The Trend, Impacts, and Post-COVID19 Challenges: Republic of Chile

Graduate School of Public Administration
Asia Regional Information Center, Asia Center

Seoul National University

Contributor:

Kilkon Ko (kilkon@gmail.com), Professor, GSPA, SNU

Richard Leon (richardleonvargas@gmail.com) Ministry of Health of Peru

This work is sponsored by the Asia Regional Information Center, SNU Asia Center

Trend of COVID -19

On March 2, 2020, the Ministry of Health confirmed the first case of COVID-19, and until March 10, 2020 there had been confirmed 18 cases in the following regions: Metropolitana (11 cases), Maule (5 cases), Biobio (1 case) y Los Lagos (1 case). Of all this 18 cases, 13 were imported cases (with antecedents of travelling in countries with spread of COVID-19 in the last 14 days as Italy, England, Spain and to the South East Asia), and 5 cases were related to the imported cases.

From 2 March to 31 March, 2020, the Ministry of Health informed that there were 2 738 confirmed cases and 12 deaths.

Until May 6, 2020, the Minister of Health, Jaime Manalich, said that have diagnosticated 1032 new cases of COVID-19, and of all this, 893 cases with symptoms and 139 without symptoms. Also, there are 486 patients in Intensive Care Units, and 385 patients with ventilators and 85 patients in a critical health situation. Then, there are 11 189 recovered patients. Besides that, the day before 10 013 tests were made, with a total of 232 108, and there we 11 618 tests over a million of chileans inhabitants.

On the daily report on May 23, 2020, the Ministry of Health showed that there are 65 393 positive cases with a total of 673 deaths, and most of the cases are in the Metropolitana Region with a total of 51 399 positive cases and 455 deaths because of COVID-19. Also, informed that of the 673 deaths, 560 deaths corresponds to the patients more than 60 years (83.21%).

Besides that, showed that its lethality rate is 1.0%, which is one of the lower between the OECD countries (France 15.5%, United Kingdom 14.3%, Italy 14.3%, Netherlands 12.9%, Sweden 12.0%, Mexico 10.9%, Spain 10.2%, Canada 7.6%, Ireland 6.5%, USA 5.9%, Denmark 5.0%, Japan 4.7%, German 4.6%, Portugal 4.3%, Czech Republic 3.6%, Colombia 3.6%, Norway 2.8%, South Korea 2.4%, Israel 1.7%, Australia 1.4%, New Zealand 1.4% and Island 0.6%). Also, in comparison with latin american countries has one of the lowest lethality rate, considering Mexico 10.9%, Ecuador 8.5%, Brasil 6.4%, Argentina 4.2%, Bolivia 4.1%, Peru 2.9%, Uruguay 2.7%, Paraguay 1.3% and Costa Rica 1.1%.

The report appointed that there are a total of 2250 ventilators in the country, and 1914 ventilators are occupied and 336 are available at the intensive care units. Also, from the total of 457 332 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test made, 36 886 were taken by the Public Health Institute, 209 406 by public hospitals and 211 040 by private health centers.

Confirmed Cases and Deaths by COVID-19 in Chile

Source: Ministry of Health, May 23, 2020.

Controlling COVID-19 by Different Actors

1.0 Central Government

A. Health

• On February 5, 2020, the Ministry of Health emitted the Decree N°  4-2020^[1], that established the National Sanitary Alert in all the country to face the threat to the public health because of the spreading of the COVID-19 in the world. This law grant to the Deputy Ministry of Public Health and to the Deputy of Ministry of Health Networks the following prerogatives:

• Recruitment of physicians and workers according to the Sanitation Code and other laws.  
• Temporary movement of personnel between jurisdictions or health centers.
• Direct purchase of goods, services and equipments that been needed in this scenario, free of procedures of public bidding, registering later at the website www.mercadopublico.cl (online platform where more than 850 public institutions purchase to more than 123 000 enterprises, managed by ChileCompra (ChileBuy) from the Ministry of Finance.
• Authorization for overtime, after the legal working hours.
• Recruitment of retired public officials.
• Authorization for hiring medical students that are in their sixth year of studies or later in the chilean universities. In case of nursing, obstetrics and child care, medical technology, kinesiology and psychology from the seventh semester.
• Communicate the sanitary measurements on the media.

Also, the following prerogatives were granted to the Deputy Ministry of Public Health:

• Order the mandatory use of face masks and other related medical devices on transportation, classrooms, workplaces, in other public places, or where there is a crowd of people.
• Regulate the maximum price to be paid for the population to get the drugs, medicaments, medical devices, and for the health services.
• Limit the number of medical goods to be sold and health services to be provided to each person.

Besides that, the following prerogatives were granted to the Deputy Ministry of Health Networks:

• Authorize, provisionally, the faster implementation of hospitals, such as field or modular hospitals.
• Temporary allow to properties as health care establishments for the delivery of health services, which must guarantee the safety of the patients.
• Coordinate the health networks in the country, with public and private health services providers.
• Allow to the public and private health centers to provide drugs and medicines for three months to the patients with chronic diseases.

Also, the following prerogatives were granted to the Regional Health Administrations:

• Recruitment of physicians and workers according to the Sanitation Code and other laws.
• Direct purchase of goods, services and equipments that been needed in this scenario, free of procedures of public bidding, registering later at the website www.mercadopublico.cl
• Authorization for overtime, after the legal working hours.

• Recruitment of retired public officials.
• Communicate the sanitary measurements on the media.
• Require the support of the police.
• Ban operation of the places and workplaces that risk the people that work or go to there.
• Implement measurements to avoid crowded open or close places.
• Establish the isolation of infected or possible patients of COVID-19.
• Tracking of possible patients of COVID-19.
• Deny the entrance of non resident foreigners to the country, in case of possible infection of COVID-19.
• Deny the entrance to the infection areas or places with COVID-19.
• Suspend the classes and stop the massive activities in closed places.
• Implement all the recommendations of the World Health Organization.
• Communicate the sanitary measurements on the media.

Then, the following prerogatives were granted to the Health Administrations:

• Recruitment of physicians and workers according to the Sanitation Code and other laws.
• Direct purchase of goods, services and equipments that been needed in this scenario, free of procedures of public bidding, registering later at the website www.mercadopublico.cl
• Authorization for overtime, after the legal working hours.

• Recruitment of retired public officials.
• Authorization for hiring medical students that are in their sixth year of studies or later in the chilean universities. In case of nursing, obstetrics and child care, medical technology, kinesiology and psychology from the seventh semester.
• Authorization for hiring medical doctors that have got their doctor license abroad and that is revalidated or registered according to the chilean laws, even if the medical doctor has not yet approved the Eunacom (Public exam that the Ministry of Health entrust to the Health Faculty´s Association and allow to the medical doctors be hired). Also, hiring medical doctors who get their professional license abroad, even if have not been revalidated.
• Hiring physicians as medical doctors´professional fees, even if they have signed agreements of exclusive dedication regulated by the Law N° 20909.
• Suspend the surgerys that are not urgent.
• Coordinate with public health centers from other jurisdictions and with the private health centers the provision of health services to the citizens.
• Supply drug and medicines to the population in case there is not drugstores in any town.

Furthermore, the following prerogatives were granted to the National Central of Provision of Health:

• Recruitment of workers according to the Sanitation Code and other laws.
• Direct purchase of goods, services and equipments that been needed in this scenario, free of procedures of public bidding, registering later at the website www.mercadopublico.cl
• Authorization for overtime, after the legal working hours.
• Recruitment of retired public officials.
• Provide drugs, medicines, medical devices to the drugstore and private health centers.
• Direct import of drugs and medical devices, not applying the Law N° 19886, Public Purchasing Law.

• On March 13, 2020, the president Sebastian Pinera announced the following measurements:

• Free COVID- 19 diagnosis to all the beneficiaries of National Fund of Health (FONASA), it covers a total of 14 244 833 citizens in all the country (2019).
• Improve of the health resolving capacity, enlarging the number of 1732  hospital beds.
• A budget of $ 220 000 000 000 peso (US$ 264 423 076 dollars approximately) to finance the purchase of medicine and equipment to enhance the health resolving capacity of the hospitals.
• Implementation of 12 laboratories around the country to diagnosis of COVID-19.
• Extension of service hours at the hospitals and primary health centers.
• Prohibition of all the public events with more than 500 people in all the country.
• All the people that arrive from countries of high risk according the established by the World Health Organisation have to accomplish quarantine by 14 days. It does not apply for the people that have made transfers in those countries or to the crew members.
• Health Control in all the borders of the country.
• Disinfection of the subway, public transportation buses and trains.
• The Minister of Health was designated as the Inter Ministerial Coordinator of the Plan to Protect the Chileans from COVID-19.

• On March 17, 2020, the Ministry of Health, published the Resolution N° 180-2020^[2], that established that all the classes at the preschool, and primary and high school will be suspended for two weeks. Also, all the public events with more than 200 people will be forbidden for two weeks. Then, all the people that have had contact with COVID-19 patient must accomplish isolation for 14 days^[3]. As well, is prohibited the visit to the old people houses or centers and all the meetings in clubs for aging people is suspended.

• On March 19, 2020, the Ministry of Health, published the Resolution N° 183-2020^[4], that established that all the people that arrive from Iran, China, Germany, France, Spain, Italy, South Korea, Japan, Argentina, Bolivia and Peru have to accomplish the isolation for 14 days. Also, prohibited the landing in all the ports of the country of the cruises´ passengers since March 15 until September, 30, 2020.

• On March 19, 2020, the Ministry of Health, published the Resolution N° 188-2020^[5], that ordered all the COVID-19 patients must be under quarantine for 14 days since the diagnosis, however this period could be extended if the patient have not got well recovered. Also, the people that have been tested have to accomplish the quarantine until the result be communicated.

• On March 21, 2020, the Ministry of Health published the Resolution N° 200-2020^[6], that ordered the suspension of all the sportive events since March, 21, 2020.

• On March 25, 2020, the Ministry of Health, published the Resolution N° 203-2020^[7], established the following measurements:

• Implement the curfew, as isolation measure, between the 22:00 to 05:00 hours in all the country, since the March 22, 2020. Also, that the aged people older than 80 years olds have to accomplish quarantine at their homes, since the March 24, 2020.
• Implement a sanitary cordon in the districts of Chillan, Chillan Viejo (Nuble region, since March 23, 2020); San Pedro de la Paz (Biobio region since March 25, 2020).
• Implement the quarantine in Pascua Island (Valparaiso region, since the March 20, 2020 be curfew since 14:00 to 5:00 hours), also in the city Puerto Williams (district Cabo de Hornos, since March 23, 2020).
• Extend the mandatory isolation to all the citizens that arrive to the country from any country.
• Move out to the special residence to accomplish with the isolation to the people that have infringed the quarantine and patients that could not carry out with the quarantine.
• Prohibit the visit to the almshouse, suspend the elderly centers during the day and all the clubs for elderly people.
• Suspend all the classes in all the schools since kindergarten, until March 30, 2020.
• Prohibit all the public events with more than 50 people.
• Implement with the mayors other vaccination´s places besides the health centers.
• Close all the cinemas, theaters, pubs, night clubs, gymnasiums, restaurants and cafes (only is available the delivery services) since the March 21, 2020.
• The citizens must reside at  their usual homes and it is forbidden the moving out to differents homes from their usual homes since the March 24, 2020, except the elderly people older than 65 years and chronic diseases.
• Postpone for 3 months all the elective surgeries that no imply a health risk for the patient^[8].
• Establish on $ 25 000 pesos ( US$ 30 approximately) as the maximum price for the Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) Test at the health centers.

• On March 31st, 2020, the Ministry of Health through the Resolution N° 217-2020^[9], established the following measures (quarantine, isolation, cordon sanitary, etc):
• As an isolation policy, the people is forbidden to go out between the 22:00 to 5:00 hours in all the territory since the 22:00 on March 22, 2020.
• All the elderly older than 80 years old must accomplish quarantine in their habitual homes, since the 08:00 on March, 24, 2020.
• The  inhabitants of the communes of Lo Barnechea, Las Condes, Vitacura, Providencia, Nunoa, Independencia and Santiago (at the Metropolitana Region), and at the communes Temuco and Padre Las Casas (Araucania Region) must accomplish quarantine since the 22:00 on March 28, 2020 for a period of 7 days, that could be extendable according to the epidemiology situation.
• All the citizens of the communes of Chillan and Chillan Viejo (Nuble Region) and the commune of Osorno (Los Lagos Region) must accomplish quarantine since the 22:00 on March 30, 2020 for a period of 7 days, that could be extendable.
• Implement a sanitary cordon in the province of Chiloe (Los Lagos Region), forbidding the entrance and out of this province since the 12:00 on March 26, 2020.
• Establish the price of 0.2 of a development unit (US$ 7 approximately) for the monthly renting amount for a square meter of places to accomplish the measures to face the COVID-19.

• On May 6, 2020, the Minister of Health, Jaime Manalich, announced that 25 local government´s jurisdictions are in quarantine for 7 days in the Metropolitana Region. Chile is implementing focalized quarantine measures by local territories for seven days or more, and some cities stop the quarantine, others continue and anothers start or restart it, but not in all the country.

• On May 6, 2020, the Deputy Minister of Public Health, informed the penalty fees because of the non accomplish of the health measures that the government has pointed to face the spread of COVID-19. Between them, there are the following:
• Do not use the facemask at the public transportation $ 150 000 peso (US$ 180 dollars approximately).
• Go out without special permission in a locality that is under quarantine measure $ 2 000 000 peso (US$ 832 dollars approximately).
• A patient with confirmed COVID-19 infection that does not accomplish the mandatory quarantine $ 10 000 000 peso (US$ 12 019 dollars approximately).

B. Interior and Safety

• On March 18, 2020, the Ministry of Interior and Safety emitted the Decree N°  104-2020^[10],  declared the Constitutional State of Emergency by Catastrophe, Public Calamity in the territory of Chile by 90 days and nommed military high officials as chief of national defense in each region. At that time, the decree appointed that there were 238 patients diagnosed with COVID-19. This decree granted the following prerogatives:

• Control the entry and exit of the zone declared in a state of catastrophe and the traffic in it.
• Dictate measures for the protection of works of art and public utility services, mining, industrial centers and others.
• Order the collection, storage or formation of food reserves, articles and merchandise that are necessary for the attention and subsistence of the population in the area and control the entry and exit of such goods.
• Determine the distribution or free or onerous use of the assets referred for the maintenance and subsistence of the population of the affected area.
• Establish conditions for holding meetings in places of public use.
• Directly issue instructions to all the officials of the State, its companies or the municipalities that are in the area, with the purpose of remedying the effects of the public calamity.
• Dictate the necessary guidelines and instructions for maintaining order in the area.

• On March 23, 2020, the Ministry of Interior and Safety published the Decree N° 107-2020^[11], that declared affected areas for catastrophe by the COVID-19 the 346 districts of all the 16 regions for 12 months.

C. Economy

c.1 Tax

• On March 30, 2020, the Government trhu Decree N° 420-2020^[12], postpone the declaration and payment of the value-added tax (VAT) for the following 3 months to the taxpayers with annual sellings less than 350 000 development units (US$ 11 800 000 approximately) in the 346 local jurisdiction of the 16 regions where was decree the emergency on March 23, 2020 by Decree N° 107-2020. Also the income tax was postpone to pay since July 2020, and it would be pay from 6 to 12 monthly fees, according the annual income.

Also, the first payment of the property tax would be paid in 3 equal parts divided in the second, third and fourth payment of this tax in the 2020 to the taxpayers that their property do not cost, each one, more than $ 130 000 000 peso (US$ 156 250 dollars approximately) or their annual income do not exceed 350 000 development units (US$ 11 800 000 approximately).

And, the annual income tax declaration was postponed to July, 31, 2020. Then, the income tax devolution over the payments made in January and February 2020 by the small and medium-sized enterprises. According to the Income Tax Law, is considered a SMEs if their annual sellings do no exceed 75 000 development units (US$ 2 520 000 approximately).

Besides these measurements, on April, 24, 2020, the Tax Administration Office informed that has made the devolution of income tax paid in january and february 2020 to 634 642 independent workers and professionals.

c.2 Production and SMEs

• The government informed the acceleration of payments to State providers. Since April 2020, all invoices issued to the State and pending payment will be paid in cash, generation immediate liquidity for around US$ 1 billion dollars. In turn, any invoice that is subsequently issued to the State will be paid within 30 days (US$ 500 million dollars).

• In addition, on March 19, 2020, within the framework of public purchases, the Minister of Finance, Ignacio Briones, announced that will be implemented the new portal call “Fast Purchase” will be enabled, focused on SMEs, for all government purchases of less that $ 1 500 000 peso (US$ 1800 dollars approximately), that  represent 80% of the total number of transaction carried out by the State, with an annual value of the order of US$ 800 million.

Also, the capitalization of the State Bank for US$ 500 million, that will used mainly to provide finance to the SMEs. This measure increase State Bank´s credit capacity by approximately US$ 4.4 billion.

• The Ministry of Economy, Development and Tourism thru the Resolution N° 726-2020^[13], established that all the cooperatives may hold their general meetings of partners by remote or electronic devices.  

c.3 Expenditure

• On March 27, 2020, the Ministry of Finance through the Decree N° 333-2020^[14], authorized that  2% of the national budget could pay the expenses for the needs (to the Ministry of Health or other ministries) due to COVID-19, it is an amount until the $ 1 185 640 409 680 peso (US$ 1 425 048 569 approximately). This legal faculty is regulated under the article 32 of the Constitution.

D. Education

• On March 13, 2020, the president Sebastian Pinera announced the following measurements:

• Isolation or suspension of the class for 14 days if there is a confirmed patient with COVID-19 in the school. In case of 2 or more confirmed patients suspension of all the classes in all the school.
• Isolation for 14 days of any teacher, student or administrative personnel of educational center in case there is a confirmed case with COVID-19 of one member of the direct family.

E. Labor

• On March 13, 2020, the president Sebastian Pinera announced the following measurements:

• Medical leave for all the workers that have direct contact with confirmed patients with COVID-19.
• Telework for all the public officials over 75 years or who belongs to a health risk group.
• All the public institutions could implement special measurements to flexibilize the working hours and foment the telework.
• All the public institutions could hold necessary events with a maximum of 100 people.
• Restrict the international flights to the public officials.

• On March 24, 2020, the Ministry of Labor and Social Security published the Resolution N° 1188-2020^[15], that suspended all the trainings offline for 20 working days.

• On March 26, 2020, the Law N° 21220 modified the Labour Code related to the teleworking and distance working. In case of distance working, the employee works totally or partially from his or her home or another place different of the enterprise. And, in reference of teleworking if the employee works thru technological means, both of them, could be mix with the offline working. This law also recognizes the right to work disconnection, that regulates that the workers have right to be disconnected at least 12 continuous hours in 24 hours, and also in the work rest day or national holidays. As well, the employers have to give the technological means to the workers in case of teleworking and also the employers assumed the costs of maintenance or reparation of equipments.

F. Justice

• On March 23, 2020, the Ministry of Justice through the Decree N° 32-2020^[16], extended for one year the validity of the National Identification Document that expires during the 2020, to avoid the citizens go to the Civil Registration Office.

• On March 26, 2020, the Law 21219^[17] allowed for a period of a year that the Chamber of deputies and senators could legislate by teleworking, also when a health quarantine or a state of constitutional exception has been declared due to public calamity. The telematic procedures must ensure that the votes of the parliamentarians is personal and not be delegated.

G. Gender Equality

• On April 29, 2020, the Ministry of Women and Gender Equality started the campaign “Hazlo por ellas” (Do it for them) that looks for avoid the domestic violence in the quarantine period. The initiative implements new channels to ask for help or counseling and orientation in case of domestic violence as WhatsApp Woman: +56997007000, the Web Chat 1455 and the keyword “Mascarilla 19” (Facemask 19) that involves the personnel contact at the pharmacies or drugstores. This campaign invites the citizens to report if anybody sees or knows violence cases.

H. Communication

• The government created the website https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus where all the citizens could be informed about all the coronavirus information updated everyday, with the number of COVID-19 cases, reports by region, epidemiological data, jurisdictions under quarantine, health and mental recommendations, etc.

I. Transportation

• On February 27, 2020, the Ministry of Health emitted the Decree N° 104-2020^[18], that established the obligation for all the travelers who enter the country, and whose final destination is Chile through the form for the Affidavit of Health Status.

• Since the March 18, 2020, the Ministry of Interior and Safety, through the Decree N° 102-2020^[19], established the close of all the places (port, airports, etc) for the arrival of foreigners to Chile; no including to the chileans and foreigners residents in Chile, passengers on transit to another country, also in case of humanitarian aid or cargo transportation.

J. Politics

• On June 13, 2020, President Pinera nomed a new Minister of Health, Enrique Paris, a former president of Order of the Physicians in Chile, from 2011 to 2017. The former Minister of Health, Jaime Manalich, that also was the Minister of Health in the first Pinera´s Administration, was replaced because controversy about the number of deaths and the reports to the chilean citizens and to the World Health Organization^[20].

2.0 Regional Government

A. Region of the Libertador General Bernardo O´Higgins

• On March 16, 2020, the Regional Secretary of the Ministry of Health implemented the Resolution N° 860-2020^[21], that suspended for a term of two weeks prohibit in the region of the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins all the private or public classes in the preschool, elementary, and high school levels, until March, 29, 2020.

• On March 20, 2020, the Regional Secretary of the Ministry of Health published the Resolution N° 823-2020^[22], that prohibit in the region of the Libertador General Bernardo O'Higgins all public or private events that have more than 500 people, whether they are held indoors or outdoors until December 31st, 2020.

3.0 Local Government

A. Huasco Commune

• On March 26, 2020, the Huasco Commune through the Decree N° 43-2020^[23], established preventive quarantine for the commercial stores, except which provide food, medicines, cleaning stuff such as supermarkets, pharmacies, gas stations, that could operate from 9:00 to 17:00. Also, ordered the closing of churches, pubs, restaurants, cafes, etc, and suspended all the private and public events. Besides that, allowed just the arrival of buses from 3 communes (Vallenar, Freirina and Alto del Carmen), and these buses have to be continuously disinfected; then required to the enterprises CAP and Guacolda Enerrgía SA (mining and energy enterprises) to decrease the emissions to the minimum level production when the first infected case of COVID-19 be confirmed, to avoid a bad quality of air. Plus, the local government will open from 10:00 to 12:30 pm to the public for necessary issues, and it will implement the teleworking.

Impacts of COVID-19

1.0 Economy

• The World Bank (WB) at its report Global Economic Prospects^[24] emitted in June 8, 2020, forecasts a 5.2 % contraction in global GDP and a 7.2% contraction in Latin America and the Caribbean GDP in 2020, while is report^[25] of January 2020 projected a 2.5% in global GDP and a 1.8% in Latin America and the Caribbean GDP for this year.

Challenges

References

Health

Ministerio de Salud. (n.d.). Casos confirmados en Chile COVID-19 [Confirmed COVID-19 cases in Chile by Ministry of Health]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.minsal.cl/nuevo-coronavirus-2019-ncov/casos-confirmados-en-chile-covid-19/

Ministerio de Salud. (n.d.-b). Información técnica sobre COVID-19 en Chile [Technical Information of COVID-19 in Chile by Ministry of Health]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.minsal.cl/nuevo-coronavirus-2019-ncov/informe-tecnico/

Ministerio de Salud. (2020a, March 14). Presidente Sebastián Piñera anunció medidas para enfrentar el Covid-19 [President Sebastian Pinera announced measures to face the COVID-19]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.minsal.cl/presidente-sebastian-pinera-anuncio-medidas-para-enfrentar-el-covid-19/

Ministerio de Salud. (2020b, May 6). Más de 4 millones de personas bajo cuarentena en la Región Metropolitana [More than 4 million people under quarantine in the Metropolitan Region by Ministry of Health]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.minsal.cl/mas-de-4-millones-de-personas-bajo-cuarentena-en-la-region-metropolitana/

Ministerio de Salud. (2020c, May 6). Subsecretaria de Salud Pública anuncia drásticas sanciones por incumplimiento de medidas para contener COVID-19 [Deputy Minister of Public Health announces drastic sanctions for non-compliance of measures to contain the COVID-19]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.minsal.cl/subsecretaria-de-salud-publica-anuncia-drasticas-sanciones-por-incumplimiento-de-medidas-para-contener-covid-19/

Ministerio Secretaría General del Gobierno. (n.d.). COVID-19. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.gob.cl/coronavirus/

Economy

Servicio de Impuestos Internos. (2020, April 22). SII materializa devolución excepcional de retenciones de enero y febrero a 630 mil trabajadores independientes a honorarios [Internal Tax Service materializes exceptional return of withholdings from January and February to 630 000 independent workers]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from http://www.sii.cl/noticias/2020/220420noti01er.htm

Ministerio de Hacienda. (2020, March 19). Ministro de Hacienda: “Se trata de cifras inéditas, pero los momentos excepcionales, requieren medidas excepcionales” [Minister of Finance: These are unpublished figures, but exceptional moments require exceptional measures]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.hacienda.cl/sala-de-prensa/noticias/destacadas/ministro-de-hacienda-presenta-medidas.html

Gender Equality

Ministerio de la Mujer y la Equidad de Género. (2020, April 29). “HazloPorEllas”: La campaña del Ministerio de la Mujer que busca sumar al entorno para evitar la violencia intrafamiliar [Do it for them: The campaign that seeks to avoid domestic violence by the Ministry of Women and Gender Equality]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://minmujeryeg.gob.cl/?p=39779

International Organizations

International Monetary Fund. (n.d.). Policy Responses to COVID19. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.imf.org/en/Topics/imf-and-covid19/Policy-Responses-to-COVID-19

Organización Internacional del Trabajo. (n.d.). Respuestas políticas nacionales (El COVID-19 y el mundo del trabajo) [National Policy Responses - COVID-19 and the world of work by International Labour Organization]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://www.ilo.org/global/topics/coronavirus/country-responses/lang--es/index.htm#CL

Pan American Health Organization. (n.d.). Coronavirus Disease (COVID-19). Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://www.paho.org/en/topics/coronavirus-infections/coronavirus-disease-covid-19

World Health Organization. (n.d.). Coronavirus. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019

World Health Organization. (n.d.-b). COVID-19 situation reports. Retrieved June 1, 2020, from https://www.who.int/emergencies/diseases/novel-coronavirus-2019/situation-reports/

Transport

Ministerio Secretaría General del Gobierno. (2020, April 2). Instructivo para permisos de desplazamiento [Instructions for transport permissions by the Ministry General Secretariat Government]. Retrieved June 2, 2020, from https://cdn.digital.gob.cl/public_files/Campa%C3%B1as/Corona-Virus/documentos/Instructivo_Cuarentena_020420.pdf