymann, David and Clark, Helen and McKee, Martin and Legido-Quigley, Helena. “Lessons Learnt from easing COVID-19 restrictions: an analysis of countries and regions in Asia Pacific and Europe.” The Lancet 396, no. 10261 (2020): 1525-1534. https://www.thelancet.com/journals/lancet/article/PIIS0140-6736(20)32007-9/fulltext

Hare, Stephanie. "For Your Eyes Only: US Technology Companies, Sovereign States, and the Battle over Data Protection." Business Horizons 59, no. 5 (2016): 549-561.

Jenkinson, Jodie. “Face Facts: A History of Physiognomy from ancient Mesopotamia to the end of the 19th century” The Journal of Biocommunication 24, no. 3 (1997): 2-7.

Jobin, Anna and Ienca, Marcello and Vayena, Effy.” The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines.” Nat Mach Intell 1, no.1 (2019): 389–399.

Kosinski, Michal. “Facial recognition technology can expose political orientation from naturalistic facial images”, Scientific Reports 11, no. 100 (2021) 1-7.

Kranzberg, Melvin. “Technology and History: Kranzberg's Laws." Technology and Culture 27, No. 3 (986): 544-560.

Landau, Susan. “Digital exposure tools: Design for privacy, efficacy, and equity”, Science, Vol 373, Issue 6560, 10 September 2021, pp. 1202-1204. DOI: 10.1126/science.abi9852.

Logan, Gabriella. "The Desire to Contribute: An Eighteenth-Century Italian Woman of Science”, American Historical Review 99, No. 3 (1994): 785-812. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2167770.

MacIntyre, Alisdair. "Epistemological Crises, Dramatic Narrative and the Philosophy of Science”, The Monist 60, no. 4 (1977): 453-72.

Maxmen, Amy. “Self-driving cars reveal that moral choices are not universal”, Nature,  24 October 2018.  https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-07135-0. 

Mazzotti, Massimo. “Newton for Ladies: Gentility, Gender and Radical Culture”, The British Journal for the History of Science, Volume 37, Number 2 (June 2004),  pp. 119-146. https://www.jstor.org/stable/4028327.

Milan, Stefania, Michael Veale, Linnet Taylor and Seda Gurses. “Promises Made to Be Broken: Performance and Performativity in Digital Vaccine and Immunity Certification”, European Journal of Risk Regulation, 12(2), 382-392. doi:10.1017/err.2021.26.  

Mittelstadt, Brent. “Principles alone cannot guarantee ethical AI”, Nature Machine Intelligence, 1, 501–507 (2019). https://www.nature.com/articles/s42256-019-0114-4.

Nagel, Thomas. “What Is It Like to Be a Bat?”, The Philosophical Review, Vol. 83, No. 4 (Oct., 1974), pp. 435-450. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2183914.

Nkonde, Mutale. “Automated Anti-Blackness: Facial Recognition in Brooklyn, New York” in Harvard Kennedy School Journal of African American Policy “Anti-Blackness in Policy Making: Learning from the Past to Create a Better Future”, 2019-2020, 30-36. https://hjaap.hkspublications.org/wp-content/uploads/sites/14/2020/05/Final-PDF-for-Website.pdf.

O’Brien, Sheilagh. “A ‘Divellish’ Woman Discovered: The Witchbury, 1643”, Cera: An Australian Journal of Medieval and Early Modern Studies 2, no. 1 (2015): 10.

Omar, Saleh. "Ibn Al-Haytham's Theory of Knowledge and Its Significance for Later Science." Arab Studies Quarterly, no. 1 (1979): 67-82.

Parker MJ, Fraser C, Abeler-Dorner L, Bonsall D et al., “Ethics of instantaneous contact tracing using mobile phone apps in the control of the COVID-19 pandemic,” Journal of Medical Ethics (2020), Vol. 46, pp: 427-431.

Rittel, Horst & Webber, Melvin. “Dilemmas in a general theory of planning.” Policy Sciences 4, (1973): 155-169.

Roberts, Huw and Cowls, Josh and Hine, Emmie and Morley, Jessica and Taddeo, Mariarosaria and Wang, Vincent and Floridi, Luciano. “Governing Artificial Intelligence in China and the European Union: Comparing Aims and Promoting Ethical Outcomes” SSRN, (2021): 1-35.

Ross, Sydney. Scientist: The story of a word, Annals of Science 18, no. 2 (1962): 65-85.

Roussi, Antoaneta. “Resisting the Rise of Facial Recognition”, Nature, 18 November 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03188-2. 

Rotblat, Sir Joseph. “A Hippocratic Oath for Scientists”, Science 286, no. 5444 (1999): 1475. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10610545/

Smith, Cedric M.  “Origin and uses of primum non nocere – above all, do no harm!”, The Journal of Clinical Pharmacology 45, no. 4 (2005) 371-377. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/15778417/

Stevens, Nikki and Keyes, Os. “Seeing infrastructure: race, facial recognition and the politics of data.” Cultural Studies (2021). doi:10.1080/09502386.2021.1895252

Trewavas, Anthony. “Intelligence, Cognition, and Language of Green Plants.” Frontiers in Psychology 7, no. 588 (2016). 10.3389/fpsyg.2016.00588

Tarusarira, Joram. “African Religion, Climate Change and Knowledge Systems”, The Ecumenical Review 69, no. 3 (2017): 398-410.

Thompson, Judith. “The Trolley Problem”, The Yale Law Journal 94, no. 6, (1985): 1395-1415.

Trewavas, Anthony. “The Foundations of Plant Intelligence”, Interface focus 7, no. 3 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1098/rsfs.2016.0098 

Tsamados, Andreas and Aggarwal, Nikita and Cowls, Josh and Morley, Jessica and Roberts, Huw and Taddeo, Mariarosaria and Floridi, Luciano. “The ethics of algorithms: key problems and solutions.” AI & Soc (2021). doi.org/10.1007/s00146-021-01154-8

Turing, Alan. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence”, Mind: A Quarterly Review of Psychology and Philosophy 59, no. 1 (1950): 433-460.

Van Noorden, Richard. “The ethical questions that haunt facial recognition research”, Nature, 18 November 2020. https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-020-03187-3.

Véliz, Carissa. "Privacy and digital ethics after the pandemic." Nature Electronics 4, no. 1 (2021): 10-11. doi.org/10.1038/s41928-020-00536-y

Wajcman, Judy. “How Silicon Valley Sets Time”, New Media and Society (2018). http://eprints.lse.ac.uk/id/eprint/91404.

Weizenbaum, Joseph. “Not Without Us” ETC: A Review of General Semantics 44, no. 1 (1987):. 44-45.

Wymant, Chris, Luca Ferretti, Daphne Tsallis, Marcos Charalambides, Lucie Abeler-Dörner, David Bonsall, Robert Hinch et al. "The epidemiological impact of the NHS COVID-19 App." Nature 594, no. 7863 (2021): 408-412. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41586-021-03606-z

NEWSPAPERS AND PERIODICALS 

“Advances in AI are used to spot signs of sexuality”, The Economist,  September  9, 2017.  https://www.economist.com/science-and-technology/2017/09/09/advances-in-ai-are-used-to-spot-signs-of-sexuality.

Agence France-Press. “More than a third of world’s population have never used internet, says UN,” Guardian, 30 November 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/nov/30/more-than-a-third-of-worlds-population-has-never-used-the-internet-says-un. 

“A growing number of governments are spreading disinformation online”, The Economist, 13 January 2021. https://www.economist.com/graphic-detail/2021/01/13/a-growing-number-of-governments-are-spreading-disinformation-online.

Abril, Danielle and Drew Harwell, “Keystroke tracking, screenshots, and facial recognition: The boss may be watching long after the pandemic ends”, The Washington Post, 24 September 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/09/24/remote-work-from-home-surveillance/. 

Agyemang, Emma. “Big Tech Will Pay Less Tax in UK under G7 Plan, Says Think-Tank”, Financial Times, June 8, 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/6914be63-55b0-421e-a1ca-1d905e84ff71.

Ahmed, Maryam. “UK passport photo checker shows bias against dark-skinned women”, BBC, October 8, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-54349538.

Ahmed, Samira. “Was HG Wells the first to think of the atom bomb?”, BBC, 4 July 2015. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-33365776 

Ahuja, Anjana. “A global AI bill of rights is desperately needed,” Financial Times, 11 October 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/7e42c58e-b3d4-4db5-9ddf-7e6c4b853366. 

Aksenov, Pavel. “Stanislav Petrov: The man who may have saved the world”, BBC, 26 September 2013.

Alba, Davey. “The US Government Will Be Scanning Your Face at 20 Top Airports, Documents Show”, BuzzFeed News, March 11, 2019. https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/daveyalba/these-documents-reveal-the-governments-detailed-plan-for.

Albergotti, Reed. “He predicted the dark side of the Internet 30 years ago. Why did no one listen?”, The Washington Post, 12 August 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2021/08/12/philip-agre-ai-disappeared. 

Alderman, Liz and Roger Cohen. “Clear Differences Remain Between France and U.S., French Minister Says,” The New York Times, 11 October 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/11/world/europe/france-us-differences-bruno-le-maire.html. 

Aldrick, Philip. “It’s time for pandemic winners to show solidarity with everyone else”, The Times, October 10, 2020. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/its-time-for-pandemic-winners-to-show-solidarity-with-everyone-else-68jjkxlhb.

“Alibaba Says Its Technology Won’t Target Uighurs”, BBC, 18 December 2020.  https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-55359315. 

Allam, Hannah. “Right-Wing Embrace of Conspiracy Is ‘Mass Radicalization,’ Experts Warn”, NPR, December 15, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/12/15/946381523/right-wing-embrace-of-conspiracy-is-mass-radicalization-experts-warn.

Allegretti, Aubrey. “Coronavirus: Five new COVID-19 laws and fines that the government slipped out”, Sky News, September 28, 2020. https://news.sky.com/story/coronavirus-five-new-covid-19-laws-and-fines-that-government-slipped-out-12084433.

——————. “Vaccine passports likely to be dropped as aid to lifting restrictions in England”, Guardian, May 31, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/31/uk-vaccine-passports-dropped-lifting-restictions-theatres.

——————.  “Nudge or nutcracker? Either way PM faces vaccine passport backlash”, Guardian, 19 July 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jul/19/nudge-or-nutcracker-either-way-pm-faces-vaccine-passport-backlash. 

——————. “Government refuses to reveal how many times contact tracing turned off on Covid app”, Guardian, 9 August 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/aug/09/government-refuses-to-reveal-how-many-times-contact-tracing-turned-off-on-covid-app. 

——————. “Sajid Javid accused of ‘shifting goalposts’ over plan B Covid measures,” Guardian, 13 December 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/politics/2021/dec/13/sajid-javid-shifting-goalpoasts-plan-b-covid-measures 

Allegretti, Aubrey and Booth, Robert. “Covid-status certificate scheme could be unlawful discrimination, says EHRC”, Guardian, April 14, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/14/covid-status-certificates-may-cause-unlawful-discrimination-warns-ehrc.

Allyn, Bobby. “IBM Abandons Facial Recognition Products, Condemns Racially Biased Surveillance”, NPR, June 9, 2020. https://www.npr.org/2020/06/09/873298837/ibm-abandons-facial-recognition-products-condemns-racially-biased-surveillance?t=1618848645636.

——————. “Apple iPhones Can Soon Hold Your ID. Privacy Experts Are On Edge”, NPR, June 12,  2021.https://www.npr.org/2021/06/12/1005624457/apple-iphones-can-soon-hold-your-id-privacy-experts-are-on-edge.

Alvarez, Maria. “Are Covid passports a threat to liberty? It depends on how you define freedom”, Guardian, April 10, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2021/apr/10/covid-passports-threat-to-liberty-freedom-pandemic.

Amadeo, Ron. “Google’s reCAPTCHA turns ‘invisible,’will separate bots from people without challenges”, arsTechnica, 9 March 2017.  https://arstechnica.com/gadgets/2017/03/googles-recaptcha-announces-invisible-background-captchas/.

“Amazon has considered facial recognition in its Ring doorbells”, Associated Press, Market Watch, 19 November 2019. https://www.marketwatch.com/story/amazon-has-considered-facial-recognition-in-its-ring-doorbells-2019-11-19.

“Amazon scrapped ‘sexist AI’ tool”, BBC, 10 October 2018. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-45809919.

Anand, Priya and Mark Bergen. “Big Teacher Is Watching: How AI Spyware Took Over Schools,”, Bloomberg BusinessWeek, 28 October 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-10-28/how-goguardian-ai-spyware-took-over-schools-student-devices-during-covid.

Anderson, Jenny. “MIT developed a course to teach tweens about the ethics of AI,” Quartz, 4 September 2019. https://qz.com/1700325/mit-developed-a-course-to-teach-tweens-about-the-ethics-of-ai/. 

Anderson, Ross. “The Panopticon Is Already Here”, The Atlantic, September 2020. https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2020/09/china-ai-surveillance/614197/.

Andrews, Evan. “7 Bizarre Witch Trial Tests”, History Today, 1 September 2018. https://www.history.com/news/7-bizarre-witch-trial-tests. 

Andrews, Jerone. “The hidden fingerprint inside your photos”, BBC Future, March 25, 2021. https://www.bbc.com/future/article/20210324-the-hidden-fingerprint-inside-your-photos.

Andrews, Kieran. “Covid in Scotland: Vaccine passports still have part to play, insists Nicola Sturgeon,” The Times, 13 September 2021. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/vaccine-passports-still-have-part-to-play-insists-nicola-sturgeon-jlb6gwvn0. 

Andrews, Kieran and Mark McLaughlin. “Vaccine pass app is in development for Scotland”, The Times, 22 July 2021. https://www.thetimes.co.uk/article/covid-in-scotland-vaccine-pass-app-is-under-development-for-scotland-9wsfdh2th. 

Anonymous. “As a black police officer, I know the Met is still institutionally racist”, Guardian, June 15, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2020/jun/15/black-police-officer-met-institutionally-racist-bame-officers.

“Apple criticised for system that detects child abuse”, BBC, 7 August 2021.https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58124495 

“Apple defends new photo scanning child protection tech”, BBC, 9 August 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58145943.

Applebaum, Anne. “The Science of Making Americans Hurt Their Own Country”, The Atlantic, 19 March 2021.  https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2021/03/russia-studied-how-get-americans-make-mistakes/618328/.

Apuzzo, Matt, Gebrekidan, Selam and Pronczuk, Monika. “Where Europe Went Wrong in Its Vaccine Rollout, and Why”, The New York Times, March 20, 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/03/20/world/europe/europe-vaccine-rollout-astrazeneca.html.

Arantani, Lori. “Facial-recognition scanners at airports raise privacy concerns”, The Washington Post, September 15, 2018. https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/trafficandcommuting,/facial-recognition-scanners-at-airports-raise-privacy-concerns/2018/09/15/a312f6d0-abce-11e8-a8d7-0f63ab8b1370_story.html.

Ard, Alexa Juliana. “Amazon, can we have our name back?”, The Washington Post, 3 December 2021. https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/interactive/2021/people-named-alexa-name-change-amazon 

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——————. “Chinese tech patents tools that can detect, track Uighurs”, Reuters, January 14 2021. https://news.trust.org/item/20210113195157-jq6lj/.

——————. “’Dystopia Prime:’ Amazon AI van cameras spark surveillance concerns”, Thomson Reuters Foundation, February 5, 2021. https://news.trust.org/item/20210205132207-c0mz7/.

——————. “Exclusive – Half London Councils Found Using Chinese Surveillance Tech Linked to Uighur Abuses”, Reuters, February 18, 2021. https://news.trust.org/item/20210218035835-cbgdz/.

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——————. “Out of my mind: Advances in brain tech spur calls for ‘neuro-rights’”, Thomson Reuters Foundation, 29 March 2021. https://news.trust.org/item/20210329120522-k22qy/.

——————. “China found using surveillance firms to help write ethnic tracking specks”, Reuters, 30 March 2021. https://www.reuters.com/article/us-china-tech-surveillance-trfn-idUSKBN2BM1EE.

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——————. “Report Cites New Details of Trump Pressure on Justice Dept. Over Election”, The New York Times, 7 October 2021. https://www.nytimes.com/2021/10/06/us/politics/report-new-details-trump-pressure-justice-dept-election-fraud-claims.html. 

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——————. “Vaccine ‘passports’ explained: How travel, jobs and pubs in UK could be affected”, The Mirror, February 15, 2021. https://www.mirror.co.uk/news/politics/vaccine-passports-explained-how-travel-23504586.

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——————.  “How Britain Became the World Leader in Sequencing the Coronavirus Genome”, The Telegraph, February 11, 2021. https://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/2021/02/11/britain-leading-way-sequencing-coronavirus-genome/.

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——————. “Halt public use of facial recognition tech, says equality watchdog”, Guardian, March 12, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2020/mar/12/halt-public-use-of-facial-recognition-tech-says-equality-watchdog.

——————. “Secret planning exercise in 2016 modelled impact of Mers outbreak in UK”, The Guardian, June 10, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2021/jun/10/secret-planning-exercise-in-2016-modelled-impact-of-mers-outbreak-in-uk.

——————. “English councils refuse 6 in 10 requests for self-isolation pay”, The Guardian, June 18, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/18/english-councils-refuse-six-in-10-requests-for-covid-self-isolation-pay.

——————. “Ex-Uber driver takes legal action over ‘racist’ face-recognition software,” Guardian, 5 October 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/oct/05/ex-uber-driver-takes-legal-action-over-racist-face-recognition-software.

Boscia, Stefan and Wood, Poppy. “UK vaccine passport app could become a ‘honeypot’ for hackers, says former top government cyber adviser”, City AM, March 31, 2021. https://www.cityam.com/uk-vaccine-passport-app-could-become-honeypot-for-hackers-says-former-top-government-cyber-adviser/.

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——————. “Less Than 20% of People in England Self-Isolate Fully, Sage Says”, The Guardian, September 11, 2020. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/sep/11/less-than-20-of-people-in-england-self-isolate-fully-sage-says.

——————. “Reasons Why Covid Variant Could Kill More People Are Uncertain”, The Guardian, January 22, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jan/22/reasons-why-covid-variant-could-kill-more-people-are-uncertain.

——————. “Covid-status certificates could lead to deliberate infections, scientists warn”, Guardian, April 11, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/apr/11/covid-status-certificates-could-lead-to-deliberate-infections-scientists-warn.

——————. “Covid pandemic was preventable, says WHO-commissioned report”, The Guardian, May 12, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/may/12/covid-pandemic-was-preventable-says-who-commissioned-report.

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——————. “Overlooked No More: Karen Spärck Jones, Who Established the Basis for Search Engines”, The New York Times, January 2, 2019. https://www.nytimes.com/2019/01/02/obituaries/karen-sparck-jones-overlooked.html

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——————. “Matt Hancock MP has launched an app. And he wants all your data”, WIRED, February 1, 2018. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/matt-hancock-app-dcms-iphone-android-privacy-data.

——————. “The Met Police will start using live facial recognition across London,” WIRED, 24 January 2020. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/london-met-police-facial-recognition. 

——————.  “Co-op is using facial recognition tech to scan and track shoppers”, WIRED, October 12, 2020. https://www.wired.co.uk/article/coop-facial-recognition.

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——————. “‘Everyone is scared to speak up’: A&E doctor asks for Covid-19 tests’, The Guardian, March 16, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/mar/16/everyone-is-scared-to-speak-up-nhs-staff-need-covid-19-tests.

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——————. “Coronavirus contact Tracing: My New Skill”, BBC, May 22, 2020. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-52772436.

——————. “Disappearing Covid-app alerts cause alarm”, BBC, October 2, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-54389083.

——————. “NHS app updated to ‘fix’ phantom messages”, BBC, October 14, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-54522438.

——————. “Covid-19 app users can’t get isolation payment”, BBC, October 23, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-54660237.

——————.  “NHS Covid app settings changing to send fewer alerts”, BBC, 9 July 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-57786032.

——————. “NHS Covid app: Should it stay or should it go?”, BBC, 14 July 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-57836325. 

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——————.  “Silenced No More: A New Era of Tech Whistleblowing?”, BBC, 11 October 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-58850064. 

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——————. “GCHQ chief warns of tech ‘moment of reckoning’”, BBC, April 23, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-56851558.

——————. “Spy bosses warn of cyber-attacks on smart cities”, BBC, May 7, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-57012725.

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“Covid in Scotland: Vaccine passport app launch hit by problems,” BBC, 1 October 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-scotland-58756079. 

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“Covid passports: How do I get one and when will I need it?”, BBC, 13 September 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/explainers-55718553. 

“Covid: Test error ‘should never have happened’ – Hancock”, BBC, October 5, 2020. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-54422505.

“Covid: Two Jabs Needed to Enter Nightclubs from September”, BBC, 19 July 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-57893788.

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“​​Covid: Wales vaccine passport decision due next week”, BBC, 10 September 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-wales-58515771.  

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——————. “‘Conditioning an entire society’: the rise of biometric data technology”, Guardian, 26 October 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/oct/26/conditioning-an-entire-society-the-rise-of-biometric-data-technology. 

——————.  “US facial recognition firm faces £17m UK fine for ‘serious breaches’”, Guardian, 29 November 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2021/nov/29/us-facial-recognition-firm-faces-17m-uk-fine-for-serious-breaches-clearview-ai. 

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——————. “Pubs that check Covid status may be allowed to drop social distancing”, The Guardian, March 24, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/mar/24/pubs-should-decide-whether-to-demand-vaccine-passports-pm-says.

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——————. “Sundar Pichai Supports Calls for Moratorium on Facial Recognition”, Financial Times, January 20, 2020. https://www.ft.com/content/0e19e81c-3b98-11ea-a01a-bae547046735.

——————. “Europe attempts to take leading role in regulating uses of AI”, Financial Times, 24 April 2021. https://www.ft.com/content/360faa3e-4110-4f38-b618-dd695deece90.

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——————. “Baltimore May Soon Ban Facial Recognition for Everyone but Cops”, WIRED, June 18, 2021. https://www.wired.com/story/baltimore-ban-facial-recognition-everyone-but-cops.

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——————. “Covid: Is there a limit to how much worse variants can get?”, BBC, June 13, 2021. https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/health-57431420.

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——————. “When Surveillance and Censorship Mean Profits for Private Equity”, Bloomberg, 26 January 2021. https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2021-01-26/private-equity-firm-francisco-partners-profits-from-surveillance-censorship.

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——————. “Covid: Could Britain Have Been More like New Zealand?”, Guardian, February 5, 2021. https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/feb/05/covid-could-britain-have-been-more-like-new-zealand.  

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