Introduction:

1. Danger leads to ___________ or ___________ response.
2. Adrenal glands release the hormone: _________________
3. Liver: converts ____________ to __________ to power ____________ ____________
4. Hormone: ___________ in a gland, has  __________tissues.

It’s like a radio

• Signal goes ___________
• Only radios tuned to the right ____________ convert the signal into sound.

RECEPTION:

Signal (1) is a ligand.  It binds to the receptor (2), just as ________ binds to ________.  Only cells with complementary _____________ respond to the signal.

TRANSDUCTION: 

Includes “__________  messengers” (3a) and __________ molecules (3b, 3c)

RESPONSE:

Activating ______________ (slower, longer lasting)

Activating _______________ (immediate, temporary)

(before binding)

1.

2: __-protein, which is a

-mobile, __________ protein

-default condition: ________, bound to ______ (low energy), at 3

4. ________ ________ enzyme, (inactive)

RECEPTOR STRUCTURE

1. _____________ binding site

2a-g: seven ______ ___________ alpha ____________

3: segment that interacts with _______________

• 8: Epinephrine
• ___________ (1) binds with
• G protein (2) which activates by binding ________ (9) and releasing GDP (3)
• adnenylyl cyclase __________,  still _________

Active G ________ (2) diffuses to __________.

Binding ________ enzyme (4)

5: Cell __________

8. Ligand __________.

• G protein deactivates as it releases a __________ (10)
• Enzyme ___________
• Cellular response _______

1: _______

2: Adenylyl __________ (activating enzyme)

3: two _______

4: ____________ (2nd messenger)

5. _____________ (deactivating enzyme)

6. AMP (A…mono...P): deactivated form

•Take ____________ proteins (2), and

_______________ them (3)

•This ______________ the protein.

1: Signal/____________: (example: epinephrine)

2: ___________

3: ______________ (adenyl cyclase)

4: 2nd _____________ (cAMP)

5: Protein _________________

6. Enzyme that gets activated

a. _______

b. Inactive __________ 1

c. _________ Kinase 1 (phosphorylated)

d. Inactive ________ 2

e. ATP

f. __________

g. Active _________ 2

h. Deactivating enzyme

i. ____________

j. Inactive kinase 3

k. Active ___________ 3

l. Inactive __________ protein

m. ____________ target protein causing…

n. ___________ ________________

Key Idea:

14. Signal cascades can activate genes

1: _______ in gland

2: __________/hormone released

3: __________ vessel

4: receptor

5: signal ___________ pathway

6: __________ interaction

7. DNA
KEY EXAMPLE: growth hormone

15. Steroid Hormone Mechanism

F: ________ (e.g. estrogen)

G: cytoplasmic _________

H: signal/receptor _________

I: complex interacting with __________ (J)

K: mRNA

K: ___________

M: newly synthesized __________