811.111’373:811.161.2’373
Галина СОКОЛ
к. філол. н., доцент,
Івано-Франківський національний
технічний університет нафти і газу
Надія РУЖАНСЬКА
студ. групи ФІЛ-22-2
Інститут гуманітарної підготовки
та державного управління
Івано-Франківський національний
технічний університет нафти і газу
COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF ADJECTIVE WORD FORMATION IN UKRAINIAN AND ENGLISH (BASED ON LITERARY WORKS: ‘IF IT BLEEDS...’ STEPHEN KING AND ‘НЕ ОЗИРАЙСЯ І МОВЧИ’ BY MAX KIDRUK)
The word formation of adjectives is one of the most difficult and at the same time most interesting areas of modern linguistics, since it is through adjectives that language gains the ability to describe the surrounding world in detail, highlighting both the objective characteristics of objects and the subjective assessments of language speakers. Adjectives form a large number of semantic groups – from colours and sizes to emotional nuances and social categories – which ensures the flexibility and diversity of the linguistic picture of the world. Thanks to their ability to convey numerous features, properties, and states of objects and phenomena, adjectives are an important tool in actualising conceptual information in the minds of speakers.
If we consider the common and distinctive features of adjective word formation in Ukrainian and English, it should be noted that despite the existence of general methods of derivation – in particular, affixation, word formation, lexical-semantic and morphological-syntactic word formation – each language implements them within its own structural system, which leads to significant differences in the ways of expressing features. English, as an analytical system, tends towards economical expression, actively using conversion, complex composite forms and reduced models (e.g. with prefixes and suffixless constructions), while Ukrainian, with its synthetic nature, prefers complex affixal formants, morphonological variants, phonetic alternations, as well as branched word formation models, which are often accompanied by stylistic or expressive coloring [5, p. 143; 1, p. 88; 3, p. 39].
In Max Kidruk's novel, we can see the extensive use of various adjective word formation constructions. For example, we can see the suffix method in the phrase "шовковисте волосся" (from the base "шовк" with the suffix -ист-) [4, p. 1], whereas the prefixal one is in the expression "розгубленої посмішки" (with the prefix роз-) [4, p. 8]. A prefix-suffix method has also been identified: "надміру зосередженим" (combination of the prefix над-, root мір- and the suffix -у) [4, p. 6]. Derived adjectives, in particular "засмагле обличчя" (from "засмагнути") [4, p. 2], demonstrate the syncretism of participle forms. The author's word-formation innovations have also been identified: "набундючене совеня" (from "набундючитися" using the prefix на- and the suffix -ен-) [4, p. 1]. Complex adjectives with a numeral base, for example "шістдесятисемирічний Арсен" (from the numeral "шістдесят сім" and the suffix -річн(ий) [4, p. 128]. The effective feature of the state is illustrated by the passive participle form "присипаною пилом" (from "присипати" with the suffix -ан-) [4, p. 7]. The following forms of adjective formation are also known: negative form "не зможе спокійно дивитися в дзеркало" (with the prefix не-) [4, p. 9]; the analytical type of word formation is highlighted in the phrase "зеленкувато-сірі очі" [4, p. 8], as well as emotional and evaluative creation – in the expression "огидним почуттям безсилля" (from "огида" using the suffix -н-) [4, p. 7].
With regard to the English novel, we observe a multifaceted use of various types of adjective word formation. The use of suffixes is notable – 63%: ‘lucky dime’ [2, p. 1]. The negative meaning is created using a prefix: ‘unfashionably’ [2, p. 5]. We also notice a prefix-suffix type in the phrase ‘disheveled hair’ [2, p. 5]. There are compound adjectives (composites), which are clearly illustrated in the phrase ‘old-fashioned’ [2, p. 1]. We can observe the method of creation using conversion in ‘school books’ [2, p. 2], where the noun ‘school’ functions as an adjective. In the adjectival combination ‘very rich man’ [2, p. 2], where the intensifier very enhances the characteristic of the adjective, we can see an analytical construction. No less important is metaphorical word formation, which is represented in the expression ‘frosty silence’ [2, p. 5], where the adjective ‘frosty’ transfers the physical feature of cold to the emotional context between the characters. It is interesting to note that only one reduplication was found: ‘naughty-naughty’ gesture [2, p. 120].
Thus, the results of the study show that the word formation of adjectives in modern Ukrainian and English has many points of intersection, but remains largely determined by the structural features of each language. In Ukrainian, synthetic models with extensive use of morpheme combinations prevail, while in English, analytical and compositional forms with a tendency towards morphological economy prevail. The stylistic load of adjectives in both languages consists not only in the formation of visual images, but also in the deep psychological modelling of reality through morphological tools.
LITERATURE