Zero Waste Ithaca_Artificial Turf

Zero Waste Ithaca Artificial Turf Bibliography

Updated: May 16, 2024

Cornell University Meinig Fieldhouse Project and the Ithaca Community

Balesta, Christine, Senior Planner of Town of Ithaca. “Re: Cornell University Meinig Fieldhouse Indoor Sports and Recreation Center Project - Discussion of Additional Materials, SEQR Segmentation.” May 14, 2024. https://lfweb.tompkins-co.org/WebLink/DocView.aspx?id=350881&dbid=9&repo=TownOfIthaca

In this packet of additional materials, Cornell University requests SEQR segmentation for an additional artificial turf project on the eastern fringe of campus on Game Farm Road. The package reveals the university’s “long range plan

Cornell University. “Meinig Fieldhouse Indoor Sports and Recreation Facility: Site Plan Review Application Report.” December 15, 2023. https://www.cityofithaca.org/DocumentCenter/View/16359/Cornell-Meinig-Fieldhouse-SPR-Application-121523rsz.

Cornell University. “Meijig Fieldhouse Indoor Sports and Recreation Facility: Additional Materials.” April 19, 2024. https://www.cityofithaca.org/DocumentCenter/View/16866/Meinig-Fieldhouse-Additional-Materials-041924-rsz

In this report, Cornell University comissions the consulting firm Haley & Aldrich, which has ties to corporations like BP and Boeing, to produce a document that justifies artificial turfs. They cite reports by other industry consulting firms, creating an industry echo chamber. One of the consulting firms referenced is Tetra Tech, which used to be a part of Honeywell and was embroiled in a lawsuit by the US Government for falsifying information for radiation cleanup. Furthermore, the University doubles down and reveals a plan to install yet another new artificial turf on Game Farm Road, despite community protest in spring 2023 for a similar project at Ithaca College.

Brewer, Lori, Eva Hoffmann, Michael Roberts, Lindsay Dombroskie. “RE: Cornell University Meinig Fieldhouse Project.” Town of Ithaca Conservation Board. January 31, 2024. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1hVL8vgLquqDSJPhq1cZ9qxli-B9GIlN2/view?usp=drive_link.

Ithaca Times. “Question of the Week: Do You Think Ithaca College Should Replace the Grass Field at Butterfield Stadium with Artificial Turf?” June 7, 2023. https://www.ithaca.com/opinion/question_of_the_week/do-you-think-ithaca-college-should-replace-the-grass-field-at-butterfield-stadium-with-artificial/poll_7aff9034-054e-11ee-9b25-579d4c7a178d.html.

Kipperman, Vee. “ Environmental Activists Rally Against Artificial Turf.” Ithaca Times. June 3, 2023. https://www.ithaca.com/news/ithaca/environmental-activists-rally-against-artificial-turf/article_f8144ee0-054c-11ee-b33b-bb9b10c7b4c7.html#comments.

Lukas, Judy. “Community Group Urges Ithaca College Halt Artificial Turf Construction.” Ithaca Voice. June 6, 2023. https://ithacavoice.org/2023/06/community-group-urges-ithaca-college-halt-artificial-turf-construction/.

Rovenolt, Mikayla “Mack.” “Zero Waste Ithaca Opposes Artificial Turf.” Tompkins Weekly. June 7, 2023. https://www.tompkinsweekly.com/articles/news-brief-zero-waste-ithaca-protests-artificial-turf/.

In Response to WA Department of Health

Howie, Stephen. “Does Playing Soccer on Artificial Turf Increase Cancer Risk, Especially in Kids?” KUOW, NPR Network. February 8, 2024. https://www.kuow.org/stories/does-playing-soccer-on-artificial-turf-increase-cancer-risk-especially-in-kids

Kim, Hana. “State Dept. of Health Says Crumb Rubber Poses No Significant Risk to Public; Critics Call Findings Irresponsible.” FOX 13 Seattle. January 19, 2017. https://www.fox13seattle.com/news/state-dept-of-health-says-crumb-rubber-poses-no-significant-risk-to-public-critics-call-findings-irresponsible.

Clapp, Richard W. DSc, MPH, and David R. Brown, Sc.D. “Re: Investigation of Reported Cancer among Soccer Players in Washington State.” March 9, 2017. https://drive.google.com/file/d/194BxQ8gaL0_noQWJYpyYBj5ww2-FhNFU/view.

On “PFAS-Free” Claims by Industry

Collaborative for Health & Environment. “Environmental Health Impacts of Synthetic Turf and Safer Alternatives.” January 27, 2022. https://www.healthandenvironment.org/che-webinars/96595.

Peaslee, Graham, Ph.D. “Dr. Graham Peaslee Addresses Portsmouth, NH Council.” June 16, 2020. https://www.facebook.com/watch/?v=2785073858389781

Graham Peaslee, a professor of experimental nuclear physics at Notre Dame, originally focused his career on fundamental physics research and teaching. However, in 2005, when a lake near his home was discovered to be contaminated with chemicals from flame retardants, he shifted his focus to researching the prevalence of toxic chemicals. This led him into the intersection of science and policy, exploring the relationship between chemicals and human health. In a video presentation, he shares his expertise in total fluorine testing and emphasizes that PFAS (per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances) have been found in all synthetic turf fields examined to date, providing insights into the reasons behind this occurrence.

Toxic Use Reduction Institute. “Per- and Poly-fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) in Artificial Turf Carpet.” February 2020. https://www.turi.org/var/plain_site/storage/original/application/2af7f525abb175811f54b1dfb8ccc5c8.pdf.

Toxic Use Reduction Institute. “Playground Surfacing: Choosing Safer Materials for Children’s Health and the Environment.” December 2018. https://www.uml.edu/docs/Playground_surfacing_report_Dec2023_tcm18-377890.pdf.

Also watch Dr. Kyla Bennett’s presentation in our webinar held on 4/30/24 for more on the industry’s claims on “PFAS-free.” As the Science Director of the non-profit PEER, Dr. Bennett and her team have been testing artificial turfs claimed by the industry as “PFAS-free.” None to date has lived up to the claim.

Environmental Justice and Life Cycle of Plastics

Butler, Megan. “Panel Asked to Hold Georgia’s ‘Carpet Capital’ Liable for Contaminated Drinking Water.” Courthouse News Service. September 13, 2022. https://www.courthousenews.com/panel-asked-to-hold-georgias-carpet-capital-liable-for-contaminated-drinking-water/.

Beyond Plastics. “Environmental Justice: How and Why Plastic Threatens Environmental Justice.” https://www.beyondplastics.org/fact-sheets/environmental-justice.

Beyond Plastics. “The Real Truth About the U.S. Plastics Recycling Rate.” May 2022. https://www.beyondplastics.org/publications/us-plastics-recycling-rate.

Bruggers, James. “Who Said Recycling Was Green? It Makes Microplastics by the Ton.” Inside Climate News. May 16, 2023. https://insideclimatenews.org/news/16052023/recycling-plastic-microplastics-waste/.

GAIA. “Environmental Justice Principles for Fast Action on Waste and Methane.” 2024. https://www.no-burn.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/environmental-justice-principles-EN-single-pages.pdf.

Lannaman, Mark. “City of Calhoun Sued over PFAS in Drinking Water.” Saporta Report. April 3, 2024. https://saportareport.com/city-of-calhoun-sued-over-pfas-in-drinking-water.

Larker, Barber, and David Gambacorta. “‘Forever Fields’: How Pennsylvania Became a Dumping Ground for Discarded Artificial Turf.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. December 13, 2023. https://www.inquirer.com/news/pennsylvania/artificial-turf-pfas-rematch-pennsylvania-dumping-ground-20231213.html.

Lundstrom, Marjie. “Artificial Turf, Touted as Recycling Fix for Millions of Scrap Tires, Becomes Mounting Disposal Mess.” Salon. December 21, 2019. https://www.salon.com/2019/12/21/artificial-turf-touted-as-recycling-fix-for-millions-of-scrap-tires-becomes-mounting-disposal-mess_partner/.

NRCD. “New NRDC ‘Chemical Recycling’ Analysis: Process is Harmful, Misleading, Not Solving Plastic Pollution.” March 7, 2022. https://www.nrdc.org/press-releases/new-nrdc-chemical-recycling-analysis-process-harmful-misleading-not-solving-plastic.

Phillips, Anna. “Texans Sued Exxon over Pollution 13 Years Ago. A Big Decision Now Looms.” The Washington Post. March 16, 2023. https://www.washingtonpost.com/climate-environment/2023/03/15/exxon-pollution-lawsuit-baytown-texas//.

The Exxon complex in the Baytown and Houston, TX area has a new controversial chemical recycling plant which processes plastics, including artificial turfs, supplied by a recycling company Tencate. For more information, watch Dr. Neil Carman’s presentation in our webinar held on 4/30. Dr. Carman served as the staff leader in the lawsuit against Exxon Mobile complex in Baytown, TX for twelve years.

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility. “False Artificial Turf Recycling Claims Ripped.” March 7, 2022. https://peer.org/false-artificial-turf-recycling-claims-ripped/

Are Plastics Recyclable? Should We Recycle Plastics?

Beyond Plastics. “‘Recycle’ By Mail Is a Climate Fail.” June 28, 2021. https://www.beyondplastics.org/fact-sheets/recycle-by-mail-is-a-climate-fail

Beyond Plastics. “New Reports Revelas that U.S. Plastics Recycling Rate Has Fallen to 5%-6%.” May 4, 2022. https://www.beyondplastics.org/press-releases/the-real-truth-about-plastics-recycling

Beyond Plastics. “Report: Chemical Recycling: A Dangerous Deception.” October 2023. https://www.beyondplastics.org/publications/chemical-recycling

Brock, Joe, Valerie Volcovici, and John Geddie. “The Recycling Myth: Big Oil’s Solution for Plastic Waste Littered with Failure.” Reuters Investigates, July 29, 2021. https://www.reuters.com/investigates/special-report/environment-plastic-oil-recycling/

Global Alliance for Incinerator Alternatives. “5 Things Plastic Polluters Don’t Want You to Know about Chemical Recycling.” 2021. https://www.no-burn.org/resources/5-things-plastic-polluters-dont-want-you-to-know-about-chemical-recycling/

Greenpeace. “Circular Claims Fall Flat: Comprehensive U.S. Survey of Plastics Recyclability.” February 18, 2020. https://www.greenpeace.org/usa/research/report-circular-claims-fall-flat/

Kaufman, Leslie. “The Warehouses of Plastic Behind TerraCycle’s Recycling Dream.” Bloomberg. October 27, 2022.

McVeigh, Karen. “Recycling Can Release Huge Quantities of Microplastics, Study Finds.” The Guardian, May 23, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/23/recycling-can-release-huge-quantities-of-microplastics-study-finds

Plastic Pollution Coalition. “What Really Happens to Your Plastic ‘Recycling.’” May 16, 2022. https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/blog/2022/5/16/what-really-happens-to-your-plastic-recycling

Plastic Pollution Coalition. “PPC Webinar | Greenwashing 2.0: Debunking Recycling Myths.” June 5, 2024. https://www.plasticpollutioncoalition.org/event/ppc-webinar-060524

Bans and Moratoriums

Schmelzer, Elise. “Under Colorado’s New Water-Saving Law, Here’s Where Grass Will Be Banned Starting in 2026.” The Denver Post. March 18, 2024. https://www.denverpost.com/2024/03/18/colorado-grass-turf-ban-2026-water-conservation-law/.

Perkins, Tom. “Boston Bans Artificial Turf in Parks Due to Toxic ‘Forever Chemicals.’” The Guardian. September 30, 2022. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2022/sep/30/boston-bans-artificial-turf-toxic-forever-chemicals-pfas.

“List of States and Municipalities That Have Either Banned or Are Working on the Ban of Artificial Turfs.”
https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vROI-LGEDiUZx8TW_E5VhdcQ1PTn98arQUQCi6MCOvKxnyrh-9Hc0jhPsYsfgocPJ6UCV_pJ0CnuSgd/pub

Testimony Letters from Independent Experts

Clapp, Richard W., DSc, MPH, and David R. Brown, Sc.D. “Re: Investigation of Reported Cancer among Soccer Players in Washington State.” March 9, 2017. https://drive.google.com/file/d/194BxQ8gaL0_noQWJYpyYBj5ww2-FhNFU/view.

DeWitt, Jamie, Ph.D. Letter to the City Planner of Los Angeles, California. Jul. 6, 2023. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DT-UQ5bEeD4kfFhtxLcSNDYTmhLn8D9L/view?usp=drivesdk

Landrigan, Philip, M.D. et al. “Re: Proposed Artificial Turf Field in Roosevelt Park.” March 1, 2024. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1NP8Xr9pSRbGtaZidli3mkks21voc2oqK/view?usp=sharing.

Four medical doctors from Boston College and Harvard Medical School are in opposition to the proposal for installing artificial turf in their local park, citing significant human health risks associated with its lifecycle.

Royer, Sara-Jean, Ph.D. Letter to the Mayor and the City Council Members, Oceanside, CA. April 29, 2020. https://drive.google.com/file/d/18jECQi_39Oxt7KnIUR6xpiMF248TKoFo/view?usp=sharing.

In this letter, Dr. Royer discusses her research team's discovery of methane emissions from plastic polyethylene, which is the most commonly produced plastic. They observe a significant rise in methane and ethylene off-gassing with an increase in the surface area of plastic, particularly raising concerns for plastics exposed to air in terrestrial environments, such as those used in artificial turf. Please see her team’s 2018 study listed in the section of FUHSD (Fremont Union High School District, CA) Report below.

Woelke, Dianne, MSN. Letter to the Secretary Wade Crowfoot of California Natural Resources Agency. March 20, 2022. https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vSyLdjJmwVG8bMzDrAlw7SpBabUsmwaefka9MDAZ-HKTSN7aLEUw-sxyYnU5xUWCqAXGBiXvJuw-WHI/pub

Dianne Woelke, a founding board member of Safe Healthy Playing Fields and a retired Advanced Practice Nurse and Public Health Nurse, expresses her opposition to artificial turfs in this letter, which includes numerous links to studies and reports supporting her position.

Wolff, Megan J., Ph.D. MPH. et al. “Subject: Exclusion of Synthetic Turf Fields from Central School District Capital Improvement Plan.” December 14, 2023. https://drive.google.com/file/d/18hwzkScZ5zmmDmVQmnvJFgjs6Nx-cV4p/view?usp=sharing

This letter was addressed to the New Paltz Central School District Board of Education in New York, expressing opposition to the district's proposal to incorporate artificial turf into new athletic facilities. Notably, it highlights Cornell University's own cost analysis, available on their website, illustrating that artificial turf is significantly more expensive to maintain compared to natural grass.

Scientific Studies on Artificial Turf and Plastic Chemicals - Definitely PFAS, but Not Just PFAS

See even more scientific studies included in FUHSD (Fremont Union High School District, CA) Report, Bibliography, and UCSB Report integrated into this compilation.

Carmona, Eric, Elisa Rojo-Nieto, Christoph D. Rummel, Martin Krauss, Kristian Syberg, Tiffany M. Ramos, Sara Brosche, Thomas Backhaus, and Bethanie Carney Almroth. “A Dataset of Organic Pollutants Identified and Quantified in Recycled Polyethylene Pellets.” Data in Brief 51 (2023): 109740. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.dib.2023.109740.

De Haan, William P., Rocío Quintana, César Vilas, Andrés Cózar, Miquel Canals, Oriol Uviedo, and Anna Sanchez-Vidal. “The Dark Side of Artificial Greening: Plastic Turfs as Widespread Pollutants of Aquatic Environments.” Environmental Pollution 334 (2023): 122094. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.122094.

This Barcelona study found that artificial turf blades made up to 15% of the larger microplastic pieces in the environment. This significant fiber loss contributed to the University of California, Santa Barbara's decision to choose natural grass over artificial turf, supported by the California Coastal Commission, on December 13, 2023.

Golijanin, Petar, Ryan James Whalen, Mark Cote, Tyler Joseph Zajac, and Matthew T. Provencher. “The Comparison of Injuries in National Football League Players (2016–2021) Based on the Playing Surface: Natural Grass versus Artificial Turf.” American Academy of Orthopaedic Surgeons. 2024. https://aaos.scientificposters.com/epsAbstractAAOS.cfm?id=1.

Huang, Qian’en, Jianqun Wang, Jianping Wang, Dongmei Yu, Yuanbo Zhan, and Ze Liu. “Emerging Health Risks of Crumb Rubber: Inhalation of Environmentally Persistent Free Radicals via Saliva During Artificial Turf Activities.” Environmental Science & Technology 57, no. 50 (2023): 21005–21015. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c03278.

Kole, Pieter Jan, Frank GAJ Van Belleghem, Jetse J. Stoorvogel, Ad MJ Ragas, and Ansje J. Löhr. “Tyre Granulate on the Loose; How Much Escapes the Turf? A Systematic Literature Review.” Science of the Total Environment (2023): 166221. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.166221.

Tarafdar, Abhrajyoti, Min-Ju Oh, Quynh Nguyen-Phuong, and Jung-Hwan Kwon. “Profiling and Potential Cancer Risk Assessment on Children Exposed to PAHs in Playground Dust/Soil: A Comparative Study on Poured Rubber Surfaced and Classical Soil Playgrounds in Seoul.” Environmental Geochemistry and Health. May 27, 2019. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10653-019-00334-2

This Korean study found that children who play on used tire crumb playgrounds, commonly referred to as PIP (poured in place), are 10 times more likely to develop cancer than those who played on soil surfaces.

Watterson, Watterson. “Crumb Rubber in Sports Pitches in Scotland and the Science/Policy Interface: Can Continued Use be Justified?” 2024. https://doi.org/10.13140/RG.2.2.35010.18882.

Winz, Robyn, Lee L. Yu, Li-Piin Sung, YuYe J. Tong, and Dejun Chen. “Assessing Children’s Potential Exposures to Harmful Metals in Tire Crumb Rubber by Accelerated Photodegradation Weathering.” Scientific Reports 13, no. 1 (2023): 13877. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-023-38574-z.

Zuccaro, Philip, James Licato, Emily A. Davidson, David C. Thompson, and Vasilis Vasiliou. “Assessing Extraction-Analysis Methodology to Detect Fluorotelomer Alcohols (FTOH), a Class of Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), in Artificial Turf Fibers and Crumb Rubber Infill." Case Studies in Chemical and Environmental Engineering 7 (2023): 100280. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cscee.2022.100280.

Zuccaro, Philip, David C. Thompson, Jacob de Boer, Andrew Watterson, Qiong Wang, Song Tang, Xiaoming Shi, Maria Llompart, Nuno Ratola, and Vasilis Vasiliou. “Artificial Turf and Crumb Rubber Infill: An International Policy Review Concerning the Current State of Regulations.” Environmental Challenges 9 (2022): 100620. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envc.2022.100620.

Toxic Chemicals in Plastics

Gaber, Nadia, Lisa Bero, and Tracey J. Woodruff. “The Devil They Knew: Chemical Documents Analysis of Industry Influence on PFAS Science.” Annals of Global Health 89, no. 1 (2023). https://doi.org/10.5334/aogh.4013.

Gore, Andrea C., Michele A. La Merrill, Heather Patisaul, and Robert M. Sargis. “Endocrine Disrupting Chemical Threats to Human Health: Pesticides, Plastics, Forever Chemicals, and Beyond.” Endocrine Society. February 2024. https://ipen.org/sites/default/files/documents/edc_report-2024-final-compressed.pdf.

Li, Nan, Yun Liu, George D. Papandonatos, Antonia M. Calafat, Charles B. Eaton, Karl T. Kelsey, Kim M. Cecil et al. “Gestational and Childhood Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Cardiometabolic Risk at Age 12 Years.” Environment International 147 (2021): 106344. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106344.

Martin Wagner, Laura Monclús, Hans Peter H. Arp, Ksenia J. Groh, Mari E. Løseth, Jane Muncke, Zhanyun Wang, Raoul Wolf, and Lisa Zimmermann. “State of the Science on Plastic Chemicals: Identifying and Addressing Chemicals and Polymers of Concern.” PlastChem. 2024. http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.10701706.

Messmer, Mindi F., Jeffrey Salloway, Nawar Shara, Ben Locwin, Megan W. Harvey, and Nora Traviss. “Risk of Cancer in a Community Exposed to Per-And Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances.” Environmental Health Insights 16 (2022): 11786302221076707. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302221076707.

Project TENDR. “Protecting the Developing Brains of Children from the Harmful Effects of Plastics and Toxic Chemicals in Plastics.” April 2024. https://projecttendr.thearc.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/04/Project-TENDR_Plastics-Briefing-Paper_April-2024.pdf.

Ragnarsdóttir, Oddný, Mohamed Abou-Elwafa Abdallah, and Stuart Harrad. “Dermal Uptake: An Important Pathway of Human Exposure to Perfluoroalkyl Substances?” Environmental Pollution 307 (2022): 119478. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2022.119478.

Philadelphia Inquirer’s Coverage on Injuries, Cancer, Toxicity, Artificial Turf Dumping

Larker, Barber, and David Gambacorta. “Eight Takeaways from The Inquirer’s Yearlong Investigation into ‘Forever Chemicals.’” The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 12, 2024. https://www.inquirer.com/news/philadelphia/artificial-turf-pfas-phillies-vet-soccer-cancer-20240312.html.

Larker, Barber, and David Gambacorta. “‘Field of Dread’: Six Former Phillies Died from the Same Brain Cancer. We Tested the Vet’s Turf and Found Dangerous Chemicals.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. March 7, 2023. https://www.inquirer.com/news/inq2/astroturf-vet-artificial-turf-pfas-forever-chemicals-glioblastoma-cancer-phillies-1980-20230307.html.

Larker, Barber, and David Gambacorta. “‘Risky Play: A Stew of Toxic Chemicals Lurks in Artificial Turf. Some Experts Worry They Could be Linked to Cancer in Young Athletes.” The Philadelphia Inquirer. February 20, 2024. https://www.inquirer.com/news/pennsylvania/artificial-turf-pfas-rematch-pennsylvania-dumping-ground-20231213.html.

Larker, Barber, and David Gambacorta. “‘A Tangled Timeline: Artificial Turf Was Once Touted as a ‘Magic Carpet.’ But Some Scientists are Sounding the Alarm Because It Typically Contains ‘Forever Chemicals.’” March 7, 2023. https://www.inquirer.com/news/inq2/astroturf-vet-stadium-artificial-turf-monsanto-history-phillies-stadium-forever-chemicals-pfas-20230307.html.

More Journalistic Coverage

Allen, Jeffrey, and Shane Perry. “Letter: Nantucket Fire Union Decries Proposed Turf Fields over PFAS Concerns.” Nantucket Current. February 9, 2022. https://n-magazine-archive.com/letter-nantucket-fire-union-decries-proposed-turf-fields/.

Balash, Dana. “East Liverpool’s Football Field under Water.” WFMJ. April 4, 2024. https://www.wfmj.com/story/50641939/east-liverpools-football-field-under-water.

This story reflects that although industry pitches artificial turf as a playable surface year-round, its impermeable surface is prone to flooding. Even artificial turf that is advertised as permeable often gets clogged with dust and becomes impermeable over time.

“Dover High School Football Field Stormwater Calculation.” https://assets.nationbuilder.com/ncsa/pages/544/attachments/original/1709579114/Dover_High_School_Football_Field_Stormwater_Calculation.pdf?1709579114.

Cole, Jeff. “FDR Park’s New $250M Development Continues after Judge Dismisses Opposing Lawsuit.” FOX 29 Philadelphia. May 2, 2024. https://www.fox29.com/news/fdr-parks-new-250m-development-continues-after-judge-dismisses-opposing-lawsuit.

This controversial $250 million project is to build 16 plastic fields in FDR Park in South Philadelphia, covering over 30 acres. Replacing the fields will require millions of dollars and the disposal of upwards of a million pounds of mixed plastics (including PFAS and other plastic petrochemicals). A city judge ruled that she has no jurisdiction to stop this project.

Fair Warning. “Fields of Waste: Artificial Turf Becomes Mounting Disposal Mess.” December 21, 2019. Maryland Matters. https://www.marylandmatters.org/2019/12/21/fields-of-waste-artificial-turf-becomes-mounting-disposal-mess/

Freiberg, Adam. “Exploring Major USC Athletics Renovations.” Daily Trojan. April 4, 2024. https://dailytrojan.com/2024/04/04/exploring-major-usc-athletics-renovations/.

Lundstrom, Marjie & Wolf, Eli. “Artificial Turf, Touted as Recycling Fix for Millions of Scrap Tires, Becomes Mounting Disposal Mess.” Salon. December 21, 2019. https://www.salon.com/2019/12/21/artificial-turf-touted-as-recycling-fix-for-millions-of-scrap-tires-becomes-mounting-disposal-mess_partner/

Rodgers, Bethany. “Turf Recycler Hit with Environmental Violations as It Works to Open PA Plant.” PhillyBurbs. March 20, 2023. https://www.phillyburbs.com/story/news/environment/2023/03/20/pa-officials-say-turf-recycler-is-violating-environmental-laws/69995371007/.

Stokstad, Erik. “Common Tire Chemical Implicated in Mysterious Deaths of At-Risk Salmon.” Science. December 3, 2020. https://www.science.org/content/article/common-tire-chemical-implicated-mysterious-deaths-risk-salmon.

Reports on Artificial Turf by Environmental Organizations and More

Bennett, Kyla. “Artificial Turf: A Plague on Earth.” PEER. November 13, 2023. https://peer.org/commentary-artificial-turf-a-plague-on-the-earth/.

Charles River Watershed Association. “Artificial Turf: A Threat to Our Watershed.” 2024. https://www.crwa.org/artificial-turf.

Community for Natural Play Surfaces. “Re: Choose Natural Turf for FUHSD Schools or Comply with CEQA.” February 27, 2024. https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQC57CdX3Kv5-1sUkqNx57dTjkLAfFbzsmHoOEt-rAl-kj8N5rGnuNUlKrCF9PQBQ/pub

Conway, Diana, and Dianne Woelke. “CalRecycle Tire Crumb Market Comments.” January 25, 2024. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1aF7nHR8BKNbDnOw1pNto_5el_wGQlu_7/view?usp=drive_link.

Conway, Diana, and Dianne Woelke. “MND Draft Review, Marina High School Multi-Use Playing Field.” January 31, 2024. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_-KLSFW35tXLGxUmpcGKZAZnfc8tjk7u/view?usp=drive_link.

Edmar Chemical Company. “What You Should Know about Synthetic Turf Maintenance.” https://www.edmarchem.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/TurfStat-Pro-FAQ.pdf.

This report from the synthetic turf company highlights the extensive maintenance requirements associated with synthetic turfs, despite the industry’s claim to the contrary.

EHHI. “Artificial Turf: Exposures to Ground-Up Rubber Tired.” 2007. https://www.ehhi.org/turf_report07.pdf.

EHHI. “Synthetic Turf: Industry’s Claim versus the Science.” 2017. https://www.ehhi.org/NewTurf_Final.pdf.

Fichtenbaum, Heidi. “The Princeton Environmental Commission’s Artificial Turf: Not a Sound Financial, Environmental, or Just Investment.” Municipality of Princeton. December 2021. https://www.princetonnj.gov/DocumentCenter/View/9205/Princeton-Environmental-Commission-Artificial-Turf-Report-Dec-2021-PDF-?bidId=.

Green, Laura C. Ph.D., D.A.B.T. “Risks to Public Health from Chemicals Found in Brock Infill and in Soil at Playing Field.” January 12, 2021. https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/Laura%20Green%20Health%20Risk%20Assessment_Brockfill%20and%20MV%20Soils_Jan%2012_2021.pdf

This presentation to Martha’s Vineyard Commission in MA demonstrates the presence of PFAS in organic wood chip infills sold as BrockFill.

Myrick, Sonia. “Synthetic Sports Fields and the Heat Island Effect.” National Recreation and Park Association. May 8, 2019. https://www.nrpa.org/parks-recreation-magazine/2019/may/synthetic-sports-fields-and-the-heat-island-effect/.

New York State Department of Health. “Information about Crumb-Rubber Infilled Synthetic Turf Athletic Fields.” https://www.health.ny.gov/environmental/outdoors/synthetic_turf/crumb-rubber_infilled/fact_sheet.htm.

PEER. “Artificial Turf Fact Sheet.” 2022. https://peer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/10/Screen-Shot-2022-10-05-at-10.55.03-AM.png.

Persellin, Ketura. “New Studies Show PFAS in Artificial Grass Blades and Backing.” Environmental Working Group. October 29, 2019. https://www.ewg.org/news-insights/news/new-studies-show-pfas-artificial-grass-blades-and-backing.

Sierra Club Maryland Chapter. “Synthetic Turf Resources.” 2022. https://www.sierraclub.org/maryland/synthetic-turf-resources.

Sierra Club Maryland Chapter. “Say NO to Plastic Fields and Rubber Playgrounds.” 2021. https://www.sierraclub.org/maryland/synthetic-turf.

Shalat, Stuart. “Why Artificial Turf May Truly Be Bad for Kids.” The Conversation. March 5, 2017. https://theconversation.com/why-artificial-turf-may-truly-be-bad-for-kids-72044/.

Woelke, Dianne, Diana Carpinone, Suzanne Hume, Ronald Askeland, and Nancy Okada. “University of California Santa Barbara Notice of Impending Development No. UCS-NOID-0002-23 (Baseball Stadium Turf).” September 8, 2023. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mavB4-DNVOEgYE-XaCthWJ8wT9oyb3Um/view.

Woelke, Dianne. “FUHSD Bibliography.” February 27, 2024. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1X0Yc43_9KRwLhcoGO9PmMU1Wol6lMxDq/view?usp=drive_link.

The FUHSD Bibliography has been integrated towards the end of this compilation.

Professional Athletes: Synthetic Fields, Injuries, and Health

Bumbaca, Chris. “‘It’s Not Rocket Science’: NFL Turf Debate Rages On Although 92% of Players Prefer Grass.” USA Today. https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/nfl/super-bowl/2024/02/07/grass-or-turf-nfl-players-overwhelmingly-pick-one-over-the-other/72515239007/.

Chappell, Bill. “Soccer Players End Lawsuit over Artificial Turf at Women’s World Cup.” January 21, 2015. https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2015/01/21/378896641/soccer-players-end-lawsuit-over-artificial-turf-at-women-s-world-cup.

Gever, John. “Turf War: Study Backs Natural Grass as Less Injurious than Artificial Surface.” MedPage Today. February 13, 2024. https://www.medpagetoday.com/meetingcoverage/aaos/108707.

Johnson, Carla K. “What Does the Science Say about the Grass vs. Turf Debate in Sports?” Associated Press. October 9, 2023. https://apnews.com/article/nfl-aaron-rodgers-achilles-grass-artificial-turf-79212f5443cd2a0d30fe8c9d981b13c0.

PEER. “Test Results for Preliminary Study: PFOS on Hands of Soccer Players and Coaches on Artificial Turf vs. Grass.” March 6, 2024. https://peer.org/wp-content/uploads/2024/03/3_6_2024-Dermal-absorption-PFAS-AT.pdf.

Perkins, Tom. “Artificial Turf Potentially Linked to Cancer Deaths of Six Phillies Ball Players.” The Guardian. March 10, 2023. https://www.theguardian.com/society/2023/mar/10/phillies-ball-players-cancer-artifical-turf?CMP=share.

Perkins, Tom. “Athletes Likely to Have Higher Levels of PFAS after Play on Artificial Turf – Study.” The Guardian. March 15, 2024. https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2024/mar/15/athletes-higher-pfas-levels-artificial-turf.

Silverman, Alex. “FIFA Requires Stadiums to Play the Field, Install Natural Grass for Games.” November 6, 2023. Sports Business Journal. https://www.sportsbusinessjournal.com/Articles/2023/11/06/america-stadiums-side.

Rodrigue, Jourdan, and Daniel Popper. “Field of Nightmares: Inside the NFL, Player Divide over Playing Surfaces.” The Athletic. January 11, 2023. https://theathletic.com/4074335/2023/01/11/nfl-turf-fields-injuries/.

Tretter, JC. “Only Natural Grass Can Level the NFL’s Playing Field.” NFL Players Association. 2020. https://nflpa.com/posts/only-natural-grass-can-level-the-nfls-playing-field.

Woelke, Dianna. “Synthetic Turf Injuries.” https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/Dianne%20Woelke%20letter%203-18-21.pdf.

Webinars, Documentary and Other Films

Beyond Plastics. “Plastics’ Impact on Human Health.” YouTube video. January 13, 2023. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=utUFl4gqiYc&ab_channel=BeyondPlastics.

Collaborative for Health & Environment. “Environmental Health Impacts of Synthetic Turf and Safer Alternatives.” YouTube Video. January 28, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mel-tIUQImY&ab_channel=CollaborativeforHealth%26Environment.

Sustainable Silicon Valley. “Exergy TV 3.1.24: The High Costs of Fake Plastic Fields.” YouTube Video. March 4, 2024. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kk2YQXKqbR0&ab_channel=SustainableSiliconValley.

Town of Windsor (Calif.). “Nix Artificial Turf for Native Plants and Get a Rebate!” YouTube video. December 6, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9Dov_vwTIYI&ab_channel=TownofWindsor%28Calif.%29.

Truth About Plastic. “Biodiversity and Plastic Grass: Sleazigrass Customer Testimonial.” [Satire] YouTube video. August 30, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xdVT06g375k&ab_channel=TruthAboutPlastic.

Truth About Plastic. “Dave and Trev, Sleazigrass Fitters: Epiphany #1.” [Satire] YouTube video. December 8, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZV-9WUk7g0A&ab_channel=TruthAboutPlastic.

Truth About Plastic. “Toxic Turf.” [Satire] YouTube video. July 17, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RBpjcHI4Mjw&ab_channel=TruthAboutPlastic.

UMassLowellTURI. “Natural Grass Organic Athletic Fields in Springfield, Mass.” YouTube video. November 30, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nws-ZpeaQJc&ab_channel=UMassLowellTURI.

UMassLowellTURI. “Organic Management of Natural Grass.” YouTube video. January 27, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkucQ7NDadQ&ab_channel=UMassLowellTURI.

UMassLowellTURI. “Three Massachusetts Communities Maintain Athletic Fields Organically.” YouTube video. April 30, 2021.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cmjv1qteLho&ab_channel=UMassLowellTURI.

Women for a Health Environment. “Dr. Landrigan Discusses Artificial Turf on School Grounds” YouTube video. January 11, 2017. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rT4jKG_88pI&ab_channel=WomenforaHealthyEnvironment.

Zembra. “What Happens to Plastic and Polluting Artificial Turf?” YouTube video. September 13, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Y5o3J7uy4Tk

This Dutch documentary investigates the trail of a number of transports, and finds itself in a world of dealers, defrauding artificial turf processors, absent supervisors, and a growing artificial turf pile in the Netherlands, a country with more artificial turf per capita than any other country in the world. An artificial turf recycling company Re-Match is mentioned, a company which has failed in operation in the US and contributed to the Pennsylvania's dumping ground of artificial turfs reported in the Philadelphia Inquirer.

Zero Waste Ithaca. “The True Costs of Artificial Turf: Experts Discuss Cornell University’s New “PFAS-Free” Project” Webinar held on April 30, 2024. https://youtu.be/iqk8Ss-8Bjk?si=fm4uSfUqo1L4V56G

A panel of six experts—including scientists, environmentalists, and a former university soccer coach— testify and analyze the life cycle, environmental justice, and public health impacts of artificial turf and suggest the alternative of organic natural grass management.

Natural Grass vs. Artificial Turf

Beyond Pesticides. “Cost Comparison: Organic vs. Chemical Land Management.” Winter 2019–2020. https://www.beyondpesticides.org/assets/media/documents/documents/Cost%20Comparison.pdf.

Beyond Pesticides. “Synthetic Turf Fields, Forever Chemicals and the Safer Alternative: Organic Grass.” March 27, 2024. https://beyondpesticides.org/dailynewsblog/2024/03/synthetic-turf-fields-forever-chemicals-and-the-safer-alternative-organic-grass/.

Leslie, Madeline. “The Potential of Turfgrass to Sequester Carbon and Offset Greenhouse Gas Emissions.” University of Minnesota. https://turf.umn.edu/news/potential-turfgrass-sequester-carbon-and-offset-greenhouse-gas-emissions.

Safe Healthy Playing Fields Inc. “Costs: Grass vs. Synthetic Turf.” https://www.safehealthyplayingfields.org/cost-grass-vs-synthetic-turf.

Natural Grass Management

Beyond Pesticides. “Healthy Turf and Landscape Policy.” November 12, 2008. https://www.beyondpesticide.org/assets/media/documents/lawn/activist/NewPaltzNYfinalpolicy.pdf.

Non Toxic Communities. “Organic Athletic Fields.” https://www.nontoxiccommunities.com/organic-athletic-fields.html.

SportsField Management. “Maryland SoccerPlex Completes Natural Grass Upgrades.” April 16. 2024. https://sportsfieldmanagementonline.com/2024/04/16/maryland-soccerplex-completes-natural-grass-upgrades/16614/.

This article emphasizes the advancements in drainage systems, which have significantly reduced the problem of spring mud on natural grass sports fields.

Toxic Use Reduction Institute. “Natural Grass Playing Field Case Study: Marblehead, MA: 20 Acres of Organically Managed Playing Fields.” July 2019, revised November 2020. https://www.turi.org/content/download/12705/198916/file/Natural%20Grass%20Playing%20Field%20Case%20Study%20Marblehead%20MA%20revised.Nov2020.pdf.

Toxic Use Reduction Institute. “Natural Grass Playing Field Case Study: Martha's Vineyard, MA Improving the Quality of Grass Playing Fields with Data Collection and Organic Management.” December 2020. https://www.turi.org/content/download/13432/205432/file/Natural%20Grass%20Playing%20Field%20Case%20Study%20MV%20MA.Dec2020.pdf.

Toxic Use Reduction Institute. “Natural Grass Playing Field Case Study: Springfield, MA: Organic Grass Fields Meet Athletes’ Needs and Protect Connecticut River Watershed.” June 2019. https://www.turi.org/content/download/12156/190509/file/Natural+Grass+Playing+Field+Case+Study+Springfield+MA.+June+2019.pdf.

Toxic Use Reduction Institute. “Natural Grass Playing Fields: Denison University, Granville, OH.” December 2021. https://www.turi.org/content/download/13803/218956/file/Denison%20University%20case%20study.pdf.

Toxic Use Reduction Institute. “Natural Grass Playing Fields: Selected Case Studies from Southwest Pennsylvania.” April 2021. https://www.turi.org/content/download/13555/206776/file/Casestudy.OrganicGrassSWPenn.April2021.pdf.

UMassLowellTURI. “Natural Grass Organic Athletic Fields in Springfield, Mass.” YouTube video. November 30, 2016. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nws-ZpeaQJc&ab_channel=UMassLowellTURI.

UMassLowellTURI. “Organic Management of Natural Grass.” YouTube video. January 27, 2019. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bkucQ7NDadQ&ab_channel=UMassLowellTURI.

UMassLowellTURI. “Three Massachusetts Communities Maintain Athletic Fields Organically.” YouTube video. April 30, 2021.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Cmjv1qteLho&ab_channel=UMassLowellTURI.

Cost Comparisons

Osborne, C, Wood, D (2010). A Cost Comparison of Conventional (Chemical) Turf Management and Natural (Organic) Turf Management for School Athletic Fields. Grassroots Environmental Education. https://www.nontoxiccommunities.com/uploads/7/0/8/2/7082006/turfcomparisonreport.pdf.

Safe Healthy Playing Fields Inc. “Costs: Grass vs. Synthetic Turf.” https://www.safehealthyplayingfields.org/cost-grass-vs-synthetic-turf.

Miscellaneous

New York Department of State. “New York State Environmental Quality Review Act (SEQRA).” https://video.dos.ny.gov/lg/onlinetraining/environmental-quality-review-act/presentation_html5.html.

Sports Venue Calculator. “Grants for Artificial Turf Field Installation and Resurfacing for Schools and Communities.” https://sportsvenuecalculator.com/knowledge/artificial-turf-field/grants-for-artificial-turf-field-installation-and-resurfacing-for-schools-and-communities/.

This page from Sports Venue Calculator demonstrates how the industry gives grant money to encourage artificial turf installation.

FUHSD (Fremont Union High School District, CA) Report

Citations from: Community for Natural Play Surfaces. “Re: Choose Natural Turf for FUHSD Schools or Comply with CEQA.” February 27, 2024. https://docs.google.com/document/d/e/2PACX-1vQC57CdX3Kv5-1sUkqNx57dTjkLAfFbzsmHoOEt-rAl-kj8N5rGnuNUlKrCF9PQBQ/pub

FUHSD staff, Fremont Union High School District Board of Trustees Study Session - Synthetic Turf vs. Natural Grass (Sep. 19, 2023), available at https://fremontunionhighschoolca.iqm2.com/Citizens/FileOpen.aspx?Type=1&ID=1319&Inline=True

Sharon Lerner, Toxic PFAS Chemicals Found in Artificial Turf — The presence of the PFAS chemicals in turf adds to growing concerns about the grass replacement that covers more than 1,000 acres around the country The Intercept (Oct. 8, 2019), available at https://theintercept.com/2019/10/08/pfas-chemicals-artificial-turf-soccer/

David Abel, Toxic chemicals are found in blades of artificial turf Boston Globe (Oct. 9, 2019), available at https://www.bostonglobe.com/metro/2019/10/09/toxic-chemicals-found-blades-artificial-turf/1mlVxXjzCAqRahwgXtfy6K/story.html

The Ecology Center Toxic "Forever Chemicals" Infest Artificial Turf (Oct. 10, 2019), available at https://www.ecocenter.org/toxic-forever-chemicals-infest-artificial-turf

United States Environmental Protection Agency Questions and Answers: Drinking Water Health Advisories for PFOA, PFOS, GenX Chemicals and PFBS, (June 2022), available at https://www.epa.gov/sdwa/questions-and-answers-drinking-water-health-advisories-pfoa-pfos-genx-chemicals-and-pfbs#q5

United State Environmental Protection Agency Proposed Rule - PFAS National Primary Drinking Water Regulation Rulemaking (Mar. 29, 2023), available at https://www.federalregister.gov/documents/2023/03/29/2023-05471/pfas-national-primary-drinking-water-regulation-rulemaking

United States Environmental Protection Agency, Basic Information about Lead in Drinking Water (Jan. 25, 2024), available at https://www.epa.gov/ground-water-and-drinking-water/basic-information-about-lead-drinking-water

Pesticide and Environmental Toxicology Branch - Office of Environmental Health Hazard Assessment - California Environmental Protection Agency Second Public Review Draft — Perfluorooctanoic Acid and Perfluorooctane Sulfonic Acid in Drinking Water (July 2023), available at https://oehha.ca.gov/media/downloads/water/public-health-goal/pfoapfosseconddraft071423.pdf

Horsley Witten Group Synthetic Turf Laboratory Testing and Analysis Summary Report Martha’s Vineyard Regional High School (Mar. 1, 2021), available at https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/210301_Turf%20Laboratory%20Testing%20Report%20Review_HWSIGNED(1).pdf

Kristen Mello, PFAS in Artificial Turf - NEWMOA Conference presentation links and slide deck (Apr. 6, 2022), available at https://www.oakbluffsma.gov/DocumentCenter/View/8437/Kristen-Mello-WRAFT---May-4-2022

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility Summary of PFAS and Other Chemicals of Concern in Harvard-Westlake’s Proposed Field Turf Vertex Core 2.5 https://docs.google.com/file/d/1S-edneZWm-bfoxL9GZVDnNAgYPaVewNg/edit?usp=docslist_api&filetype=msword

HongHong Chen et al. Perfluorooctane Sulfonamide (PFOSA) Induces Cardiotoxicity via Aryl Hydrocarbon Receptor Activation in Zebrafish (Jun. 2, 2022), available at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/full/10.1021/acs.est.1c08875

PFAS-Tox Database - Easy Access to Health and Toxicology Data on PFAS, available at https://pfastoxdatabase.org

San Francisco Estuary Institute & The Aquatic Science Center Perfluoroalkyl and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS), available at https://www.sfei.org/projects/pfas

Nina Buzby et al. Contaminant Concentrations in Sport Fish from San Francisco Bay: 2019 (Apr. 30, 2021), available at https://www.sfei.org/sites/default/files/biblio_files/2019%20Sport%20Fish%20Report%20-%20FINAL.pdf

Tyler D Hoskins et al. Chronic Exposure to a PFAS Mixture Resembling AFFF-Impacted Surface Water Decreases Body Size in Northern Leopard Frogs (Rana pipiens), (Aug. 2023) available at https://pubs.acs.org/doi/10.1021/acs.est.3c01118?_ga=2.268456433.1617854846.1708957681-879159149.1708957681

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency Our Current Understanding of the Human Health and Environmental Risks of PFAS https://www.epa.gov/pfas/our-current-understanding-human-health-and-environmental-risks-pfas

Yan Wu et. al, Side-chain fluorotelomer-based polymers in children car seats, (Jan. 1, 2021) https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0269749120361650

Dr. Jamie DeWitt Letter recommending Harvard Westlake River Project not use artificial turf (Jul. 6, 2023), available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1DT-UQ5bEeD4kfFhtxLcSNDYTmhLn8D9L/view?usp=drivesdk

Northeastern University PFAS Project Lab, PFAS Systematic Evidence Map, available at https://pfasproject.com/pfas-toxic-database/

U.S. Department of Health and Human Services Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls (May 2021), available at https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/toxprofiles/tp200.pdf

Sunderland, E. M. et. al., A Review of the Pathways of Human Exposure to Poly- and Perfluoroalkyl Substances (PFASs) and Present Understanding of Health Effects, 29 Journal of Exposure Science and Environmental Epidemiology, no. 2, (2018), available at https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30470793

U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Drinking Water Health Advisory for Perfluorooctanoic Acid (PFOA), 39 (May 2016), available at https://www.epa.gov/sites/production/files/2016-05/documents/pfoa_health_advisory_final_508.pdf

Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry, Statement on Potential Intersection between PFAS Exposure and COVID-19, https://www.atsdr.cdc.gov/pfas/health-effects/index.html (last visited Feb. 26, 2024).

Diana Carpinone, email (July 5, 2023), available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/15sCXsM6BTgHyBmECg-GwOdcSvCOjUcP5/view?usp=drivesdk

E.A. Crunden and Ariel Wittenberg, ‘Our Community has been Deceived’: Turf Wars Mount over PFAS, E&E News (Aug. 3, 2022), available at https://www.eenews.net/articles/our-community-has-been-deceived-turf-wars-mount-over-pfas/

Non Toxic Dover New Hampshire Tests Detect Dangerous PFAS Chemicals in Portsmouth’s New Synthetic Turf Field (Sep. 15, 2021), available at https://nontoxicdovernh.wordpress.com/2021/09/15/tests-detect-dangerous-pfas-chemicals-in-portsmouths-new-synthetic-turf-field/

David Gambacorta and Barbara Laker. City officials believed a new South Philly turf field was PFAS-free. Not true, experts say. The Philadelphia Inquirer. (Feb. 23, 2024), available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1xZUt9BzSfrvc8iiXzsRP4rETQ9BaqpIy/view?usp=drivesdk

Graham Peaslee and Kristen Mello, PFAS in Artificial Turf (Apr. 6, 2022) available at https://www.newmoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/PFAS-in-Artificial-Turf.pdf

David Heath, Meet the ‘rented white coats’ who defend toxic chemicals (Feb.8, 2016), available at https://publicintegrity.org/environment/meet-the-rented-white-coats-who-defend-toxic-chemicals/

Myron Levin and Paul Feldman, Big Companies in Legal Scrapes Turn to Science-for-Hire Giant Exponent (Dec. 13, 2016), available at https://business-ethics.com/2016/12/13/1724-big-companies-in-legal-scrapes-turn-to-science-for-hire-giant-exponent/

E.A. Crunden and Ariel Wittenberg, Toxicologist who belittled PFAS risks resigns from EPA role (Dec. 12, 2021), available at https://www.eenews.net/articles/toxicologist-who-belittled-pfas-risks-resigns-from-epa-role/

Synthetic Turf Council, https://www.syntheticturfcouncil.org

California Department of Toxic Substances Control Safer Consumer Products Program Three Year Priority Product Work Plan (2021-2023), available at https://dtsc.ca.gov/wp-content/uploads/sites/31/2021/04/Final-2021-2023-Priority-Product-Work-Plan.pdf

The Ecology Center PFAS-free Turf Recommendations (Dec. 19, 2021), available at https://docs.google.com/document/d/1H7jCbrN9vhIfvXpOaOAAftGSvbPdCIkbwZd4NpGa5kg/edit

Ecology Center PFAS in Synthetic Turf Fiber (Jun. 1, 2020), available at https://nontoxicdovernh.files.wordpress.com/2020/06/june1_portsmouthpfas.pdf

United States Environmental Protection Agency Proposal to List Nine Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Compounds as Resource Conservation and Recovery Act Hazardous Constituents (Feb. 8, 2024), available at https://www.epa.gov/hw/proposal-list-nine-and-polyfluoroalkyl-compounds-resource-conservation-and-recovery-act

Xu, et al., Microplastics in aquatic environments: Occurrence, accumulation, and biological effects, Science of the Total Environment, Volume 703 (Feb. 10, 2020), available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S004896971934690X.

Steve Allen, Deonie Allen, Samaneh Karbalaei, Vittorio Maselli, Tony R. Walker, Micro(nano)plastics sources, fate, and effects: What we know after ten years of research, Journal of Hazardous Materials Advances, Volume 6 (2022), available at https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hazadv.2022.100057

Haan, et al., The Dark Side of Artificial Greening: Plastic turfs as widespread pollutants of aquatic environment, Envtl. Pollution, Volume 334 (Oct. 1, 2023), available at https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0269749123010965.

Madison Schultz, UC Davis Environmental Research Center fundamental at Lake Tahoe, Sierra Sun (Dec. 25, 2022), available at https://www.sierrasun.com/news/uc-davis-environmental-research-center-fundamental-at-lake-tahoe/.

Gerry Hadden, Surfing scientists in Spain are hunting down microplastics, The World (July 29, 2022), available at https://theworld.org/stories/2022-07-29/surfing-scientists-spain-are-hunting-down-microplastics.

Public Hearing Regarding Artificial Turf Proposal, Massachusetts (April 2021), available at https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A8OLBfWmt7g

SYNLawn Warranty (2021), available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1kENxS7B4-gRillKBSR2e8h3x7ksF--kb/view?usp=drivesdk

FieldTurf Warranty for Saratoga High School (2023), available at https://drive.google.com/file/d/1d6cRVDBDOpWIA_cCNVV7HmmtGi1T-RiE/view?usp=drivesdk

Yee MS, Hii LW, Looi CK, Lim WM, Wong SF, Kok YY, et al. Impact of microplastics and nanoplastics on human health. Nanomaterials (Basel) 11(2):496. (2021), available at https://doi.org/10.3390/nano11020496.

Sarah-Jeanne Royer Synthetic turf will contribute to greenhouse gas problems (Feb. 20, 2019), available at https://www.mvtimes.com/2019/02/20/synthetic-turf-will-contribute-greenhouse-gas-problems/

Sarah-Jeanne Royer Production of methane and ethylene from plastic in the environment (Aug 1., 2018), available at https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0200574

Samantha Staley The Link Between Plastic Use and Climate Change: Nitty-gritty (Dec. 2009), available at https://stanfordmag.org/contents/the-link-between-plastic-use-and-climate-change-nitty-gritty#:~:text=Carbon%20Calculations,of%20polyethylene%20(PET)%20produced

FUHSD staff, Fremont Union High School District Board of Trustees Study Session - Synthetic Turf vs. Natural Grass (Sep. 19, 2023), page 17 of board meeting agenda packet, available at https://fremontunionhighschoolca.iqm2.com/Citizens/FileOpen.aspx?Type=1&ID=1319&Inline=True

California Coastal Commission, Notice of Impending Development UCS-NOID-0002-23 (Baseball Stadium Turf) (Nov. 30, 2023), available at https://documents.coastal.ca.gov/reports/2023/12/W13.1a/W13.1a-12-2023-report.pdf.

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility Artificial Turf’s Big Lie: Old Fields Not Recycled (Jan 30, 2020), available at https://peer.org/artificial-turfs-big-lie-old-fields-not-recycled/

Marjie Lundstrom Artificial turf, touted as recycling fix for millions of scrap tires, becomes mounting disposal mess — Where do the millions of square feet of synthetic turf go to die? https://www.salon.com/2019/12/21/artificial-turf-touted-as-recycling-fix-for-millions-of-scrap-tires-becomes-mounting-disposal-mess_partner/

Synthetic Turf Council A Guideline to Recycle, Reuse, Repurpose and Remove Synthetic Turf Systems (Oct. 2017), available at https://cdn.ymaws.com/www.syntheticturfcouncil.org/resource/resmgr/guidelines/STC_Guideline_for_Recycle_Re.pdf

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility False Artificial Turf Recycling Claims Ripped — FTC Enforcement Urged to End Deceptive Turf Industry Greenwashing (Mar 7, 2022), available at https://peer.org/false-artificial-turf-recycling-claims-ripped/

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility Complaint of Deceptive and Unfair Advertising of Artificial Turf (Feb 28, 2022), available at https://peer.org/wp-content/uploads/2022/03/3_7_22-Filed-FTC-Complaint-2.28.22.pdf

Center for Climate Integrity The Fraud of Plastic Recycling — How Big Oil and the plastics industry deceived the public for decades and caused the plastic waste crisis. (Feb. 2024), available at https://climateintegrity.org/uploads/media/Fraud-of-Plastic-Recycling-2024.pdf

Bennington College Beyond Plastics and The Last Beach Cleanup The Real Truth About the U.S. Plastics Recycling Rate (May 2022) https://static1.squarespace.com/static/5eda91260bbb7e7a4bf528d8/t/62b2238152acae761414d698/1655841666913/The-Real-Truth-about-the-US-Plastic-Recycling-Rate-2021-Facts-and-Figures-_5-4-22.pdf

Recycling can release huge quantities of microplastics, study finds — Scientists find high levels of microplastics in wastewater from unnamed UK plant – and in air surrounding facility The Guardian, available at https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2023/may/23/recycling-can-release-huge-quantities-of-microplastics-study-finds

Bethany Rodgers Turf recycler hit with environmental violations as it works to open PA plant (Apr. 2, 2023) https://www.phillyburbs.com/story/news/environment/2023/03/20/pa-officials-say-turf-recycler-is-violating-environmental-laws/69995371007/

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Porter, J (15 Jan 2024). Another PFAS Clean Water Act Citizen Suit and there may be thousands more of these fish in the barrel. Mondaq. https://www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/water/1412400/another-pfas-clean-water-act-citizen-suitand-there-may-be-thousands-more-of-these-fish-in-the-barrel.

Sunnyvale School District (2024). Measure C. Sunnyvale, CA. https://www.sesd.org/Page/5736.

Gould, Heath P., Lostetter, Stephen J., Samuelson, Eric R., Guyton, Gregory P.. 2022. “Lower Extremity Injury Rates on Artificial Turf Versus Natural Grass Playing Surfaces: A Systematic Review.” Am J Sports Med. 2023 May: 51(6):1615-1621. Epub 2022 May 20. https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211069562.

The Concussion Legacy Foundation. 2015. “White Paper: The Role of Synthetic Turf in Concussion.” Accessed 27 Oct 2023. https://concussionfoundation.org/sites/default/files/Learning%20Center/The%20Role%20of%20Synthetic%20Turf%20in%20Concussion_0.pdf.

Gallagher, Gerard. 2022. “Synthetic Turf Playing Fields May Pose Additional Concussion Risk for Children.” Helio Medical Media Company, Helio.com. Accessed 27 Oct 2023. https://www.healio.com/news/primary-care/20221008/synthetic-turf-playing-fields-may-pose-additional-concussion-risk-for-children.

Gould, Heath P., Lostetter, Stephen J., Samuelson, Eric R., Guyton, Gregory P.. 2022. “Lower Extremity Injury Rates on Artificial Turf…” https://doi.org/10.1177/03635465211069562.

Tretter, J.C.. 2023. “Why the NFL's Approach to Field Surfaces Is Uneven.” National Football Players Association. Accessed 27 Oct 2023. https://nflpa.com/posts/nfl-approach-field-surface-uneven.

US EPA. 2019. “U.S. Federal Research Action Plan (FRAP) on Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber Used on Synthetic Turf Playing Fields and Playgrounds. Final Report Part 1 – Tire Crumb Characterization EPA Tools and Resources Webinar.” Office of Research and Development. National Exposure Research Laboratory. August 6, 2019. Slide 20. Accessed 27 Oct 2023. https://www.epa.gov/sites/default/files/2019-08/documents/tc_public_webinar_-_august_6_2019.pdf.

Valeriani, Federica, Margarucci, Lory Marika, Gianfranceschi et al. 2019. “Artificial-turf surfaces for sport and recreational activities: microbiota analysis and 16S sequencing signature of synthetic vs natural soccer fields.” Heliyon. 2019 Aug; 5(8): e02334. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6728760/.

Safe Healthy Playing Fields, Inc. (n.d.) “#Turfburn: See Athletes Descriptions of Their Injuries.” Safehealthyplayingfields.org. www.safehealthyplayingfields.org/injuries-and-player-preference.

Shalat, S, (20 Jan 2017). Tire Particulate Synthetic Turf and Children. Safe Healthy Playing Fields Coalition. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UEVeAmqHTSMnhalation.

Kim, S, Yang, J, Kin, H (2022). Health Risk Assessment of Lead Ingestion Exposure by Particle Sizes in Crumb Rubber on Artificial Turf Considering Bioavailability. Environmental Health and Toxicology; Volume: 27. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3278598/.

Ober, M (28 Aug 2023). 41% of Young Athletes Show Signs of CTE. Neuroscience News. https://neurosciencenews.com/cte-young-athletes-23847/.

Villanueva, N, Chun, I, Fujiwara, A et al (Jan 2024). Impact Deceleration Differences on Natural Grass Versus Synthetic Turf High School Football Fields. Hawaii Journal of Health; 82 (1) 4-10. http://hawaiijournalhealth.org/past_issues/HJHSW_Jan24.pdf.

Mohammed, A, Saleh, I, Abel-Latif, N, Hazard assessment study on organic compounds and heavy metals from using artificial turf. Helyion. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10113793/pdf/main.pdf.

Jones, Matt. “A Natural Look: Insiders Detail Razorback’s Switch Back to Grass.” Whole Hog Sports. July 21, 2019. https://www.wholehogsports.com/news/2019/jul/21/natural-look-insiders-detail-razorbacks-switch-bac/.

The Lawn Institute. “Carbon Sequestration.” https://www.thelawninstitute.org/environmental-benefits/carbon-sequestration/

Arrellano, G (9 Sep 2022) Column: Has a UC Riverside researcher created the Holy Grail of drought-tolerant lawns? Los Angeles Times. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-09/uc-riverside-turfgrass-research-jim-baird

University of Nevada, Reno (nd). Turfgrasses for Urban Mojave Desert Landscapes. College of Agriculture, Biotechnology & Natural Resources. https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=3320

Minnick, J (13 Nov 2020). Grass field renovation costs. Email communication with Alex Elvin, Martha’s Vineyard Commission. https://www.mvcommission.org/sites/default/files/docs/Jerad%20Minnick%2011-13-20.pdf

Moore, T (23 Dec 2022). “For $11.9 Million, NFL Could Save Maybe $1 Billion With Grass Fields Instead Of Artificial Ones.” Forbes. https://www.forbes.com/sites/terencemoore/2022/12/23/for-119-million-nfl-could-save-maybe-1-billion-with-grass-fields-instead-of-artificial-ones/?sh=48a757edb48e

Natural Grass Advisory Group. “About.” https://www.naturalgrass.org/about.

UC Riverside. “Turfgrass Science: Meet the Team.” https://turfgrass.ucr.edu/meet-team.

Washington State University. “Turf Management.” https://turf.wsu.edu/.

Oregon State University. “Turfgrass Management Certificate Program.” https://workspace.oregonstate.edu/certificate/turfgrass-management-program.

University of Arizona. “Turfgrass Research, Education, and Extension: About Us.” https://turf.arizona.edu/aboutus.htm.

Colorado State University. “CSU Turfgrass Program.” https://agsci.colostate.edu/csuturf/.

Texas A&M. “AggieTurf.” https://aggieturf.tamu.edu/.

Natural turf management results with Chip Osborne of Osborne Organics and Beyond Pesticides. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3P1T3fgy6I.

Non Toxic Communities. “Organic Athletic Fields.” https://www.nontoxiccommunities.com/organic-athletic-fields.html.

City of Irvine. “Organic Pesticides Program.” https://www.cityofirvine.org/news-media/news-article/organic-pesticides-program.

Beyond Pesticides. “Parks for a Sustainable Future.” https://www.beyondpesticides.org/resources/power-organic-parks-program.

Barton, J, Rogerson, M (1 Nov 2017). The importance of greenspace for mental health. BJPsych Int; 14(4): 79–81. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5663018/

Weir, K (1 Apr 2020). Nurtured by nature: Psychological research is advancing our understanding of how time in nature can improve our mental health and sharpen our cognition. American Psychological Association; Vol. 51, No. 3. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/nurtured-nature

Younan, D, Tuvblad, C, Li, L (12 May 2016). Environmental Determinants of Aggression in Adolescents: Role of Urban Neighborhood Greenspace. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry;55(7): 591–601. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/27343886/

Asri, AK, Tsai, H, Wong, P (4 July 2022). Examining the Benefits of Greenness on Reducing Suicide Mortality Rate: A Global Ecological Study. Front. Public Health, Sec. Environmental health and Exposome; Volume 10 https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2022.902480

Dong, Y, Liu, H, Zheng, T (13 Jan 2021). The Impacts of Green Space Structure on Asthma in Toronto, Canada. Med. Sci. Forum; 4(1), 6; https://doi.org/10.3390/ECERPH-3-09123

Bernstein, A (30 Mar 2019). Can Green Space Around Schools Improve Academic Performance? DataMax.org. https://datamax.org/can-green-space-around-schools-improve-academic-performance/

Plaintiff: San Mateo County Community College District (Feb 2023). Case #23-CIV-00631. COMPLAINT FOR: Fraud, Unfair Competition Law, Unjust Enrichment and Construction Trust, Violations of the Political Reform Act, Violations of Government Code §1090 et seq.; Aiding and Abetting Breach of Fiduciary Duty. Defendant: Robert A Bothman. https://www.paloaltoonline.com/media/reports_pdf/1676054903.pdf

UCSB Report

Citations from: Woelke, Dianne, Diana Carpinone, Suzanne Hume, Ronald Askeland, and Nancy Okada. “University of California Santa Barbara Notice of Impending Development No. UCS-NOID-0002-23 (Baseball Stadium Turf).” September 8, 2023. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1mavB4-DNVOEgYE-XaCthWJ8wT9oyb3Um/view.

Microplastic Tire Crumb, Blades, Backing:

Simpson, Thomas J., and Robert A. Francis. “Artificial Lawns Exhibit Increased Runoff and Decreased Water Retention Compared to Living Lawns Following Controlled Rainfall Experiments.” Urban Forestry & Urban Greening 63 (2021): 127232. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ufug.2021.127232.

Lett, Zachary, Abigail Hall, Shelby Skidmore, and Nathan J. Alves. “Environmental Microplastic and Nanoplastic: Exposure Routes and Effects on Coagulation and the Cardiovascular System.” Environmental Pollution 291 (2021): 118190. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2021.118190.

Urban, Robert M., Joshua J. Jacobs, Michael J. Tomlinson, John Gavrilovic, Jonathan Black, and Michel Peoc'h. “Dissemination of Wear Particles to the Liver, Spleen, and Abdominal Lymph Nodes of Patients with Hip or Knee Replacement.” JBJS 82, no. 4 (2000): 457. https://journals.lww.com/jbjsjournal/abstract/2000/04000/dissemination_of_wear_particles_to_the_liver,.2.aspx.

Jenner, Lauren C., Jeanette M. Rotchell, Robert T. Bennett, Michael Cowen, Vasileios Tentzeris, and Laura R. Sadofsky. “Detection of Microplastics in Human Lung Tissue Using μFTIR Spectroscopy.” Science of The Total Environment 831 (2022): 154907. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.154907.

Leslie, Heather A., Martin Jm Van Velzen, Sicco H. Brandsma, A. Dick Vethaak, Juan J. Garcia-Vallejo, and Marja H. Lamoree. “Discovery and Quantification of Plastic Particle Pollution in Human Blood.” Environment International 163 (2022): 107199. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2022.107199.

Ragusa, Antonio, Alessandro Svelato, Criselda Santacroce, Piera Catalano, Valentina Notarstefano, Oliana Carnevali, Fabrizio Papa et al. “Plasticenta: First Evidence of Microplastics in Human Placenta." Environment International 146 (2021): 106274. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106274.

Zhang, Junjie, Lei Wang, Leonardo Trasande, and Kurunthachalam Kannan. “Occurrence of Polyethylene Terephthalate and Polycarbonate Microplastics in Infant and Adult Feces.” Environmental Science & Technology Letters 8, no. 11 (2021): 989–994. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.estlett.1c00559.

Ragusa, Antonio, Valentina Notarstefano, Alessandro Svelato, Alessia Belloni, Giorgia Gioacchini, Christine Blondeel, Emma Zucchelli et al. “Raman Microspectroscopy Detection and Characterisation of Microplastics in Human Breastmilk.” Polymers 14, no. 13 (2022): 2700. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14132700.

Prüst, Minne, Jonelle Meijer, and Remco HS Westerink. “The Plastic Brain: Neurotoxicity of Micro- and Nanoplastics.” Particle and Fibre Toxicology 17 (2020): 1–16. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12989-020-00358-y.

Zhao, Qiancheng, Long Zhu, Jiaming Weng, Zirun Jin, Yalei Cao, Hui Jiang, and Zhe Zhang. “Detection and Characterization of Microplastics in the Human Testis and Semen.” Science of The Total Environment 877 (2023): 162713. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2023.162713.

Zhu, Xia, Matthew J. Hoffman, and Chelsea M. Rochman. “A City-Wide Emissions Inventory of Plastic Pollution.” Environmental Science & Technology 58, no. 7 (2024): 3375–85. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.est.3c04348.

Schultz, Madison. “UC Davis Environmental Research Center Fundamental at Lake Tahoe.” Sierra Sun. December 25, 2022. https://www.sierrasun.com/news/uc-davis-environmental-research-center-fundamental-at-lake-tahoe/.

The Crumb Fill:

Perkins, Alaina N., Salmaan H. Inayat-Hussain, Nicole C. Deziel, Caroline H. Johnson, Stephen S. Ferguson, Rolando Garcia-Milian, David C. Thompson, and Vasilis Vasiliou. “Evaluation of Potential Carcinogenicity of Organic Chemicals in Synthetic Turf Crumb Rubber.” Environmental Research 169 (2019): 163–72. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2018.10.018.

Skoczyńska, Ewa, Pim EG Leonards, Maria Llompart, and Jacob De Boer. “Analysis of Recycled Rubber: Development of an Analytical Method and Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons and Heterocyclic Aromatic Compounds in Rubber Matrices.” Chemosphere 276 (2021): 130076. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130076.

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility. “EPA Fumbles Artificial Turf Science.” August 6, 2019. https://peer.org/epa-fumbles-artificial-turf-science/.

Armada, Daniel, Maria Llompart, Maria Celeiro, Pablo Garcia-Castro, Nuno Ratola, Thierry Dagnac, and Jacob de Boer. “Global Evaluation of the Chemical Hazard of Recycled Tire Crumb Rubber Employed on Worldwide Synthetic Turf Football Pitches.” Science of The Total Environment 812 (2022): 152542. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2021.152542.

Antimicrobials:

Halden, Rolf U., Avery E. Lindeman, Allison E. Aiello, David Andrews, William A. Arnold, Patricia Fair, Rebecca E. Fuoco et al. “The Florence Statement on Triclosan and Triclocarban.” Environmental Health Perspectives 125, no. 6 (2017): 064501. https://ehp.niehs.nih.gov/doi/full/10.1289/EHP1788.

Zhang, Luqing, and Wen-Xiong Wang. “Silver Nanoparticle Toxicity to the Larvae of Oyster Crassostrea Angulata: Contribution of In Vivo Dissolution.” Science of The Total Environment 858 (2023): 159965. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.scitotenv.2022.159965.

Verdú, Irene, Miguel González-Pleiter, Francisco Leganés, Roberto Rosal, and Francisca Fernández-Piñas. “Microplastics Can Act as Vector of the Biocide Triclosan Exerting Damage to Freshwater Microalgae.” Chemosphere 266 (2021): 129193. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2020.129193.

Flame Retardants:

CBS News Sacramento. “Artificial Turf Fire Sending Off Dark Smoke Near Highway 99.” YouTube video. June 6, 2018. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wK_BDvmQ1WU&ab_channel=CBSNewsSacramento.

Effinger, Anthony. “Owner of Combustible Tire Pile on the Willamette Logs Another Blaze at Shredding Plant in North Portland.” Willamette Week. August 7, 2023. https://www.wweek.com/news/2023/08/07/owner-of-combustible-tire-pile-on-the-willamette-logs-another-blaze-at-shredding-plant-in-north-portland/.

Heavy Metals:

Negev, Maya, Zohar Barnett-Itzhaki, Tamar Berman, Shay Reicher, Naor Cohen, Ruti Ardi, Yaniv Shammai, Tamar Zohar, and Miriam L. Diamond. “Hazardous Chemicals in Outdoor and Indoor Surfaces: Artificial Turf and Laminate Flooring.” Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 32, no. 3 (2022): 392–399. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-021-00396-4.

Halsband, Claudia, Lisbet Sørensen, Andy M. Booth, and Dorte Herzke. “Car Tire Crumb Rubber: Does Leaching Produce a Toxic Chemical Cocktail in Coastal Marine Systems?” Frontiers in Environmental Science 8 (2020): 557495. https://doi.org/10.3389/fenvs.2020.00125.

PFAS:

Department of Toxic Substances Control. “Effective April 1, 2022: Treatments Containing Perfluoroalkyl or Polyfluoroalkyl Substances for Use on Converted Textiles of Leather.” https://dtsc.ca.gov/scp/treatments-with-pfass/.

Rickard, Brittany P., Imran Rizvi, and Suzanne E. Fenton. "Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Female Reproductive Outcomes: PFAS Elimination, Endocrine-Mediated Effects, and Disease.” Toxicology 465 (2022): 153031. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2021.153031.

Mount Sinai. “Exposure to Chemicals Found in Everyday Products Is Linked to Significantly Reduced Fertility.” March 17, 2023. https://www.mountsinai.org/about/newsroom/2023/exposure-to-chemicals-found-in-everyday-products-is-linked-to-significantly-reduced-fertility.

Levine, Hagai, Niels Jørgensen, Anderson Martino-Andrade, Jaime Mendiola, Dan Weksler-Derri, Maya Jolles, Rachel Pinotti, and Shanna H. Swan. “Temporal Trends in Sperm Count: A Systematic Review and Meta-Regression Analysis of Samples Collected Globally in the 20th and 21st Centuries." Human Reproduction Update 29, no. 2 (2023): 157–76. https://doi.org/10.1093/humupd/dmac035.

Xu, Y., Y. Li, K. Scott, C. Lindh, K. Jakobsson, T. Fletcher, B. Ohlsson, and E. Andersson. “Ulcerative Colitis, Crohn’s Disease and Other Inflammatory Bowel Disease in a Population with High Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances through Drinking Water.” Environmental Epidemiology 3 (2019): 449. https://doi.org/10.1097/01.EE9.0000611064.79086.2f.

Breast Cancer Prevention Partners. “PFAS Forever Chemicals (Also PFOA, PFOS).” https://www.bcpp.org/resource/pfas-forever-chemicals-pfoa-pfos/.

Steenland, Kyle, and Andrea Winquist. “PFAS and Cancer, a Scoping Review of the Epidemiologic Evidence.” Environmental Research 194 (2021): 110690. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2020.110690.

Messmer, Mindi F., Jeffrey Salloway, Nawar Shara, Ben Locwin, Megan W. Harvey, and Nora Traviss. “Risk of Cancer in a Community Exposed to Per- and Poly-Fluoroalkyl Substances.” Environmental Health Insights 16 (2022): 11786302221076707. https://doi.org/10.1177/11786302221076707.

Oh, Jiwon, Deborah H. Bennett, Antonia M. Calafat, Daniel Tancredi, Dorcas L. Roa, Rebecca J. Schmidt, Irva Hertz-Picciotto, and Hyeong-Moo Shin. “Prenatal Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances in Association with Autism Spectrum Disorder in the MARBLES Study.” Environment International 147 (2021): 106328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envint.2020.106328.

Thomas, Liji. “ADHD Symptoms Linked to Early Childhood Exposure to Polyfluoroalkyl Substances.” News Medical Life Sciences. March 28, 2023. https://www.news-medical.net/news/20230328/ADHD-symptoms-linked-to-early-childhood-exposure-to-polyfluoroalkyl-substances.aspx.

Brown-Leung, Josephine M., and Jason R. Cannon. “Neurotransmission Targets of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substance Neurotoxicity: Mechanisms and Potential Implications for Adverse Neurological Outcomes.” Chemical Research in Toxicology 35, no. 8 (2022): 1312–33. https://doi.org/10.1021/acs.chemrestox.2c00072.

Collaborative for Health & Environment. “Adverse Effects of PFAS on Immune System Health: Complicating Recovery during the COVID-19 Pandemic.” December 2, 2020. https://www.healthandenvironment.org/che-webinars/96552.

Li, Ying, Lars Barregard, Yiyi Xu, Kristin Scott, Daniela Pineda, Christian H. Lindh, Kristina Jakobsson, and Tony Fletcher. “Associations between Perfluoroalkyl Substances and Serum Lipids in a Swedish Adult Population with Contaminated Drinking Water.” Environmental Health 19 (2020): 1–11. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1186/s12940-020-00588-9.

Gao, Yu, Jiajun Luo, Yan Zhang, Chengyu Pan, Yunjie Ren, Jun Zhang, Ying Tian, and Shanghai Birth Cohort. “Prenatal Exposure to Per-and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances and Child Growth Trajectories in the First Two Years.” Environmental Health Perspectives 130, no. 3 (2022): 037006. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP9875.

Goodrich, Jesse A., Douglas I. Walker, Jingxuan He, Xiangping Lin, Brittney O. Baumert, Xin Hu, Tanya L. Alderete et al. “Metabolic Signatures of Youth Exposure to Mixtures of Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances: A Multi-Cohort Study.” Environmental Health Perspectives 131, no. 2 (2023): 027005. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP11372.

Coperchini, Francesca, Laura Croce, Gianluca Ricci, Flavia Magri, Mario Rotondi, Marcello Imbriani, and Luca Chiovato. “Thyroid Disrupting Effects of Old and New Generation PFAS.” Frontiers in Endocrinology 11 (2021): 612320. https://doi.org/10.3389/fendo.2020.612320.

DeWitt, Jamie. “SOT TV Interview with Jamie DeWitt, PhD, on Understanding Developmental Immunotoxicology and the Effects of PFAS.” Interview by Society of Toxicology. Vimeo. 2021. https://vimeo.com/563823549.

Blake, Bevin E., and Suzanne E. Fenton. “Early Life Exposure to Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS) and Latent Health Outcomes: A Review Including the Placenta as a Target Tissue and Possible Driver of Peri- and Postnatal Effects.” Toxicology 443 (2020): 152565. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tox.2020.152565.

Bălan, Simona Andreea, Vivek Chander Mathrani, Dennis Fengmao Guo, and André Maurice Algazi. “Regulating PFAS as a Chemical Class under the California Safer Consumer Products Program.” Environmental Health Perspectives 129, no. 2 (2021): 025001. https://doi.org/10.1289/EHP7431.

NEWMOA. “PFAS in Consumer Products, Part 2.” YouTube video. April 24, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=hoipI2Yj1DA&ab_channel=NEWMOA.

Miles, Irene. “Study Finds PFAS in All Tested Lake Michigan Sportfish and their Prey.” Sea Grant. July 5, 2023. https://iiseagrant.org/study-finds-pfas-in-all-tested-lake-michigan-sportfish-and-their-prey/.

Lewis, Asa J., Xiaoyan Yun, Max G. Lewis, Erica R. McKenzie, Daniel E. Spooner, Marie J. Kurz, Rominder Suri, and Christopher M. Sales. “Impacts of Divalent Cations (Mg2+ and Ca2+) on PFAS Bioaccumulation in Freshwater Macroinvertebrates Representing Different Foraging Modes.” Environmental Pollution 331 (2023): 121938. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envpol.2023.121938.

Hayman, Nicholas T., Gunther Rosen, Marienne A. Colvin, Jason Conder, and Jennifer A. Arblaster. “Aquatic Toxicity Evaluations of PFOS and PFOA for Five Standard Marine Endpoints.” Chemosphere 273 (2021): 129699. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.129699.

Phthalates:

Engel, Stephanie M., Heather B. Patisaul, Charlotte Brody, Russ Hauser, Ami R. Zota, Deborah H. Bennet, Maureen Swanson, and Robin M. Whyatt. “Neurotoxicity of Ortho-Phthalates: Recommendations for Critical Policy Reforms to Protect Brain Development in Children.” American Journal of Public Health 111, no. 4 (2021): 687–95. https://ajph.aphapublications.org/doi/full/10.2105/AJPH.2020.306014.

Negev, Maya, Zohar Barnett-Itzhaki, Tamar Berman, Shay Reicher, Naor Cohen, Ruti Ardi, Yaniv Shammai, Tamar Zohar, and Miriam L. Diamond. “Hazardous Chemicals in Outdoor and Indoor Surfaces: Artificial Turf and Laminate Flooring.” Journal of Exposure Science & Environmental Epidemiology 32, no. 3 (2022): 392–99. https://www.nature.com/articles/s41370-021-00396-4.

Polyaromatic Hydrocarbons (PAHs):

Mohammed, Atef MF, Inas A. Saleh, and Nasser M. Abdel-Latif. “Hazard Assessment Study on Organic Compounds and Heavy Metals from Using Artificial Turf.” Heliyon 9, no. 4 (2023). https://www.cell.com/heliyon/pdf/S2405-8440(23)02135-7.pdf.

Fořt, Jan, Klára Kobetičová, Martin Böhm, Jan Podlesný, Veronika Jelínková, Martina Vachtlová, Filip Bureš, and Robert Černý. “Environmental Consequences of Rubber Crumb Application: Soil and Water Pollution.” Polymers 14, no. 7 (2022): 1416. https://doi.org/10.3390/polym14071416.

Donald, Carey E., Richard P. Scott, Glenn Wilson, Peter D. Hoffman, and Kim A. Anderson. “Artificial Turf: Chemical Flux and Development of Silicone Wristband Partitioning Coefficients.” Air Quality, Atmosphere & Health 12 (2019): 597–611. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11869-019-00680-1.

Skoczyńska, Ewa Małgorzata. “Development and Application of Comprehensive Chemical Analytical Methods for the Analysis of Polyaromatic Compounds.” PhD dissertation. Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, 2021. https://research.vu.nl/en/publications/development-and-application-of-comprehensive-chemical-analytical-.

BNNVARA. “New Carcinogens Discovered in Rubber Granulates.” January 21, 2021. https://www.bnnvara.nl/zembla/artikelen/new-carcinogens-discovered-in-rubber-granulates.

6PPD and 6PPD Quinone:

Tian, Zhenyu, Haoqi Zhao, Katherine Peter, Melissa Gonzalez, Ximin Hu, and Ed Kolodziej. “Organic Contaminants in Tire and Crumb Rubber: 6PPD-Quinone and Beyond.” Center for Urban Waters. https://www.healthandenvironment.org/assets/images/webinarimages/Tian%20Slides.pdf.

SFEI Aquatic Science Center. “Toxic Tire Contaminant Found in Bay Area Stormwater.” December 4, 2020. https://www.sfei.org/news/toxic-tire-contaminant-found-bay-area-stormwater#sthash.4O20srtK.g1qvTU9N.dpbs.

Tian, Zhenyu, Haoqi Zhao, Katherine T. Peter, Melissa Gonzalez, Jill Wetzel, Christopher Wu, Ximin Hu et al. “A Ubiquitous Tire Rubber–Derived Chemical Induces Acute Mortality in Coho Salmon.” Science 371, no. 6525 (2021): 185–9. https://doi.org/10.1126/science.abd6951.

Einhorn, Catrin. “California Salmon Stocks Are Crashing. A Fishing Ban Looks Certain.” New York Times. April 3, 2023. https://www.nytimes.com/2023/04/03/climate/salmon-fishery-closed-california.html?smid=tw-share.

Fishing the North Coast. “It’s Official: CA’s 2023 Ocean Salmon Season Shut Down.” April 12, 2023. https://fishingthenorthcoast.com/2023/04/12/its-official-cas-2023-ocean-salmon-season-shut-down.

Lead:

Gomes, Filipa O., M. Rosário Rocha, Arminda Alves, and Nuno Ratola. “A Review of Potentially Harmful Chemicals in Crumb Rubber Used in Synthetic Football Pitches.” Journal of Hazardous Materials 409 (2021): 124998. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhazmat.2020.124998.

Lee, Ju-Wook, Hoon Choi, Un-Ki Hwang, Ju-Chan Kang, Yue Jai Kang, Kwang Il Kim, and Jun-Hwan Kim. “Toxic Effects of Lead Exposure on Bioaccumulation, Oxidative Stress, Neurotoxicity, and Immune Responses in Fish: A Review.” Environmental Toxicology and Pharmacology 68 (2019): 101–8. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.etap.2019.03.010.

CDC. “Lead in Soil.” https://www.cdc.gov/nceh/lead/prevention/sources/soil.htm.

VOCs:

Ginsberg, Gary, Brian Toal, and Tara Kurland. “Benzothiazole Toxicity Assessment in Support of Synthetic Turf Field Human Health Risk Assessment.” Journal of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Part A 74, no. 17 (2011): 1175–83. https://doi.org/10.1080/15287394.2011.586943.

Zinc:

Monsé, Christian, Monika Raulf, Birger Jettkant, Vera van Kampen, Benjamin Kendzia, Leonie Schürmeyer, Christoph Edzard Seifert et al. “Health Effects after Inhalation of Micro- and Nano-Sized Zinc Oxide Particles in Human Volunteers.” Archives of Toxicology 95 (2021): 53-65. https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00204-020-02923-y.

Synthetic Turf Does Not Save Water:

Kanaan, Ahmed, Elena Sevostianova, Bernd Leinauer, and Igor Sevostianov. “Water Requirements for Cooling Artificial Turf.” Journal of Irrigation and Drainage Engineering 146, no. 10 (2020): 05020004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(ASCE)IR.1943-4774.0001506.

Gaddo, Randy. “Part 2: Watering Synthetic Turf.” PRB. https://www.parksandrecbusiness.com/articles/2016/10/part-2-watering-synthetic-turf.

Off Gassing of GHGs / Heat Island Effect:

The Climate Reality Project. “Repower America.” August 3, 2020. https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/methane-stinks-why-natural-gas-bad-news-planet.

Magnusson, Simon, and Josef Mácsik. “Analysis of Energy Use and Emissions of Greenhouse Gases, Metals and Organic Substances from Construction Materials Used for Artificial Turf.” Resources, Conservation and Recycling 122 (2017): 362–372. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.resconrec.2017.03.007.

Synthetic Turf Is Not Recyclable:

Beyond Plastics. “The Real Truth About the U.S. Plastics Recycling Rate.” May 2022. https://www.beyondplastics.org/publications/us-plastics-recycling-rate.

ExxonMobil. “ExxonMobil Starts Large Operations at Large-Scaled Advanced Recycling Facility.” December 14, 2022. https://corporate.exxonmobil.com/news/news-releases/2022/1214_exxonmobil-starts-operations-at-large-scale-advanced-recycling-facility.

Alternative Options:

The Lawn Institute. “Carbon Sequestration.” https://www.thelawninstitute.org/environmental-benefits/carbon-sequestration/

Arellano, Gustavo. “Column: Has a UC Riverside Researcher Created the Holy Grail of Drought-Tolerant Lawns?” Los Angeles Times. September 9, 2022. https://www.latimes.com/california/story/2022-09-09/uc-riverside-turfgrass-research-jim-baird.

Morris, B. and Devitt, D. “Turfgrasses for Urban Mojave Desert Landscapes.” University of Nevada Extension. 2011. https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=3320.

The Lawn Institute. “Fresh Oxygen Production by Natural Grass Lawns in the United States.” https://www.thelawninstitute.org/wp-content/uploads/2021/02/TLI-FreshO2production_US-Final.pdf.

UC Riverside. “Turfgrass Science: Meet the Team.” https://turfgrass.ucr.edu/meet-team.

Non Toxic Communities. “Organic Athletic Fields.” https://www.nontoxiccommunities.com/organic-athletic-fields.html.

Beyond Pesticides. “Natural Turf Management Results with Chip Osborne of Osborne Organics and Beyond Pesticides.” YouTube video. May 9, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=o3P1T3fgy6I&ab_channel=BeyondPesticides.

City of Irvine. “Organic Pesticides Program.” https://www.cityofirvine.org/news-media/news-article/organic-pesticides-program.

Jackson, Josh. “For Fisher Cats, Grass Will Soon be Greener.” MILB. June 4, 2019. https://www.milb.com/news/new-hampshire-fisher-cats-growing-organic-field-307334992.

Marina HS Report

Citations from: Conway, Diana, and Dianne Woelke. “MND Draft Review, Marina High School Multi-Use Playing Field.” January 31, 2024. https://drive.google.com/file/d/1_-KLSFW35tXLGxUmpcGKZAZnfc8tjk7u/view?usp=drive_link.

Hazardous Substances:

Peaslee, Graham, and Kristen Mello. “PFAS in Artificial Turf.” NEWMOA Conference. April 6, 2022. https://www.newmoa.org/wp-content/uploads/2023/02/PFAS-in-Artificial-Turf.pdf.

Town of Nantucket. “Nantucket School Committee – 2/8/22.” YouTube video. February 8, 2022. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=74ALKRBy7uw&ab_channel=TownofNantucket.

Lerner, Sharon. “Toxic PFAS Chemicals Found in Artificial Turf.” The Interceptor. October 8, 2019. https://theintercept.com/2019/10/08/pfas-chemicals-artificial-turf-soccer/.

Okeson, Sarah. “New Health Concerns Over Synthetic Playing Fields.” DCReport. November 6, 2019. https://www.dcreport.org/2019/11/06/new-health-concerns-over-artificial-turf.

State of California Department of Justice. “Greenwashing.” https://oag.ca.gov/environment/greenwashing.

Federal Trade Commission. “FTC Warns Almost 700 Marketing Companies That They Could Face Civil Penalties if They Can’t Back Up Their Product Claims.” April 13, 2023. https://www.ftc.gov/news-events/news/press-releases/2023/04/ftc-warns-almost-700-marketing-companies-they-could-face-civil-penalties-if-they-cant-back-their.

Schmalz, David. “Marina Coast’s Prehistoric Water Supply Is Not Replenishing.” December 1, 2016. https://www.montereycountynow.com/news/cover/marina-coast-s-prehistoric-water-supply-is-not-replenishing/article_a9d084a4-b744-11e6-b8c4-7b1c4ac58e33.html.

Potential for Erosion:

US EPA. “Impervious Surface Fact Sheet.” July 2020. https://enviroatlas.epa.gov/enviroatlas/DataFactSheets/pdf/ESN/PercentImperviousArea.pdf.

Greenhouse Gas Emissions:

The Climate Reality Project. “Repower America.” August 3, 2020. https://www.climaterealityproject.org/blog/methane-stinks-why-natural-gas-bad-news-planet.

Englart, John. “Natural Grass or Synthetic Turf? What are the Life Cycle Emission Profiles.” Climate Action MERRI-BEK. February 28, 2021. https://climateactionmoreland.org/2021/02/28/natural-grass-or-synthetic-turf-what-are-the-total-life-cycle-emission-profiles.

Smollett, Jason, Darren Gill, and Tina Kramer. “Olive Pits Infill Systems and Artificial Turfs Having the Same.” U.S. Patent Application 16/795,540, filed August 19, 2021. https://patents.google.com/patent/US20210254290A1/en.

US EPA. “Nutrients and Harmful Algal Blooms Research.” February 1, 2024. https://www.epa.gov/water-research/nutrients-and-harmful-algal-blooms-research.

Royer, Sarah Jeanne. “Choosing Synthetic Turf Is Choosing Environmental Harm.” Let’s Talk. https://talk-action.org/choosing-synthetic-turf-is-choosing-environmental-harm/.

Non Toxic Communities. “Non Toxic Landscapes.” https://www.nontoxiccommunities.com/organic-land-care.html.

Heat:

Travers, Penny. “The Environmental Impacts of Artificial Turf Worth Considering before Rolling it Out in Your Backyard.” July 4, 2023. https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-07-05/environmental-impacts-of-artificial-turf/102554018/.

Wertheim, Jon. “With Hotter Temperatures Come More Football Deaths.” https://www.si.com/high-school/2022/10/07/football-climate-change-daily-cover.

Kerr, Zachary Y., Douglas J. Casa, Stephen W. Marshall, and R. Dawn Comstock. “Epidemiology of Exertional Heat Illness among US High School Athletes.” American Journal of Preventive Medicine 44, no. 1 (2013): 8–14. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.amepre.2012.09.058.

Hazardous Waste:

Cousins, I, Johansson, J, Salter, M et al. “Outside the Safe Operating Space of a New Planetary Boundary for Per- and Polyfluoroalkyl Substances (PFAS). Environmental Science Technology 56 (2022): 11172−9. https://pubs.acs.org/doi/pdf/10.1021/acs.est.2c02765?download=true.

Synthetic Turf Is Not Recyclable:

CalRecycle. “Synthetic Turf & Running Tracks.” https://calrecycle.ca.gov/tires/products/types/turf/.

Waste Management. “Recycling Facts & Tips.” https://www.wm.com/location/california/tuolumne/tuolumne/facts/index.jsp.

Public Employees for Environmental Responsibility. “False Artificial Turf Recycling Claims Ripped.” March 7, 2022. https://peer.org/false-artificial-turf-recycling-claims-ripped/.

Alternative Options:

Sanchez-Sotomayor, David, Antonio Martin-Higuera, Jose A. Gil-Delgado, Angel Galvez, and Edgar Bernat-Ponce. “Artificial Grass in Parks as a Potential New Threat for Urban Bird Communities.” Bird Conservation International 33 (2023): e16. https://doi.org/10.1017/S0959270922000119.

The Lawn Institute. “Carbon Sequestration.” https://www.thelawninstitute.org/environmental-benefits/carbon-sequestration/.

Morris, B. and Devitt, D. “Turfgrasses for Urban Mojave Desert Landscapes.” University of Nevada Extension. 2011. https://extension.unr.edu/publication.aspx?PubID=3320.

Natural Grass Advisory Group. “About.” https://www.naturalgrass.org/about.

UC Riverside. “Turfgrass Science: Meet the Team.” https://turfgrass.ucr.edu/meet-team.

Washington State University. “Turf Management.” https://turf.wsu.edu/.

Oregon State University. “Turfgrass Management Certificate Program.” https://workspace.oregonstate.edu/certificate/turfgrass-management-program.

University of Arizona. “Turfgrass Research, Education, and Extension: About Us.” https://turf.arizona.edu/aboutus.htm.

Colorado State University. “CSU Turfgrass Program.” https://agsci.colostate.edu/csuturf/.

Texas A&M. “AggieTurf.” https://aggieturf.tamu.edu/.

City of Irvine. “Organic Pesticides Program.” https://www.cityofirvine.org/news-media/news-article/organic-pesticides-program.

Non Toxic Communities. “Organic Athletic Fields.” https://www.nontoxiccommunities.com/organic-athletic-fields.html.

Barton, Jo, and Mike Rogerson. “The Importance of Greenspace for Mental Health.” BJPsych International 14, no. 4 (2017): 79–81. https://doi.org/10.1192/s2056474000002051.

Weir, Kirsten. “Nurtured by Nature.” American Psychological Association. April 1, 2022. https://www.apa.org/monitor/2020/04/nurtured-nature.

Zero Waste Ithaca Artificial Turf Bibliography Updated: May 16, 2024

Zero Waste Ithaca Artificial Turf Bibliography

Updated: May 16, 2024