Trees (1)_______________ the starting point of the paper-manufacturing process. It (2)_______________ important that the right type of tree (3)_______________ , otherwise the finished paper may not (4)_______________ suitable for use. Generally speaking, hardwood trees, such as oak, (5)_______________ short fibres, meaning that the paper (6)_______________ from them is weaker. However, the surface (7)_______________ to (8)_______________ smoother and (9)_______________ therefore better to print on. Softwood trees, like pine, (10)_______________ stronger paper, but (11)_______________ not so good for writing on. This paper (12)_______________ to industrial use.
Once the trees (13)_______________ to the factory, the paper-manufacturing process (14)_______________ . After the removal of the trees’ outer skin, (15)_______________ as ‘bark’, the wood (16)_______________ through a chipper, which (17)_______________ it into smaller pieces of roughly the same size. Following this, the chips may (18)_______________ into a digester, depending on whether a chemical (19)_______________ lignin (20)_______________ . When lignin (21)_______________ with air and sunlight, it (22)_______________ yellow, thus permanently (23)_______________ the paper’s colour. While this (24)_______________ not much of a problem for cheaper, nonpermanent types of paper (such as newspaper), it (25)_______________ for fine, white paper. Next, the wood pulp (26)_______________ and (27)_______________ by the washer before (28)_______________ through a beater. This machine further (29)_______________ the fibres and may (30)_______________ them to a certain length. Screens then (31)_______________ oversized particles from the pulp, (32)_______________ that it can (33)_______________ through the next machine ((34)_______________ a head box) easily
Once the pulp (35)_______________ the paper machine, which (36)_______________ a moving conveyor belt (37)_______________ of fabric, it (38)_______________ through four specific sections. Firstly, it (39)_______________ through the former, where the pulp (40)_______________ into a continuous piece of material. Secondly, in the press section, the pulp (41)_______________ through large rollers under high pressure, with the intention of (42)_______________ as much water as possible. Next, the dryers (43)_______________ even more water before the last section, where heavy rollers, known as calenders, (44)_______________ the paper.
The final stage of the process (45)_______________ the paper for further use. A reel (46)_______________ the paper into a user-friendly roll, which may then either (47)_______________ directly or (48)_______________ into smaller-sized rolls.
Answers
Trees (1)are the starting point of the paper-manufacturing process. It (2)is important that the right type of tree (3)is used, otherwise the finished paper may not (4)be suitable for use. Generally speaking, hardwood trees, such as oak, (5)have short fibres, meaning that the paper (6)made from them is weaker. However, the surface (7)tends to (8)be smoother and (9)is therefore better to print on. Softwood trees, like pine, (10)make stronger paper, but (11)are not so good for writing on. This paper (12)is more suited to industrial use.
Once the trees (13)have been taken to the factory, the paper-manufacturing process (14)begins. After the removal of the trees’ outer skin, (15)known as ‘bark’, the wood (16)is passed through a chipper, which (17)cuts it into smaller pieces of roughly the same size. Following this, the chips may (18)be put into a digester, depending on whether a chemical (19)called lignin (20)is going to be removed. When lignin (21)reacts with air and sunlight, it (22)turns yellow, thus permanently (23)changing the paper’s colour. While this (24)is not much of a problem for cheaper, nonpermanent types of paper (such as newspaper), it (25)needs to be removed for fine, white paper. Next, the wood pulp (26)is cleaned and (27)bleached by the washer before (28)going through a beater. This machine further (29)refines the fibres and may (30)cut them to a certain length. Screens then (31)remove oversized particles from the pulp, (32)ensuring that it can (33)pass through the next machine ((34)called a head box) easily
Once the pulp (35)enters the paper machine, which (36)is a moving conveyor belt (37)made of fabric, it (38)passes through four specific sections. Firstly, it (39)goes through the former, where the pulp (40)is turned into a continuous piece of material. Secondly, in the press section, the pulp (41)is squeezed through large rollers under high pressure, with the intention of (42)extracting as much water as possible. Next, the dryers (43)remove even more water before the last section, where heavy rollers, known as calenders, (44)smooth the paper.
The final stage of the process (45)prepares the paper for further use. A reel (46)collects the paper into a user-friendly roll, which may then either (47)be sold directly or (48)cut into smaller-sized rolls.