The 8 Cognitive Functions
Table of Contents:
1) Thinking Functions (Ti/Te) 1
2) Feeling Functions (Fi/Fe) 3
3) Sensing Functions (Si/Se) 4
4) Intuitive Functions (Ni/Ne) 6
Cognitive Function descriptions
Te vs. Ti: https://practicaltyping.com/2018/09/10/11-differences-between-te-and-ti-users/
Fe vs Fi: https://practicaltyping.com/2020/08/10/8-differences-between-fi-and-fe/
Se vs Si: https://practicaltyping.com/2020/01/13/11-differences-between-si-and-se-users/
Ne vs Ni: https://practicaltyping.com/2020/02/24/7-differences-between-ne-and-ni-users/ https://practicaltyping.com/2020/03/26/each-functions-priority/
Te vs Ti: https://mbti-notes.tumblr.com/post/142863816372/type-spotting-te-v-ti
Te users extrovert thinking and make decisions based on facts As an extroverted judging function based on thinking, Te users take the objective logic and facts that they have learned and apply it to their external world, and the external world of those around them. This forms the basis for all their decisions. As a result of extroverting logic, Te users are very much concerned with order and efficiency. The environment can be changed if it means improving the order and structure. Everything must be put in it’s place. Every task has an ideal order of operations, and the Te user will find it and apply it. In addition, all learned facts must be verified by an external source before they’ll be accepted. When one of their ‘facts’ is contradicted, the basis and support for this new ‘fact’ must present a sound logical reason as to why it opposes already known information. Usually this is done in the form of multiple sources reporting the same new information, or some trusted source saying it is so. Once the new information has been verified, old opposing information is discarded and considered incorrect. Everything to a Te user is either right or wrong with little gray area. If something opposes what the Te user has deemed to be an established fact or the most efficient method, it is judged as wrong and rejected. It is in this way that Te maintains consistency, organization, and efficiency. |
Seeks logic and consistency in the OUTSIDE world. Concern for EXTERNAL laws and rules. "Extraverted thinking helps to create order out of chaos. They organize the environment through charts, graphs, outlines, etc. It allows us to pick out what is necessary and figures out the most efficient way to complete an objective. Extraverted Thinkers love a challenge because it attests to their skills .They will almost follow through with a project." |
It’s not always important to understand all the intricate details of a situation in order to gain a sense of logic or rationality. It’s more important to take action than to spend too much time asking questions. Logic is a fairly universally defined concept; you can see if a plan is efficient, a system works, data/facts support a statement, etc. The outcome is the most important concept of logic, and it is an objective measurement. Rather more of an exertion of what is fact and providing evidence that matches up with a certain definitive, result-driven logical conclusion. |
Ti users introvert and organize their thoughts and judgments Picture a giant jigsaw puzzle. Ti users take all the data or information given to them via their perceiving functions (Ne, Se, Ni, Si) and compare it. This may be conscious or subconscious, and the data may be accurate or inaccurate. Regardless, from this comparison they search for inconsistencies, find what does or does not make sense, throw out what doesn’t fit, and build a database within their mind of completely consistent information. The more they learn, the larger and more elaborate the puzzle gets. They will take all of the information that they’ve deemed consistent and put it in their database of knowledge, or study out anything they’re uncertain about to learn exactly if and where it belongs. Every piece belongs somewhere. Unfortunately, since all of this information is interconnected and dependent, there’s a problem when they learn one piece of seemingly trustworthy data is actually inconsistent with something else within their database. Have you ever put together a really complex puzzle, and thought a piece fit when it actually didn’t? So later when you tried to connect another piece to that one, it partially fit one spot but not another, so you had to figure out which was correct and which wasn’t? This is what happens on a much larger scale in a Ti user’s mind. When they learn something is actually incorrect, they have to scour everything in the puzzle that connects to that piece to figure out where the chain of consistencies failed and what the ramifications are of nixing that one piece of information. Bottom line, the Ti user will be forced to reevaluate all of the interconnected data and recreate a more accurate puzzle or tower. A = B, B + 1 = C, C x 5 = D, D + a cat = E But what if B doesn’t equal A anymore? Is C still B + 1? What does that mean for D and E? Does E still have a cat? O_O |
Seeks INTERNAL consistency and logic of ideas. Trusts his or her INTERNAL FRAMEWORK, which may be difficult to explain to others. "Introverted Thinking finds ways to express an idea that is to the point and concise. We analyze, categorize, and evaluate to figure out whether something fits into the larger framework. We figure out the precise problem of an idea or concept and then work to fix it. We often are checking for inconsistencies in the world, and we often take things apart to understand how it works. We use models to see how things should be, and look at both sides of issues to determine inconsistencies." |
The most important part of logic is the internal process of reasoning for each individual. Exercising our intellect, questioning the rationality of a process, and being able to understand why we think certain things are logical or not is extremely important. We can’t just accept logic for how it appears on the surface, we have to personally understand why something makes sense. Everyone’s internal process of arriving at an answer is different. Delves into and demonstrates the exact LOGIC, rather internal and personalized to the user. |
Fe vs Fi: https://mbti-notes.tumblr.com/post/137908467362/spotting-fe-v-fi
Fi users focus on their own personal inner feelings Introverted feelers focus on how the external world, people, or situations make them feel personally. Based on these feelings, they develop their own internal value system of what they have deemed to be good or bad. Every piece of information fed to them by their perceiving functions (Ne, Ni, Se or Si) is then judged against this value system. It is then accepted or discarded based on how it measures up. Anything contrary to their value system is contrary to their own feelings and thus must be rejected. Because of this internal focus, their self-worth becomes wrapped up in whether or not they are remaining true to themselves. Doing anything against their own value system will stir up negative internal emotions. However, Fi users are constantly analyzing their own feelings, and values in order to determine their own identity. If need be, their values may be adapted, but only if they deem it to be in accordance with their true self. This inward emotion focus can lead to them projecting their own emotions onto others. (IE: assuming if I feel this way about X, everyone else must feel this same way.) However, Fi users do have a great capacity for empathy, if they have personally experienced something that someone else is going through. |
Seeks harmony of action and thoughts with INTERNAL PERSONAL values. May not always articulate those values. "Introverted Feeling acts as a filter - it often is considering the worth of something based on the truth in which it is based. We decide whether something is worth standing up for based on its truth and significance. We often have feelings of a person's essence and this helps us to determine if something is fake or true. Introverted Feeling is often expressed through actions and feelings rather than words." |
However, it is important to recognize the subjectivity involved in morality. In fact, morality is a made-up concept created by humans and morals are inherently illogical. The most important part of moral values is the process of personal experience and questioning that goes along with it. We can’t just accept moral laws without personally questioning them and putting them into context of our own lives and beliefs. |
Fe users focus on feelings in the external world Extroverted feelers are specifically geared toward recognizing emotions in others. While some people are prone to projecting their own emotions onto another person, an Fe user is less likely to do this. (However, please remember that no one channeling their feeling function is completely exempt from projecting their own emotions onto someone else, whether Fe or Fi.) This tendency to focus on other people’s emotions rather then their own is why Fe is considered to be a more “objective” form of feeling. However, this does not mean that Fe users are naturally more empathetic, as many type descriptions say. Empathy requires one to personally identify with the feeling or be able to put yourself in someone else’s shoes. What an Fe user does is more akin to sympathy or attempted empathy. An Fe user doesn’t have to personally identify with a situation someone else is going through to, in a sense, ‘share’ that emotion with them. Instead, they recognize the feeling in someone else, and due to their ‘sensitivity’ to extroverted emotion, they will mirror the emotion. In other words, if the other person in the room is happy, the Fe user will feel happy. If the other person in the room is sad, the Fe user will feel sad… and etc. As a result, an Fe user’s self-worth and identity may become wrapped up in other people’s perspective of them, since they are putting a higher priority on the emotional responses of others. |
Seeks harmony with and between people in the OUTSIDE world. Interpersonal and cultural values are important. "Extraverted Feeling involves considering other peoples' feelings to a great level. We often try to help everyone get along, and we may often disclose our own feelings and take on others' as our own. We like to determine what will work best for the group in order to honor and consider everyone's values and feelings. We accommodate ourselves and others by deciding what is appropriate and acceptable in that setting. We often respond to people's expressed or unexpressed wants or desires." |
Fundamentally, humans have values in order to affect their outward and societal interactions. At the end of the day, it is more important how we treat each other and the people we decide to be than our internal debate about morality. There are certain qualities that we as humans have recognized and valued (ex: kindness, altruism, honesty) because there is a certain universality in morality. It would be pointless to debate the concept of morality and never act in a moral way, that is the most important outcome of the situation. |
Si users introvert sensory data Si use is taking in sensory data and storing it away in your mind. That is to say, an Si user in most cases will be able to recall a good deal about their environment or a past event. They’ll remember the bad smell, what someone was wearing, what they said, how painful something was, how cold it was, what the weather was like and etc. Bear in mind, these aren’t always just factual, impersonal details, but what the user was experiencing and physically feeling. Si also has an immense potential for remembering details and facts provided it is something that interests the user. At times, a mountain of information can be absorbed and recalled with little effort. Si has a desire to learn raw information and to store it away so that if ever a time in the future comes that the information is needed, it can be accessed again. However, the amount, type, and relevance of information being stored away will vary from user to user and the information won’t always be important. |
Compares present facts and experiences to past experience. Trusts the past. Stores sensory data for future use. "Introverted Sensing is the storing of data and then the comparison of that data with other experiences. For example, when we see a movie that reminds us of another similar movie. Or when we see a person that reminds us of someone else. We also use past experiences to learn how to handle similar current situations. There is great attention to detail with Introverted Sensing." |
+ Focuses on their subjective experience of events (what happened, but also how it impacted them) + Decides what is realistic based on what things have been possible/have worked in the past + Desires stability, reliability, preservation of simple joys in their life, and maintaining a connection to times that have made them happy + Is motivated by a sense of duty, can be very protective over the things they value + Appreciates being told that they are trustworthy, down-to-earth, reliable, responsible, and conscientious + Conflict with lots of unnecessary change, fickleness, abandoning methods that work well + May be criticized for being conservative, uptight, too set in their ways |
This function has to do with having a clear sense of one’s body (for instance, sensations such as hunger or health), picking up and cataloging little details and facts, and looking back to past memories and traditions for direction for the future. Therefore a lot of Si users tend to be traditional and do things based on what was done in the past, or how similar past experiences went. They like to preserve the past, enjoy having an established routine, and dislike change. They are past oriented, and take pride in preserving tradition. Even when looking at future circumstances, they think of them in an Si view, asking “What will I think of this when it is in the past? Will I regret it?” They may have strong convictions about their beliefs, and dislike the idea of changing societal values or disrupting pre established systems. Si users also tend to be more conservative in their personal style and preferences. They dislike change, and prefer routine of things they usually do. The Si user is very good at picking up and remembering little details and storing them away in their inner catalogue of information. They are also more likely to like to work with more detailed facts that require quiet study; Si-users are probably good with working with numbers and statistics and similar details. They can use these little details and integrate them into the greater plan. |
Se users extrovert with their senses Se is probably the quietest form of extroversion, because it is not about exchanging ideas, feelings, and judgements. Instead, Se users desire to experience life with all of their senses. They want to taste, feel, smell, hear, and see new things. This is an objective, impersonal function, as all extroverted functions are, meaning Se users are NOT absorbing and remembering every little painful detail like an Si user would. they’re just observing, experiencing and reacting. In addition, Se users will focus on remembering only information that is deemed relevant and useful. Se users will know a lot about what they do, or a hobby, or some topic that specifically catches their interest; however, they won’t typically be a well of “random” trivia facts like an Si user might, since they are not “introverting” sensory data. They’re using sensory data to react and respond in the external world. |
Acts on concrete data from here and now. Trusts the present, then lets it go. "Extroverted Sensing is the strong awareness of the physical world. We enjoy the thrill of actions and impulses in the present moment. We act on our experiences immediately. We experience the sights, sounds, and smells of the world around us to our fullest extent." |
+ Focuses on the objective reality of events (less about how it impacted them, and more about simply what happened) + Decides what is realistic based on the objective realities of the situation in front of them, practical sense of this + Desires excitement, novelty, fully experiencing and getting all they can out of life + Is motivated by a sense of adventure, wanting to experience and learn by tangibly interacting with things that exist + Appreciates being told that they are impressive, exciting, daring, fun to be around, and easygoing + Conflict with abstract theorems that has no practical application, overanalyzing something to the point of not being able to enjoy it + May be criticized for being shallow, reckless, hedonistic |
This function is primarily concerned with what can be taken in through the five senses, looking at life to experience it and live in the moment. The Se users ask “What is going on right now and how can I experience it?”. They think in the moment, wanting to experience spontaneity and adventure. A lot of Se users enjoy sports, art, sensory experiences, crafting their appearances, driving fast, appreciating sex, and only learn by doing and working with their hands. They are more comfortable implementing plans or working with what is concrete than theorizing or planning in an abstract way. They prefer their facts to be clear and in front of them. They will notice changes in their environment and see that as a cue to act a certain way. They are generally spontaneous, adventurous, reckless, and think about what is going on in the present (instead of learning from the past or envisioning the future). They are thrill seekers, and look for what is novel and exciting in the environment around them. |
Ne users extrovert intuition. Ne users take in information about the external world around them and use it to form many different possibilities. It will rapidly jump from one thought to another in a seemingly random way, but there will always be a connecting string (in the Ne user’s mind) allowing it to jump from one thing to the next, however slight the connection may be. This will make Ne seems like a gigantic, ever expanding web of connections. Ne users will enjoy entertaining many different kinds of ideas or, perhaps, theoretical concepts, but will likely get bored of any one particular thing once it’s been entertained for so long. In contrast with Ni which leads to one singular conclusion, Ne will think about every possible solution that there might be. Ne by itself though will not narrow down those options. That will be up to a separate function in the user’s stack. Bottom line, Ne users will produce many ideas or possibilities that they’ll be forced to narrow down. These possibilities can range anywhere from very likely to happen or not likely at all to happen. In other words, Ne takes everything it’s been given and asks: “how many different ways can I put these things together and how many different outcomes will that provide?” Ne is also a very theoretical trait and has the ability to offer up unique and insightful ideas that others would have never even thought to entertain. |
Sees possibilities in the external world. Trusts flashes from the unconscious, which can then be shared with others. "Extraverted Intuiting involves seeing all possibilities of a subject and believing that each one has a possibility of being true. We can juggle many ideas at once, and find that this cognitive function makes it easy and enjoyable to brainstorm. Extraverted Intuiting involves coming to conclusions about ideas from one major idea. The idea implies relationships and smaller ideas." |
Extroverted intuition (Ne): This function takes in information about the external world around them and use it to form/envision many different possibilities (future oriented). It will rapidly jump from one thought to another in a seemingly random way, but there will always be a connecting string (in the Ne user’s mind) allowing it to jump from one thing to the next, however slight the connection may be. In other words, Ne takes everything it’s been given and asks: “how many different ways can I put these things together and how many different outcomes will that provide?” Ne is also a very theoretical trait and has the ability to offer up unique and insightful ideas that others would have never even thought to entertain. It looks for new opportunities, wanting to understand all the different ways a situation could unfold. It is a divergent function that creatively presents options without settling on one plan and enjoys the brainstorming stage of processes. It takes a single topic or situation and goes out of it, creatively generate ideas outside of that one reality. Therefore, they may bring up seemingly random ideas, stories, etc. in a conversation, because their mind jumps to other connections. They can see past the facts and details to the inner meaning and connect these different ideas to other ones. |
Ni users introvert intuition. So what does this mean? Ni users interpret what they observe into impressions, meaning, symbolism, patterns, or an overarching conclusion and then store that away. Ni is subjective, focused and precise, being used primarily to find a specific personal solution for the user, using all the data available to it. It is not an ever expanding web like Ne. Instead, Ni will naturally zero in on one singular conclusion. Ni users don’t store away mundane individual details. From a practical standpoint, this means that an Ni user won’t tend to have a very detailed memory. Sure, an Ni user will have a memory and remember some details, but as whole their memory will be more impressionistic or big picture focused. For instance, an Ni user might meet someone and take in sensory data to draw them to the conclusion that the person is bad news. Maybe they’ll take in the data consciously, maybe it’ll be more like a “gut” feeling (aka: subconscious), but chances are the only thing they’ll remember later is that the person was bad news. In general, most of what they observe will be subconscious sensory data translated into their interpretation of its meaning. Later down the road, they’ll recall the patterns and meanings so that when a similar event comes up, they’ll “just know” how it’s going to play out. What they might not realize though, is that they’re subconsciously remembering all of the similar events from their past and those patterns are suggesting a probable outcome. This is why Ni users are stereotyped as psychics and sages. They don’t really know how they know… they just know. |
Looks at consistency of ideas and thoughts with an internal framework. Trusts flashes from the unconscious, which may be hard for others to understand. "This function allows a person to gain a sense about the future by processing data through impressions and meanings. We find ourselves discovering how the future will be by signs, trends, and patterns. We will find relationships between many ideas, and find ideas similar to those ideas in order to look for a main idea that is made up of these smaller ideas. These ideas and similar ideas come to one main idea that will turn out to be true and give the sense of an "Aha!" moment." |
Introverted intuition (Ni): This function looks for inner meaning, looking to converge on one single truth in a situation. When looking towards the future, they may brainstorm various possibilities, but it is all for the purpose of understanding what will actually come to be (not what could come to be). Therefore, Ni-users are often stereotyped as being “psychic”. In reality, Ni-users are skilled at seeing the underlying themes or realities behind the surface, and can therefore understand situations with great depth (for example, understanding symbolism in a piece of literature). It is a convergent function that takes a singular topic or situation and goes into it, looking to understand its true essence. They see the symbolism behind things and seek out deeper truth than what is present on the surface. Even when they don’t have sufficient proof to back up their claims, they may just “feel” like something is true or right. In addition, being an introverted function, this analysis will mainly go on internally in the person’s head. |